Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Matter |
Anything that takes up space and has mass |
|
|
Element |
A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions |
|
|
Compound |
A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio |
|
|
Essential Elements |
A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce |
|
|
Trace Elements |
Required by an organism in only minute quantities |
|
|
Atom |
The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element |
|
|
Neutrons |
Electrically nutral subatomic particle |
Atoms are divided up into subatomic particles |
|
Protons |
Positively charged subatomic particle |
|
|
Electrons |
Negatively charged subatomic particle |
|
|
Atomic Nucleus |
A dense core at the center of an atom |
|
|
Dalton |
Unit of measurement that is 1.7×10^-24 grams. Also called atomic mass unit |
|
|
Atomic Number |
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript |
|
|
Mass Number |
The sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
|
|
Atomic Mass |
The total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of 1 mole of the atom |
|
|
Isotopes |
An atomic form of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of nuetrons, thus differing in atomic mass |
|
|
Radioactive Isotope |
Isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy |
|
|
Energy |
The capacity to cause change |
|
|
Potential Energy |
The energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure |
|
|
Electron Shells |
An energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom |
|
|
Valence Electrons |
Electrons in outermost shell |
|
|
Valence Shell |
Outermost electron shell |
|
|
Chemical Bonds |
An attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outershell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells |
|
|
Covalent Bond |
The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms |
|
|
Molecule |
Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
|
|
Single Bond |
A pair of shared electrons |
|
|
Double Bond |
Two pairs of shared electrons |
|
|
Valence |
The bonding capacity of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds an atom can form usually equals the number of unpaired electrons in its outermost shell |
|
|
Electronegativity |
The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond |
|
|
Nonpolar Covalent Bond |
A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity |
|
|
Polar Covalent Bond |
A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive |
|
|
Ion |
A charged atom or molecule |
|
|
Cation |
A positively charged ion |
|
|
Anion |
A negatively charged ion |
|
|
Ionic Bond |
A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions |
|
|
Ionic Compounds (salts) |
Compounds formed by ionic bonds |
|
|
Hydrogen Bond |
Noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom |
|
|
Van Der Waals Interactions |
Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that results from transient local partial charges |
|
|
Reactant |
A starting material in a chemical reaction |
|
|
Product |
A material resulting from a chemical reaction |
|
|
Chemical Equilibrium |
The point at which the reactions offset one another exactly |
|
|
Polar Molecule |
A molecule with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule |
|
|
Cohesion |
The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds |
|
|
Adhesion |
The clinging of one substance to another |
|
|
Surface Tension |
A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |
|
|
Kinetic Energy |
The energy of motion |
|
|
Thermal Energy |
The kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules |
|
|
Temperature |
The average kinetic energy of the molecules, regardless of volume |
|
|
Heat |
Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another |
|
|
Calorie (cal) |
The amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C |
|
|
Kilocalorie (kcal) |
1,000 cal, the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram (kg) of water by 1°C |
|
|
Joule (J) |
An energy unit. One joule equals 0.239 cal; one calorie equals 4.184 joule |
|
|
Specific Heat |
The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1°C |
|
|
Heat of Vaporization |
The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state |
|
|
Evaporative Cooling |
The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state |
|
|
Solution |
A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances |
|
|
Solvent |
The dissolving agent of a solution |
|
|
Solute |
The substance that is dissolved in a solution |
|
|
Aqueous Solution |
Solution in which water is the solvent |
|
|
Hydration Shell |
The sphere of water molecules around each disolved ion |
|
|
Hydrophilic |
Any substance that has an affinity for water |
|
|
Hydrophobic |
Having no affinity for water |
|
|
Molecular Mass |
The sum of the masses of all the atoms in the molecule |
|
|
Mole (mol) |
The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number (6.02×10^23) of molecules |
|
|
Molarity |
The number of moles of solute per liter of solution |
|
|
Hydrogen Ion (H+) |
A single proton with a charge of 1+ |
|
|
Hydroxide Ion (OH-) |
A single proton with a charge of 1- |
|
|
Hydronium Ion (H3O+) |
A water molecule that has an extra proton bound to it |
|
|
Acid |
A substance that inctreases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
|
|
Base |
A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
|
|
pH |
The negative logarithm (base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration ranging in value from 0 to 14 |
|
|
Buffer |
A substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution |
|