Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Parts of an atom |
Protons, neutrons, electrons |
|
|
Protons |
Large, positive charge in nucleus |
|
|
Neutrons |
Large, neutral charge in nucleus |
|
|
Electrons |
Small, negative charge around nucleus |
|
|
Atomic number |
# of protons in atom |
|
|
Valence electron |
Outer electrons that react with other atoms |
|
|
Mass number |
# of protons and neutrons in atom |
|
|
Isotope |
Atoms of same element with different # of neutrons |
|
|
Radioactive isotope |
Unstable isotope that breaks down releasing radiation |
Carbon 14, iodine 131 (used to detect thyroid cancer), cobalt 60 (used as xray source) |
|
Ion |
Atom that has lost/gained electrons |
Calcium atom has 20p and 20e Calcium ion has 20p and 18e (charge of 2+) |
|
Common ions |
Na, K, Ca, Cl |
|
|
Common ions with more than one element |
OH^-1, CO3^-2, HCO3^-1, PO4^-3 |
|
|
Cation |
Positive ion |
|
|
Anion |
Negative ion |
|
|
Types of elements |
Metals, nonmetals, metalloids |
|
|
Metals |
Silvery, conducts heat and electricity |
Iron |
|
Nonmetals |
Dull solids, most are gases, does not conduct heat/electricity |
Carbon, oxygen |
|
Metalloids |
Have characteristics of metals and nonmetals |
Silicon: shiny (like metal) but doesn't conduct heat (like nonmetal) |
|
Major elements in the body |
O, C, N, H |
|
|
Compound |
Substance that contains two or more elements chemically bonded |
Water, CO2, salt, nutrients and metabolites |
|
Types of compounds |
Organic and inorganic |
|
|
Organic |
Contains carbon |
|
|
Inorganic |
No carbon |
|
|
Ionic bond |
Two ions are attached to each other |
Na+Cl => NaCl |
|
Covalent bond |
Two atoms share electrons (no charge) |
H+O => H2O |
|
Polar covalent |
Compound has partially positive end and partially negative end |
Water, sugar |
|
Nonpolar covalent |
Compound does not have negative or positive ends |
Oil |
|
Electronegativity |
Measure of how reactive an atom/molecule is |
|
|
Hydrogen bond |
Bond that involves hydrogen atoms |
|
|
Cohesion |
Force of attraction between molecules of same compound |
|
|
Surface tension |
Cohesion between molecules of liquids |
|
|
Adhesion |
Forces of attraction between different molecules |
|
|
Capillary action |
Movement of fluid through a small tube due to adhesion and cohesion |
|
|
Reactant |
Compound(s) that react |
|
|
Product |
Compound(s) that are produced by a reaction |
|
|
Synthesis reaction (anabolism) |
Complex molecules are made from smaller ones |
|
|
Dehydration |
Formation of complex molecule by removing water |
Glucose + fructose => sucrose |
|
Decomposition reaction (catabolism) |
Complex molecules broken down into smaller ones |
|
|
Hydrolysis reaction |
Requires splitting of water |
Sucrose => glucose + fructose |
|
Exchange reaction (displacement or replacement) |
Atoms in reaction displaced by other atoms |
|
|
Kinetic energy |
Energy of motion |
|
|
Potential energy |
Stored energy |
|
|
Chemical potential energy |
Energy stored in chemical bonds |
|
|
Activation energy |
Energy required to cause reaction |
|
|
Activation energy depends on: |
Temperature (high temp=faster) Concentration (more=faster) Presence of catalysts (catalysts aid in reaction without being changed |
Enzymes = protein catalysis |
|
Solvent |
Compound that dissolves another |
|
|
Solute |
Compound that is dissolved |
|
|
Solution |
Mixture produced when solute is dissolved by solvent; particles are too small to settle out or scatter light |
|
|
Concentration |
Amount of solute in solution |
|
|
Hydrophilic |
Dissolves in water |
|
|
Hydrophobic |
Does not dissolve in water |
|
|
"Universal solvent" |
Water dissolves most ionic compounds bc its polar |
|
|
Thermal properties of water |
Specific heat and heat of vaporization |
|
|
Specific heat |
Amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of substance up by 1°C |
|
|
Heat of vaporization |
Large amount of heat required for water to vaporize |
|
|
Colloid |
Particles too small that they do not settle out but do scatter light |
|
|
Suspension |
Particles are large and settle out |
|
|
Acid |
Compound that releases H+ ion when dissolved in water |
|
|
Base |
Compound that releases OH- ion |
|
|
Neutralization reaction |
Acid and base react to form a salt and water |
Acid and base cancel each other |
|
Salt |
Any compound formed when acid and base react |
HCl + NaOH => NaCl + water |
|
pH |
Measure of concentration of H+ ion in solution |
<7 = acid 7 = neutral >7 = base |
|
Buffer |
Compound that resists changed in pH |
|
|
Antacid |
Neutralizes acids by reaction w/ H+ ions and taking them out of solution |
|
|
Carbon skeleton |
Structure made of carbon atoms |
Usually a chain or ring |
|
Functional groups |
Groups of atoms that are attached to carbon skeleton |
|
|
Polymer |
Large molecules (macromolecules) made of smaller molecules attached together |
|
|
Monomer |
Small molecules that make up a polymer |
|
|
Major types of organic compounds |
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, ATP |
|
|
Carbohydrates |
Polymer made of simple sugars |
|
|
Three types of carbohydrates |
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
|
|
Monosaccharides |
Simple sugar (monomer for other sugars) |
Glucose |
|
Dissaccharide |
Made of 2 simple sugars |
Sucrose |
|
Polysaccharide |
Made of many simple sugars |
Starch, cellulose, glycogen |
|
Fatty acids |
Long chains of carbon and hydrogen |
Building blocks for many lipids |
|
Triglyceride |
Made of glycerol molecule w/ 3 fatty acids attached |
|
|
Saturated |
No double bonds in fatty acid |
|
|
Unsaturated |
Double bonds in fatty acid |
|
|
Phospholipid |
Triglyceride in which one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate molecule |
|
|
Steroids |
Made of 4 rings of carbon atoms w/ functional groups added depending on function |
Cholesterol, estrogen, cortisol, bile salts |
|
Eiconsanoids |
20 carbon molecules that act as hormones |
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes |
|
Proteins |
Molecules made of a chain of amino acids; sequence of amino acids depends on sequence of bases on messenger RNA |
Collagen, enzyme, actin, myosin |
|
Levels of structure in proteins |
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary |
|
|
Primary |
Simple chain of amino acids |
|
|
Secondary |
Chain is folded or bent |
|
|
Tertiary |
Folding of secondary structure into 3D form |
|
|
Quarternary |
Combo of different tertiary structure |
|
|
Denature |
Unwinding of protein structures |
|
|
Enzymes |
Protein caralysts |
Highly specific |
|
Active site |
Part of protein that causes reaction |
|
|
Substrate |
Reactant that binds to active site |
|
|
Cofactors |
Needed for correct enzyme function |
|
|
Nucleic acid |
Molecules made of chains of nucleotides |
|
|
Nucleotides |
Ribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine replaced by uracil) |
AT and CG and sometimes AU (in RNA) |
|
DNA |
Double strand |
|
|
DNA |
Double strand |
|
|
RNA |
Single strand |
|
|
DNA |
Double strand |
|
|
RNA |
Single strand |
|
|
mRNA |
Message produced from DNA that moves out nucleus |
|
|
DNA |
Double strand |
|
|
RNA |
Single strand |
|
|
mRNA |
Message produced from DNA that moves out nucleus |
|
|
tRNA |
Protein of RNA that attaches to amino acid |
|
|
DNA |
Double strand |
|
|
RNA |
Single strand |
|
|
mRNA |
Message produced from DNA that moves out nucleus |
|
|
tRNA |
Portion of RNA that attaches to amino acid |
|
|
rRNA |
Portion of RNA that makes up ribosome |
|
|
ATP |
Energy string molecule made of adenosine and 3 phosphates |
|