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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Body water is distributed among three types of compartments: |
1. intracellular (in the cells)
2. intravascular (in the vessels)
3. interstitial (in the tissue) |
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Most body fluids are located in the: |
cell membrane (intracellular) |
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Examples of extracellular fluid (intravascular and interstitial) (3) |
vitreous humor
aqueous humor
cerebrospinal fluid |
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Another word for electrolytes: |
ions
Electrolytes are substances that split into ions when placed in water |
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What are the primary ions in the body: (5) |
1. sodium 2. chloride 3. potassium 4. phosphate 5. bicarbonate |
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Cations have what type of charge?
Anions have what type of charge? |
Cations = positive
Anions = negative |
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Examples of cations:
Examples of anions: |
cations: Ca+, K+
anions: Cl- |
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Extracellular fluid shifts between which two spaces in order to maintain a fluid balance with the ECF compartment? |
interstitial
intervascular |
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Fluid therapy in animals commonly involves the use of what two types of fluids? |
1. crystalloid
2. colloid |
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___________________ are diffusible substances that dissolve in solution.
_________________ are non-diffusible substances. |
1. crystalloids
2. colloids |
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Name an example of a colloid: |
plasma |
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How do colloids help to keep BP up? |
Colloids stay in the body - they are not rapidly lost through urination the way crystalloids are. |
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Can crystalloids increase BP? |
Yes, but only for a short amount of time because they are urinated out. |
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What is the general rule (calculation) for administering fluids? |
1mL / lb / hr |
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The basis for fluid therapy depends on the animal's _____________ status. |
hydration |
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Fluid therapy can replace what 4 things?
And can restore what? |
Replace: 1. sodium 2. potassium 3. chloride electrolytes
Restore: hydrogen ion balance (pH balance) |
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Fluid Administration:
Intraperitoneal fluids:
When are they given?
What is significant about the injection site?
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Given when IV access is not available
Injection site must be asceptic |
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Disadvantages of intraperitoneal fluid administration: (3) |
1. risk of sepsis
2. can't use IP routes in animals having abdominal surgery
(all that fluid sloshing around in there, interferes with surgery)
3. inability to use hypertonic solutions |
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Why can't we use hypertonic solutions when administering intraperitoneal fluids? |
Hypertonic solutions will draw fluid OUT of the cells...
Therefore they will dry out the intestines and organs |
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Routes of Administration:
Which type of fluid replacement is best? |
oral |
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Routes of Administration:
SQ Fluids must be _____________ fluids.
Give 2 examples: |
isotonic
Normosol, LRS |
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Routes of Administration:
Which type of fluid replacement is safest? |
oral |
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Advantages of oral fluid administration (2) |
1. safest
2. easy
(best) |
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Disadvantages of oral fluid administration (3) |
1. less rapid absorption
2. more risk of aspiration
3. cannot use for vomiting animals |
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Advantages of SQ fluid administration (2) |
1. easy to administer
2. distributed over time |
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Disdvantages of SQ fluid administration (3) |
1. slower absorption
2. must use isotonic fluids
3. possible infection |
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Advantages of IV fluid administration (2) |
1. amount given is available rapidly
2. can use a wide variety of tonicities when it comes to fluid choice |
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Disdvantages of IV fluid administration (3) |
1. must be sterile
2. possible overload / vessel damage
3. must monitor closely |
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Advantages of IO fluid administration (3)
(intra-osseus) |
1. rapid absorption
2. can be used when vein is not accessible
3. useful in small animals, pocket pet, birds (exotics) |
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Disdvantages of IO fluid administration (2) |
1. risk of infection
2. lack of confidence about using this route |
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Advantages of rectal fluid administration (2) |
1. good absorption
2. rapid absorption |
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Disdvantages of rectal fluid administration (1) |
not used often |
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_____________ refers to the osmotic pressure of a solution based on the number of particles per kilogram of solution. |
Tonicity |
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What kind of solution has the same osmotic pressure as blood and extracellular water? |
isotonic |
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What kind of solution has osmolality lower than that of blood?
What will happen to RBCs? |
hypotonic
RBCs will swell |
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What kind of solution has osmolality higher than that of blood?
What will happen to RBCs? |
hypertonic
RBCs will shrink |
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CRYSTALLOIDS:
Name 4 isotonic crystalloid solutions: |
1. 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline)
2. lactated ringer's solution
3. Normosol
4. Plasmalyte |
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CRYSTALLOIDS
Name 3 hypotonic crystalloid solutions: |
1. 5% dextrose in water
2. 0.24% normal saline
3. 0.45% normal saline |
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CRYSTALLOIDS
What do HYPERtonic solutions do?
1 example of a situation they could help? |
1. draw fluids OUT of tissue
2. help with edema
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CRYSTALLOIDS
3 examples of Hypertonic Crystalloids: |
1. 0.9% normal saline + 5% dextrose
2. 10% dextrose in water
3. 3% normal saline |
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Problems with fluid administration:
What is the main potential problem? |
fluid overload |
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Problems with fluid administration:
Fluid overload is a condition in which the administration of fluid occurs at a greater rate than.... |
the rate at which the body can use or eliminate the fluid |
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Fluid overload is a condition associated with fluids administered via what route? |
parenteral
(any route but the digestive tract) |
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Signs of fluid overload: (5) |
1. respiratory changes
2. swallowing
3. restlessness - doesn't want to lie down
4. weight gain
5. fluid deposition in SQ space |
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COLLOIDS:
Cause fluids to move from the _____________ & ___________ spaces into the _____________ space. |
from the interstitial & intercellular
into the vascular |
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COLLOIDS:
Where do they draw fluids from and where do they put it? |
draw it out of the cells and tissue and hold it in the vessels |
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COLLOIDS:
Name 3 types of natural colloid solutions: |
1. plasma
2. whole blood
3. albumin |
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COLLOIDS:
Name 3 types of Synthetic colloid solutions: |
1. dextrans
2. Hetastarch (hydroxyethyl starch)
3. oxypolygelatin |
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Fluid Additives:
What is the rule to always follow when adding anything to a bag? |
withdraw & discard in the same amounts |
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Fluid Additives:
Name 5 types |
1. 50% dextrose
2. potassium
3. calcium
4. sodium bicarbonate (changes pH)
5. vitamins |
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Calculating Fluid Volumes
What 3 things must always be considered when determining fluid volume?
|
1. rehydration
2. maintenance
3. ongoing fluid loss (vomiting, urination, etc.) |
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Maintenance fluid = |
the volume of fluid needed daily to maintain body function |
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Maintenance fluids can be dosed at what rate for adults / young animals? |
adults: 50mL / kg / day
young: 100mL / kg / day |
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Calculating maintenance rate:
Adult 14-lb cat |
14 lb 1kg 50mL = 318 mL 1 2.2 lb 1kg |
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Rehydration:
Is based on the estimated % of ________________. |
dehydration |
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Rehydration fluid formula:
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% dehydration x BW in kg = deficit in LITERS |
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Rehydration calculation for:
Adult 14 lb cat @ 3% dehydration |
14 lbs = 6.36 kg 2.2
.03 x 6.36 = 0.1908 Liters
0.1908 liters x 1000mL = 190.8 = 191mL |
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What is the AAHA recommendation for giving rehydration fluids? |
Give 80% of the dehydration value in the first 24 hours |
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In the case of this cat (191 mLs rehydration), what should we actually give? |
153 mLs in first 24 hours
(80% of 191) |
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Calculation for ongoing fluid loss:
This is an estimation based on additional loss of fluid due to ______________ or ____________. |
vomiting
diarrhea |
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TOTAL FLUID REPLACEMENT CALCULATION: |
maintenance + 80% of dehydration rate + ongoing loss |
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Our adult 14-lb cat (with 100mLs of loss): |
318 mL + 153 mL + 100mL = 571 mLs total |
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How / How quickly are fluids given?
Rate of fluid replacement parallels the severity of ____________. |
dehydration |
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Ideally, fluids are given over a _______________ period. |
24-hour |
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What is the SHOCK DOSE of fluids? |
90 mL / lb / day |
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When using a special administration chamber, how much fluid should you allow to flow into the chamber before adding anything to it? |
10 - 15 mLs |
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Clean the injection site on the administration chamber with ____________. |
alcohol |
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ER Drugs:
ABC =
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airway
breathing
circulation |
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ER priorities:
1st 2nd 3rd 4th |
1. endotrach tube
2. IV catheter
3. pulse ox
4. start bagging patient |
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The goal of ER treatment is to maintain adequate _____________ of vital organs. |
oxygenation |
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Oxygenation of vital organs is the goal of both the ____________ and the _____________ systems. |
respiratory
cardiovascular |
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primary goal of the respiratory system: |
gas exchange |
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primary goal of cardiovascular system: |
perfusion of organs & tissues |
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ER Drugs:
When making first contact with the owner, obtain the following 5 pieces of info: |
1. nature of illness / injury
2. condition of animal
3. time of injury / event that occurred
4. pre-existing illnesses / medications
5. signalment |