Ch 18 Ecology

Front 1

The largest source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the United States is ________, followed by ________.
A. agriculture; transportation
B. agriculture; electricity generation
C. electricity generation; transportation
D. electricity generation; agriculture
E. electricity generation; industry

Back 1

C. electricity generation; transportation

Front 2

The atmosphere around Earth can cause global warming because ________.
A. molecules in the atmosphere are warmed by radiation from Earth and retain that heat
B. fossil fuels release heat
C. plants release CO2
D. plants absorb CO2
E. warm air cannot escape, as in a greenhouse

Back 2

A. molecules in the atmosphere are warmed by radiation from Earth and retain that heat

Front 3

Milankovitch cycles ________.
A. describe the transpiration, evaporation, and precipitation of Earth's water
B. describe the timing of the northern lights in the thermosphere
C. are changes in Earth's rotation and orbit around the sun that may trigger climate variation
D. describe upwelling and downwelling in the ocean
E. refer to shifts in the temperature of surface water in the middle latitudes of the Pacific Ocean

Back 3

C. are changes in Earth's rotation and orbit around the sun that may trigger climate variation

Front 4

Carbon-based fuels from lithospheric reservoirs ________.
A. have been slowly sequestered over many millions of years
B. will be lost before the end of the decade
C. cannot be lost to the atmosphere by human processes once stabilized on Earth's surface
D. are readily lost from Earth's surface in the absence of humans
E. are formed from the deposition, partial decay, and compression of inorganic matter

Back 4

A. have been slowly sequestered over many millions of years

Front 5

Growing rice results in the release of ________ into the atmosphere.
A. carbon dioxide
B. ozone
C. sulfur oxides
D. methane
E. sulfate aerosols

Back 5

D. methane

Front 6

Approximately ________% of the typical American city is devoted to use by cars.
A. 10
B. 20
C. 30
D. 40
E. 50

Back 6

C.30

Front 7

The greenhouse effect involves warming of Earth's surface and the ________.
A. ionosphere
B. mesosphere
C. troposphere
D. stratosphere
E. thermosphere

Back 7

C. troposphere

Front 8

Recent research indicates that the variation in solar output _______.
A. is less than any of the anthropogenic factors affecting climate change
B. will increase by a hundredfold over then next century
C. is the major factor driving temperature change
D. has a radiative forces of 20 watts/m2
E. is greater than all the anthropogenic factors affecting climate change

Back 8

A. is less than any of the anthropogenic factors affecting climate change

Front 9

Earth's climate ________.
A. will stabilize over the next century, according to the predictions of most scientists
B. has been documented to have changed once due to the evolution of green photosynthesizing plants
C. history is undeterminable because there is no method of studying climatic history of the planet
D. has been stable over the history of the planet
E. is changing as a result of natural and human processes

Back 9

E. is changing as a result of natural and human processes

Front 10

Of the following greenhouse gases, ________ concentrations have increased the most since 1750.
A. water vapor
B. carbon dioxide
C. methane
D. ozone
E. nitrous oxide

Back 10

C. methane

Front 11

Keeling's reports from Mauna Loa demonstrated ________.
A. an increase in tropospheric CO2 from the 1950s to present
B. that sediments deposited on the seafloor can yield clues about past climates
C. that CO2 levels have been stable over the last 40 years
D. the presence of El Niño
E. that as distances from cities decreased, CO2 concentrations increased

Back 11

A. an increase in tropospheric CO2 from the 1950s to present

Front 12

The most recent analyses of polar ice cores have given us the ability to profile global climate change back as far as ________ years.
A. 300,000,000
B. 1000
C. 100,000
D. 50,000
E. 800,000

Back 12

E. 800,000

Front 13

Recent evidence from polar ice core analysis shows that, until now, carbon dioxide levels have never exceeded ________ ppm in the last several hundred thousand years.
A. 1000
B. 500
C. 300
D. 25
E. 200

Back 13

C.300

Front 14

A. Predominant Greenhouse gas produced by burning fossil fuels_____
B. Produced by microbes decomposing matter in landfill and swamps_____
C. By-product of feedlots, chemical manufacturing, and fertilizer use____
D. Most abundant greenhouse gas____
E. Compound that contributes to short-term atmospheric cooling
F. Stratospheric greenhouse gas that absorbs the suns incoming short-wave radiation____
G. In 2006-2007 millions of lay citizens were powerfully educated about the reality, evidence and consequences of global climate change by the film___
methane,biodiesel,water vapor, argon, carbon dioxide, sulfate aerosol, ammonia, ozone, the day after tomorrow , an inconvenient truth, nitrous oxide

Back 14

A. carbon dioxide
B. methane
C. nitrous oxide
D. water vapor
E. Sulfate aerosol
F. Ozone
G. An inconvenient truth

Front 15

Carbon dioxide is ________.
A. the most potent (per molecule of gas) of the greenhouse gases
B. more potent (per molecule of gas) than methane
C. the most abundant greenhouse gas
D. the only greenhouse gas presently increasing in the atmosphere
E. the main anthropogenic greenhouse gas produced in the United States

Back 15

E. the main anthropogenic greenhouse gas produced in the United States

Front 16

______% of U.S.citizens live in coastal counties, thus vulnerable to rises in sea level.
A. 95
B. 20
C. 83
D. 10
E. 53

Back 16

E. 53

Front 17

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ________.
A. is an international panel that reports on how climate change influences biomes and economies
B. fines companies that pollute
C. constructed the Kyoto Protocol
D. performed the research included in the climate change findings
E. could not achieve its objectives because of lack of popular support

Back 17

A. is an international panel that reports on how climate change influences biomes and economies

Front 18

The Kyoto Protocol ________.
A. required equal concessions from all countries involved in greenhouse gas emission
B. increased federal funding for controlling greenhouse gas emissions from U.S. power plants
C. required increases in nuclear power generation
D. was intended to reduce emissions of six greenhouse gases to levels lower than those of 1990
E. would have resulted in overall increases in greenhouse emissions

Back 18

D. was intended to reduce emissions of six greenhouse gases to levels lower than those of 1990

Front 19

In legislation, the precautionary principle states that ________.
A. all alternative sources of energy should be evaluated by the scientific community before marketing
B. permit trading should be undertaken with caution
C. caution should be used in handling hazardous wastes
D. lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used to postpone measures to prevent major environmental degradation
E. alterations to legislation must be done in a way that maximizes environmental protection at the urging of scientists without recourse from the voting public

Back 19

D. lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used to postpone measures to prevent major environmental degradation

Front 20

The use of public transportation is ________.
A. the best option for decreasing the use of fossil fuels for transportation
B. subsidized by the U.S. government
C. more expensive than driving a car
D. increasing rapidly in the face of concerns over climate change
E. higher in the United States compared to Europe

Back 20

A. the best option for decreasing the use of fossil fuels for transportation

Front 21

Hydrogen fuel cells, biodiesel, and long-term electric batteries are potential solutions to ______.
A. cap-and-trade emission control
B. cutting back the carbon emissions from hydroelectric plants
C. carbon sequestration
D. replacing coal as a major fuel for generating electricity
E. reducing carbon emissions from cars and trucks

Back 21

E. reducing carbon emissions from cars and trucks

Front 22

Hydroelectric power generation ________.
A. has no undesirable environmental effects
B. uses fuel cells to generate electricity
C. is an alternative to fossil fuels that produces fewer greenhouse gases
D. produces high quantities of greenhouse gases
E. produces pollutants that contribute significantly to acid precipitation

Back 22

C. is an alternative to fossil fuels that produces fewer greenhouse gases

Front 23

Over ________% of the fuel you pump into your automobile does something other than move your vehicle down the road.
A. 65
B. 45
C. 85
D. 55
E. 25

Back 23

C. 85

Front 24

The Kyoto Protocol is to carbon dioxide as the Montreal Protocol is to ________.
A. ozone
B. carbon monoxide
C. chlorofluorocarbons
D. nitrous oxide
E. methane

Back 24

C. chlorofluorocarbons

Front 25

In the wake of the U.S. failure to ratify the Kyoto Protocol ________.
A. cities and states are setting their own programs for reducing greenhouse gas emissions
B. many nations have severed diplomatic relations with the U.S.
C. the U.S. has shown that it is a leader in carbon emission reduction without having signed the Protocol
D. oil exporting nations have refused to sell to the U.S.
E. dozens of other nations pulled out of the Protocol

Back 25

A. cities and states are setting their own programs for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Front 26

The 2009 Copenhagen Conference _______.
A. produced a multi-national treaty to limit carbon emissions
B. was unable to pass any resolution because 20 developed nations refused to accept the scientific premises of global climate change
C. created an international fund to promote climate research
D. failed to produce a treaty because the US failed to support it and China refused international monitoring for promised steep cuts
E. failed to provide any help to developing nations for mitigation and adaptation efforts

Back 26

D. failed to produce a treaty because the US failed to support it and China refused international monitoring for promised steep cuts

Front 27

The US Senate has so far opposed emissions reductions on the grounds that _______.
A. no other nations have pledged reductions
B. it might hurt the economy
C. the US does not emit significant amounts of greenhouse gases
D. President Obama rejected the scientific basis of global climate change
E. the US already has reduced its emissions by 68% as agreed in the Copenhagen treaty.

Back 27

B. it might hurt the economy

Front 28

Tuvalu and the Maldives are in the international spotlight because they _______.
A. are accepting climate change refugees from other nations
B. are the largest emissions producers in their respectives areas
C. may be the first nations to be completely flooded by rising sea levels
D. have exceeded the emissions reductions set by the Kyoto Protocol
E. opposed China's proposals for global carbon neutrality at the Copenhagen Conference in 2009

Back 28

C. may be the first nations to be completely flooded by rising sea levels

Front 29

Which of the following are market mechanisms for addressing climate change?
A. carbon neutrality and carbon aggression policies
B. international treaties from global conferences
C. cap-and-trade and carbon offsets
D. mitigation and adaptation
E. carbon taxes and fee-and-dividend benefits

Back 29

C. cap-and-trade and carbon offsets

Front 30

The United States should enact laws slowing global climate change because ________.
A US industry supports the legislation
B. the US is a major source of the problem
C. no other nations have initiated efforts to slow global climate change
D. the US is the most populous nation on Earth
E. global climate change effects are most significant in the US

Back 30

B. the US is a major source of the problem

Front 31

Environmentalists advocate immediate intervention regarding global climate change because ________.
A.they favor the precautionary principle
B. most are Cornucopians
C. most live in areas most affected by global climate change
D. they are concerned about the global economic losses sustained due to global climate change
E. they favor anthropogenic principles

Back 31

A.they favor the precautionary principle

Front 32

One factor contributing to U.S. resistance to legal intervention regarding global climate change is ________.
A.the success of voluntary reductions of carbon dioxide emissions by U.S. power plants
B. lack of support from other developed nations around the world
C. the precautionary principle
D. political influence of the petroleum, coal and automobile industries
E. lack of scientific evidence supporting global climate change

Back 32

D. political influence of the petroleum, coal and automobile industries

Front 33

Why do environmentalists and scientists advocate immediate action, including stricter laws to limit power plant carbon dioxide emissions and subsidies for renewable energy?
A.These industries export goods to all other nations on Earth.
B. No laws currently exist to regulate these industries.
C. Power companies do not have labor unions that oppose legal restrictions.
D. Environmentalists do not want to anger farmers, even though agriculture produces the most carbon dioxide.
E. These industries produce the most greenhouse gases.

Back 33

E. These industries produce the most greenhouse gases.

Front 34

The Clear Skies Initiative may have helped somewhat with the problem of global climate change because it would have ________.
A.required reduced carbon dioxide emissions
B. prohibited importation of goods from nations that pollute
C. provided subsidies for renewable energy
D. permitted the purchase of "wind certificates"
E. required reduced nitrogen oxide emissions

Back 34

E. required reduced nitrogen oxide emissions