Ch 16 Infection Control And Prevention

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antbiotic

Back 1

natural or synthetic substance that destroys microorganisms or inhibits their growth

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antimicrobial

Back 2

agent that destroys or prevents the development of microorganisms

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antiseptic

Back 3

Cleansed or free of microorganisms, Disinfectants liberate oxygen when in contact with pus or organic substances. Alcohols, chlorhexidine, iodine

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asepsis

Back 4

practice of making free of viable microorganisms

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aseptic

Back 5

free of viable microorganisms

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bacteria

Back 6

one-celled organism without a true nucleus or cell organelles, can reproduce independently but may need a host to provide food and a favorable environment

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contaminated

Back 7

to be made unclean

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debris

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remains of broken-down or damaged cells or tissue

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disinfectants

Back 9

solutions containing chemical compounds that kill nearly all microorganisms

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fungi

Back 10

single cells, as in yeast, or as multicellular filamentous colonies, Most are not pathogenic, and the body's normal flora contains many

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helminths

Back 11

wormlike animal

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immune response

Back 12

body's reaction to foreign antigens so that they are neutralized or eliminated, thus preventing the diseases or injuries these antigens might cause

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interferon

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produced by leukocytes and fibroblasts in response to invasion by a pathogen, particularly a virus. enable invaded cells to produce complex surface antigens, increasing their ability to be recognized and killed by T lymp. inhibit virus production within infected cells....used to treat multiple sclerosis.

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medical asepsis

Back 14

reducing the # of microorganisms present or reducing risk of infection...clean technique

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microorganism

Back 15

living organism too small to be perceived with the naked eye, esp. a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or intracellular parasite, and some helminths

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pathogens

Back 16

microorganism capable of producing a disease

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personal protective equipment or PPE

Back 17

protective equipment used to protect the worker

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prions

Back 18

small proteinaceous infectious particle that is believed to be responsible for central nervous system diseases ..protein particles that lack nucleic acids

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protoza

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1 celled microorganisms belong to animal kingdom... cause dysentery and diarrhea

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rickettsia

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small round or rod shaped microorganisms.. transmitted by bites of lice ticks fleas mites..rocky mountain spotted fever..... typhus

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standard precautions

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to reduce or eliminate the hazards of occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens, an employer must implement an exposure control plan for the worksite with details on employee protection measures

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sterile

Back 22

Free from living microorganisms, i.e., of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, spores, viruses, and other living organisms.

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sterilization

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Complete removal or destruction of microorganisms in an object

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surgical asepsis

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maintenance of strict disinfection procedures and infection control practices during an operation

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viruses

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pathogen composed of nucleic acid within a protein shell, which can grow and reproduce only after infecting a host cell

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aerobic

Back 26

needs oxygen to live and grow

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anaerobic

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live and grow only in absence or oxygen

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bactericidal

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able to kill bacteria

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community associated infection

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infection was present before pt. came to hospital

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cross-contamination

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transmission of infectious microorganisms from one person or object to another

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culture (bio)

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propagation of living organisms or tissue in special media conducive to thier growth

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disinfectant

Back 32

reduces # of viable microorganisms

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endotoxin

Back 33

heat stable toxin associated with outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released when the cells are disrupted

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exotoxin

Back 34

unstable highly toxic by product of select microorganisms that can be found in gram +and - beacteria

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exudate

Back 35

fluid in or on the tissues surfaces that has escaped from blood vessels in response to inflammation and contains protein and cellular debris

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gram negative

Back 36

bacteria that lose the stain in grams method of staining

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gram positive

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bacteria that keep the stain in grams method of staining

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host

Back 38

animal or plant that harbors and provides sustenance for another microorganism (parasite)

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infection

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invasion and multiplication in body tissues of microorganisms that cause cellular injury

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inflammation

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localized response caused by injury or destruction of tissues that serves to contain the injurious agent and injured tissue

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lekocytosis

Back 41

increase in the # of leukocytes in the blood resulting from infection or other causes

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three principal forms of bacteria

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cocci -round

bacilli -round

spirochetes- spiral

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Types of microorganisms that can cause infection in humans.

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bacteria

prions

viruses

protozoa

fungi

rickettsia

helminiths

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Links in the infection chain

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1. causative agent
2. reservoir
3. portal of exit
4. mode of transfer
5. portal of entry
6. susceptible host

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causative agent

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capable of causing disease .. viruses, fungi

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reservoir

Back 46

places microorganisms found-- infected wounds, waste

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portal of exit

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route of body pathogen leaves... gastrointestinal in feces... respiratory tract

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mode of transfer

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how the pathogen moves... sneezing coughing, or vectors

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portal of entry

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how pathogen enters body... mucus membranes, consuming contaminated food or water

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susceptible host

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compromised host... broken skin, age, poor health or nutrition

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What makes the elderly more susceptible to infection

Back 51

1. skin... - elasticity, + dryness and - vascular supply
2. gastro- decreased gastric acid
3. resp. impared cough mechanism
4. immune - immune responses are delayed
5. homo. lose homeostatic state more easily
6. urine- predisposed to UTI

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body's protective mechanisms to prevent infection (1st line)

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1. skin- barrier... acids and sweat limit pathogen growth
2. liver- kupffer cells destroy bacteria that enter portal liver circulation
3. gastric- HCL destroys pathogens.

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body's protective mechanisms to prevent infection (2nd line)

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1. fever-slows growth of pathogens
2. leukocytosis- WBC's engulf the invader
3. phagocytosis remove debris destroy bacteria
4. inflammation- limit spread. release histamine and serotonin.
5. interferon- stimulate proteins that prevent replication of viruses

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body's protective mechanisms to prevent infection (3rd line)

Back 54

Immune response

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Inflammatory response

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1. vessels dilate bringing more blood to damaged area
2. limit pathogens spread to rest of body
3. prepare damaged tissue for repair
4. neutralize and destroy pathogens

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Immune response

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1. Body recognizes a foreign invader
2. Macrophages engulf bacteria
3. unique antigens destroy invader
4. antigens stimulate formation of a specific type of antibody
5. immunity is acquired

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Medical vs. surgical asepsis (patient)

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• Medical-- has infection and lower resistance to infection
• Surgical potential host, susceptible to infection

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Medical vs. surgical asepsis (reservoir)

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• Medical- the patient
• Surgical- other people, enviorment

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Medical vs. surgical asepsis (equipment and supplies)

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• Medical- use only clean materials
• Surgical- sterile Materials

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Medical vs. surgical asepsis (nurse attire)

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• Medical- clean attire
• Surgical - sterile attire

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Medical vs. surgical asepsis (goals)

Back 61

• Medical reduce # of pathogens and reduce transmission
• Surgical - keep area free of pathogens for a period of time

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How to clean objects

Back 62

1. rinse in cold water- get visible materials
2. wash in hot soapy water
3. friction - stiff bristle brush or abrasive
4. rinse in moderately hot water
5. dry object