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79 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

The eye

Transcripts visual stimuli to the brain for interpretation and, in doing so, functions as the organ of vision. The eyeball is located in the eye orbit a round Sony Halo formed by several different bones of the skull. MD orbit, it couldn't of fat surrounds the eye. The Bony orbit and fat cushion protect the eyeball

The eyelids

Are two movable structures composed of skin and two types of muscles striated and smooth. Their purpose is to protect the eye from foreign bodies when we limit the amount of light entering the eye. In addition they serve to distribute tears that look like Kate the surface of the eye the upper eyelid is larger, more movable, and contains tarsal plates made up of connective tissue these plates may contain the meibomiam glands which secretes an oily substance that lubricates the eyelid

The eyelids meet at 2 point

The lateral outer canthus in the middle inner can thus. the medial canthus contained the puncta two small opening that allow drainage of tears into the lacrimal system in the caruncle a small freshly mass that contains sebaceous glands

Eyelashes are

Projection of stiff hair curving outward along the margin of the eyelid that filter dust and dirt from air entering the eye

The conjunctiva is

A thin, transparent, continuous membrane that is divided into two portions a papabral and a bullbar portion the point where they needs create a folded recess that allows movement of the eyeball. This transparent membrane allows for inspection of underlying tissue and protects the eye from foreign bodies

The lacrimal apparatus

Consists of glands and ducts that lubricate the eye the lacrimal gland, located in the upper outer corner of the orbital cavity just above the eye produces tears. Tears and 2 into the lacrimal Channel and then channels into the nasal lacrimal Sac to the nasolacrimal duct they drain into the nasal meatus

The extraocular muscles

The are the six muscle attached to the outer surface of each eyeball these muscles and associated nerves control 6 different direction of eye movement muscle. Each muscle call ginate with a muscle in the opposite I this allows for parallel movement of the eyes and duster by nuclear fission characteristic of humans Innovation for these muscles is supplied by three cranial nerves the oculomotor (III) trochlear (IV) and ABDUCENS (VI)

The eyeball is composed of

Three separate quotes for layers. The external layer consists of the sclera and cornea the sclera is a dense, protective white covering that physically supports the internal structures of the eye. It is continuous anteriorly with the transparent cornea. The cornea permits the entrance of light, with passes through the lens to the retina. It is Well supplied with nerve endings making it responsive to pain and touch

Blinking of both eyes known as the corneal reflex is supported by

The trigeminal nerve which carries the afferent sensation into the brain and the facial nerve which carries the afferent message that stimulates the blink

The iris is

A circular disc of muscle containing pigment that determine eye color which is located in the middle layer containing both and interior portion. The central aperture of the iris is called the pupil muscle in the iris adjust to control the pupil size which ones for the amount of light entering the eye

The lens is a

Biconvex transparent avascular encapsulated structure located immediately supposed to you today Iris suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body support the position of the lens the lens function to refract light rays into the retina the lens bulge to focus on close objects and flattened to focus foreign object

The retina

Receives visual stimuli and sends it to the brain. Direct not consist of numbers layers of nerve cells including the cells, are called rods and cones these specialized nerve cells are often referred to as photoreceptors because they are responsive to light or regulate black and white vision and function in dim light. The cones function and bright light and are sensitive to color

A Visual fields refers to

What a person sees with one eye. The visual fields of each I can be divided into four quadrants upper temporal lower temporal upper nasal, and lower nasal the Temple quadrants of each visual field extends farther than the nasal quadrants thus each eye sees a slightly different view but they're visual field overlap quite a bit

Visual perception occurs

As light rays strike the retina where they are transformed into nerve impulses, conducted to the brain through the optic nerve, and interpreted.

The pupillary light reflex causes

People's immediately to constrict when exposed to Bright Light. This can be seen as a direct reflex and which constriction occurs in the eye exposed to the light or as an indirect essential reflex these protective mediated by the oculomotor nerve prevent damage to the delicate photoreceptors by excessive light

Accommodation is

The functional reflex allowing the eyes to focus on near objects this is accomplished through movement of the ciliary muscle causing an increase in the curvature of the lens this change and shape of the lens is not visible however convergence of the eyes and constriction of the pupil occur simultaneously and can be seen

Visual impairments range from

Reduce visual Acuity, which can be corrected with lenses to total blindness

Visual impairment is defined as

Any condition that impacts an individual's ability to successfully complete the activities of everyday life visual impairment may be classified as low vision, functional blindness, or total blindness. In the United States, legal blindness is determined to exist when an individual has a visual Acuity of 20/200 or less

Sudden changes in Vision are associated with

Acute problems such as head trauma or increased intracranial pressure. Gradual changes in Vision may be related to aging, diabetes, hypertension, or neurology disorder

Spots of floaters are common among clients with

Myopia or and Clyde's over age 40. And most cases they are due to normal physiology changes in the eye associated with aging and require no intervention

Scotoma is

A blind spot that is surrounded by either normal or slightly diminished peripheral vision. It may be from glaucoma. Intermittent blood spots may be associated with vascular spasm Atomic migraines or pressure on the optic nerve by a tumor or increased intracranial pressure. Consistent blind spot May indicate retinal detachment. Any report of blindspot requires immediate attention and referral to an opthamologist

Seeing Halos around light is associated with

Narrow angle glaucoma

Night blindness is associated with

Optica trophy, glaucoma, inside of me a deficiency

Double vision diplopia May indicate

Increased intracranial pressure due to injury or tumor

Burning or itching pain is usually associated with

Allergies of superficial irritation period throbbing, stabbing or deep aching pain suggest a foreign body in the eye or changes within the eye. Most common eye disorders are not associated with actual pain. Therefore immediately refer to reports to eye pain

Redness or swelling of the eye is usually related to

Inflammatory response caused by allergy, friend body, or bacterial or viral infection

Excessive tearing epiphora is caused by

Exposure to irritants or obstruction of the lacrimal apparatus unilateral epiphora is often associated with foreign body or obstruction bilateral epiphora is often associated with exposure to irritants such as makeup or facial cleansers or it may be a systemic response

Discharge other than tears from one both eyes suggest

A bacterial or viral infection

Medications reported to have ocular side effects include

Alpha 1 blockers, some anti-arrhythmic anticholinergic antihistamines antipsychotic antispasmodic cyclic antidepressants, anticoagulants anti-malarials bisphosphonates corticosteroids digoxin erectile dysfunction medications fluoroquinolones

It's those examinations to come and eat for healthy sides without risk factors every

Two years for ages 18 through 60 annually for those age 61 and older

To perform in the answer test properly,

clients should wear their glasses if they normally do so

Tonometry is used to

Measure pressure within the eye normal eye pressure range from 10 to 21 mm of mercury eye pressure is greater than 22 mm increases one's risk for developing glaucoma however people with normal eye pressure May evelop glaucoma

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation puts the client at risk for

Development of cataracts opacities of the lenses of the eyes

Open angle glaucoma signs and symptoms are

Patchy blind spots in your side profile of central vision, frequently in both eyes tunnel vision in the advanced stages

Acute angle closure glaucoma signs and symptoms are

Severe headache, eye pain, nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, Halos around lights, I redness

Glaucoma is

A group of eye diseases that damage to optic nerve, often caused by abnormally high pressure intraocular pressure within the eye. There are no warning signs and its effects of so gradual that no change in Vision make sure they know that until the condition is advanced Vision loss caused by glaucoma is not reversible glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness after cataracts

People who are at risk for glaucoma have complete eye examination according to the schedule below

Ages 40 to 54, every one to three years. Ages 55 to 64, every 1 to 2 years. It just 65 and older, every 6 to 12 months

People with known risk for glaucoma are

Older than 40 years, African-American, East Asian, high intraocular pressure, family history of glaucoma, diabetic, previous eye surgery, hypertensive, far-sided, or corticosteroids. These people are recommended to following eye doctor orders for more frequent screening

High Risk factors for open-angle glaucoma include

High eye pressure, family history Oklahoma, age 40 and older for African Americans, age 60 and older for the general population, especially Mexican Americans then cornea, suspicious optic nerve appearance with increased cupping size of cup the space at the center of the optic nerve is larger than normal

Potential risk factors for open-angle glaucoma include

High myopia very severe nearsightedness diabetes, eye surgery or injury, high blood pressure, use of corticosteroids example eye drops pills inhalers and creams

Risk factors for angle closure glaucoma

Age 40 and older, family history of glaucoma, Porsche with this incision for sinus eye injury or eye surgery East Asian inuit ethnicity

Risk factors for normal tension glaucoma

Cardiovascular disease family history of glaucoma eye pressure Japanese ethnicity

Age-related macular degeneration

A major cause of visual impairment that affects the macula portion of the retina. AMD causes deterioration of the macula, the central areas of the retina. The retina is a paper thin tissue at the back of the eye where to light sensitive cells send digital signal to the brain the macular processes Sharp clear, straight-ahead vision. Damage to the macula results in blank spots and blurred or distorted vision

Risk factors for macular degeneration include

Advanced cage, smoking, family history of AMD, gender females more likely to be affected obesity BMI greater than 30 race Caucasians more effective than any other light eye color prolonged sun exposure UV lights directly damages right notation, high fat high cholesterol high sugar low antioxidant diet, hypertension cardiovascular disease an activity AMD in one eye genetic predisposing

Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness they are

A clouding of the usually clear lens of the eye, causing a person to see as through looking through a frosty a foggy window with vision even more affected at night

Other symptoms of cataract includes

Shading or yellowing of colors, sensitivity to light and glare, seeing Halos around lights, double vision and a single guy, and frequent prescription changes and corrective lenses. Most cataract dissolve slowly in the are most often found in people over 65 years of age with age the lens become less flexible, take care, and less than start as tissues break down a club together, turning the lens yellow or brown

Risk factors of cataracts include

Increasing age Austin stop developing at 30 years of age but are most prevalent by 75 years of age, diabetes, drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, excessive exposure to sunlight, exposure to ionizing radiation, suggests that use in X-rays and cancer radiation therapy, family history of cataracts, high blood pressure, obesity, previous eye injury or information previous eye surgery prolonged use of corticosteroids medications ingestion or apply to skin and smoking

Equipment needed eye exam include

Snellen eye chart handheld Snellen card or near Vision screener penlight old pack cards abdominal scopes disposable gloves

General routine eye screening include

Test distance visual acuity. Test near visual Acuity. Test visual fields to gross peripheral vision. Inspect the eyelids and eyelashes. Observes the position and alignment of the eyeball in the eye socket. Inspect the bulbar conjunctiva and sclera. Inspect the lacrimal apparatus. Inspect the iris and pupil. Assess pupillary reaction to light

Focus specialty I screening include

Perform corneal light reflex test. Perform cover test. Perform the Cardinal fields of gaze test. Inspect the house sellable conjunctival. Palpate the lacrimal apparatus. Inspect the cornea and lens. Assess accommodation of pupils. Use abdominal scope to inspect the optic disc, retinal vessels, and background, for Jaya and macula, and interior chamber

The Snellen chart is used to

Just distant visual acuity. The clients tan 26 from the church and coverage when I was in Oak Park card then the client reads each line of letters until he or she can no longer distinguish them

The E chart is

A chart for clients with a handicap that prevents verbal communication the E chart is used to eat charge is configured just like the Snellen chart for the characters on it or Ollie's which face and all directions the Clyde is asked to indicate by pointing which way to open side of the effaces is the client word glasses they should be left on unless they are reading glasses

Jaeger test

It just where near vision is assessed in clients over 40 years of age by holding the pocket screener or newspaper print 14 inch from the I will have decreased accommodation to view closer print will have to move the card or newspaper for the way to see it

Myopia

Impair for vision is present on the second number and the test result is larger than the first 20 / 40 the higher the second number the poor division a client is considered legally blind One Vision in the better eye with corrective lense is 20 / 200 or less

Presbyopia

Impaired near vision is indicated when the client most of the chart away from the eyes to focus on the price it is caused by decreased accommodation personal Opia is a common condition in client over 45 years of age

Asymmetric position of the light reflects indicate

Deviated alignment of the eyes this may be due to muscle weakness or paralysis

Phoria

A term used to describe misalignment that occurs only once usion reflects is blocked

Strabismus

Constant malalignment of the eye

Tropia

A specific type of misalignment

Esotropia

An inward turn of the eye

Exotropia

Outward turn of the eye

Sawyer of ice to follow movement symmetrically is in any or all Direction indicate

A weakness in one or more extraocular muscle or dysfunction of the cranial nerve that innervates the particular muscle

Nystagmus

An oscillating shaking movement of the eye maybe associated with an inner ear disorder, multiple sclerosis, and brain lesion, or narcotic use

Ptosis

Drooping of the upper lid may be attributed to oculomotor nerve damage myasthenia Gravis we can muscle or tissue or A congenital disorder

Entropion

Inverted lower lid which may cause pain in your the cornea as the eyelash brushes against the conjunctiva and cornea

Ectropion

An inverted lower eyelid results and exposure and drying off the conjunctiva. Though usually abnormal both are common and older clients

Conjunctivitis

Pink eye

Exophthalmos

Contusion of the eyeballs accompanied by retracted eyelid margin. Is a characteristic of graves disease a type of hypothyroidism is sunken appearance of the eyes may be seen with severe dehydration for chronic wasting illness

Episcleritis

Local non infectious inflammation of the sclera. The condition is usually characterized by Adry natural parents or by rednecks with the latest. Yellows nodules on the Looper conjunctival or call King which Sheila are coming and older clients and appears first on the medial side of the iris and then on the lateral side

Sub conjunctival hemorrhage

Bright red areas on the sclera often caused by sneezing coughing and vomiting which may break a blood vessel

Cyanosis of the lower lid suggest

A Heart or lung disorder

Papilledema

Swelling of the optic disc

Optic atrophy

When the disc is white in color and a lack of disgraceful this condition is caused by the death of optic nerve fibers

Hyphemia

Injury that causes red blood cells to collect in the lower half of the Interior chamber

Hypopyon

Results from an inflammation response in which white blood cells accumulate in the interior chamber and produced cloudiness in the front of the iris

Hordeolum

Stye

Miosis

Pinpoint pupils constricted and fixed pupils possibly result of narcotic drugs or brain damage

Anisocoria

Pupils are of unequal size in some cases to condition is normal other cases it is that normal

Mydriasis

Dilated and fixed pupils typically resulting from central nervous system and circulatory collapse on anesthesia