Ch 12

Front 1

delusions

Back 1

a false belief that os strongly held in spite of contrary evidence

Front 2

-about ___ of the US population has reported symptoms of a psychiatric disorder

-as much as ___ % of the adult population experiences psychiatric symptoms in the course of a year

-nearly 5% of Americans are suffering from a serious mental illness

Back 2

1/3; 19

Front 3

there is a peak in 18-25 year olds because certain psychiatric disorders (like schizo) tend to

Back 3

appear in adolescence and young childhood

Front 4

schizophrenia affects approx. ___% of the population

Back 4

1%

Front 5

positive symptom

Back 5

an abnormal behavioral state

-examples: hallucinations(mostly auditory), delusions of grandeur/persecution, disordered thought processes, bizarre behaviors

Front 6

negative symptoms

Back 6

an abnormality that reflects insufficient functioning

-examples: social withdrawal, flat affect, anhedonia(loss of pleasurable feelings), reduced motion, poor focus on tasks, alogia(reduced speech output), catatonia (reduced movement)

Front 7

dissociative thinking

Back 7

impaired logical thought

Front 8

schizophrenia may have an associated _____.

Back 8

endophenotype: a group of behavioral or physical characteristics that accompany an inherited susceptibility to a particular disorder

Front 9

concordance

Back 9

a characteristic that is seen in both individuals of a pair of twins

Front 10

monozygotic

Back 10

(identical) twins from a single fertilized egg; have a 50% concordance rate

Front 11

dizygotic

Back 11

(fraternal) twins derived from separate eggs; have a 17% concordance rate

Front 12

prepulse inhibition (PPI)

Back 12

a neurological phenomenon on which a weaker pre stimulus (prepulse) inhibits the reaction to a subsequent string startling stimulus (pulse)

Front 13

Deficits of PPI manifest in the inability to filter out the unnecessary info; that have been linked to_____.

Back 13

abnormalities of the sensorimotor gating

Front 14

ventricular enlargement is associated w/

Back 14

schizophrenia

Front 15

among ppl w/ schizo/ those w/ enlarged ventricles benefit _____ from antipsychotic drugs.

Back 15

less

Front 16

cortical abnormalities in schizo

Back 16

-thicker corpus callosum

-loss of gray matter in the frontal lobes

-less metabolic activity

Front 17

first rank symptoms in schizo

Back 17

1. auditory hallucinations

2. highly personalized delusions

3. changes in emotion (affect)

Front 18

hypofrontality hypothesis

Back 18

the idea that schizo may reflect under activation of the frontal lobes

Front 19

lobotomy

Back 19

the surgical separation of a portion of the frontal lobes from the rest of the brain, once used for a tx for schizo and many other ailments

Front 20

chlorpromazine

Back 20

an antipsychotic drug that replaced lobotomies as a tx for schizo

Front 21

antipsychotic or neuroleptic

Back 21

any of a class of drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizo, typically by blocking dopamine receptors

Front 22

dopamine hypothesis

Back 22

the idea that schizo results from either excessive levels of synaptic dopamine or excessive postsynaptic sensitivity to dopamine

Front 23

amphetamine psychosis

Back 23

a delusional and psychotic state, closely resembling acute schizophrenia, that is brought on by repeated use of high doses of amphetamine

Front 24

typical neuroleptic

Back 24

anti schizo drug that shows antagonist activity at dopamine D2 receptors; all antipsychotic drugs are now typical

Front 25

atypical neuroleptic

Back 25

an antipsychotic that has actions other than or in addition to the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism that characterizes the typical neuroleptics

Front 26

clozapine

Back 26

an atypical neuroleptic that selectively blocks serotonin receptors

Front 27

tardive dyskonesia

Back 27

characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements, especially involving the face, mouth, lips, and tongue

Front 28

discontinuation of or lowering dosage of typical neuroleptics can result in a sudden, marked increase in positive symptoms of schizo. This is called ____, and t reflects up regulation of receptors during treatment

Back 28

super sensitivity psychosis

Front 29

problems w/ dopamine hypothesis

Back 29

-drugs block D2 receptors a lot faster than what symptoms are reduced

-some patients show no change w/ dopamine antagonists

Front 30

some atypical neuroleptics actually ____ dopamine levels in the frontal cortex

Back 30

increase

Front 31

psychotomimetic

Back 31

a drug that induces a state resembling schzo

Front 32

phencyclidine(PCP)

Back 32

angel dust; an anesthetic agent that is also a psychedelic drug; makes many people feel dissociated from themselves and their environment; blocks NDMA receptor, thereby preventing the endogenous ligand glutamate from having its usual effects

Front 33

ketamine

Back 33

a dissociative anesthetic drug, similar to PCP, that acts as a NDMA receptor antagonist

Front 34

glutamate hypothesis

Back 34

the idea that schizophrenia may be caused, in part, by under stimulation of glutamate receptors

Front 35

depression

Back 35

a psychiatric condition characterized by such symptoms as an unhappy mood, loss of interests, energy, and appetite, and difficulty concentrating, restless agitation

Front 36

unipolar depression

Back 36

depression that alternates w/ normal emotional states

Front 37

bipolar disorder

Back 37

characterized by repeated fluctuation between depressive periods and episodes of euphoric, sometimes grandiose, positive mood (mania)

-rate of cycling varies; rapid cycling consists of 4 or more cycles in one year, some may cycle several times in one day

Front 38

electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

Back 38

a last resort tx for unmanageable depression in which a string electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure.

Front 39

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOs)

Back 39

inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which breaks down serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine (tx for depression)

Front 40

tricyclics and heterocyclics

Back 40

inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine (TX for depression)

Front 41

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Back 41

block the repute of serotonin, having little effect on norepinephrine or dopamine synapses (Tx for depression)

Front 42

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Back 42

mild electrical stimulation through an electrode that is surgically implanted deep in the brain

Front 43

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Back 43

psychotherapy aimed at correcting negative thinking and consciously changing behaviors as a way of changing feelings

Front 44

postpartum depression

Back 44

a bout of depression that afflicts a woman either immediately before or after giving birth

Front 45

about ___% of all suicide victims are profoundly depressed

Back 45

80

Front 46

PET studies show an ____ blood flow in the amygdala and frontal cortex of depressed patients; there is a ____ blood flow in some brain regions (temporal and parietal lobes, anterior cingulate)

Back 46

increased; decreased

Front 47

hippocampal volume is _____ in people w/ depression.

cortex of the right hemisphere is ____ in descendants of depressed people.

Back 47

reduced; thinner

Front 48

Increased Neuronal Atrophy and Synapse Loss

Back 48

-decreased volume of cortical and limbic brain regions

-decreased rate of neurogenesis

-neurons shrink, but are not necessarily lost

-synapse numbers decrease

-changes in connectivity b/t cortical and limbic regions

Front 49

chronically _____ levels of cortisol have a significant effect on the brain

Back 49

elevated

Front 50

learned helplessness

Back 50

a learning paradigm in which individuals are subjected to inescapable, unpleasant conditions

Front 51

lithium often relieves the symptoms of _____

Back 51

bipolar disorder

has widespread actions in the brain and interacts with the circadian clock and boosts BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, protein that is related to the canonical Nerve Growth Factor)

boosting BDNF activity may reduce cell death associated w/ bipolar disorder

Front 52

people w/ Cushing's syndrome have high levels of _____ ____ and are prone to depression

Back 52

adrenal glucocorticoids

Front 53

dexamethasone

Back 53

synthetic glucocoricoid

-dexamethasone suppresion test can reveal excess cortisol

-it can suppress cortisol release in non de pressed ppl but not in depressed patients

Front 54

sleep is altered by depression

Back 54

-Stage 3 SWS is reduced; stages 1 and 2 are increased

- patients enter REM very quickly, w/ an increase of REM sleep in the first half of the night

Front 55

other Tx for depression

Back 55

ketamine and leptin, vagal nerve stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation

Front 56

cyclothymia

Back 56

a milder form of depression; patients cycle between dysthymia (mild depression) and hypomania (increased energy)

Front 57

anxiety disorders

Back 57

any of a class of psychological disorders that include recurrent panic states, generalized persistent anxiety disorders, and PTSD

Front 58

panic disorder

Back 58

recurrent attacks of intense fearfulness

Front 59

generalized anxiety disorder

Back 59

persistent, excessive anxiety and worry

Front 60

benzodiazepine

Back 60

any of a class of anti anxiety drugs that are agonists of GABA receptors in the CNS

ex. Valium

Front 61

anxiolytic

Back 61

a substance used to combat anxiety

ex. alcohol, opiates, barbituates, benzodiazepines

-serotonin agonists and SSRIs are also used to treat anxiety

Front 62

PTSD

Back 62

a disorder in which memories of an unpleasant episode repeatedly plagues the victim

usually show: memory changes (like amnesia), flashbacks, deficits in short term memory

-persistent memories may be a failure to forget

-projections to the amygdala may lose effectiveness in suppressing fear

-victims may have increased sensitivity to stress hormones, like cortisol

Front 63

fear conditioning

Back 63

a from of learning in which fear comes to be associated w/ a previously neutral stimulus

Front 64

OCD

Back 64

an anxiety disorder in which the affected individual experienced recurrent unwanted thoughts and engaged in repetitive behaviors w/o reason or the ability to stop

OCD responds to SSRIs in most cases, suggesting that serotonin dysfunction is important in development of OCD

often co-morbid w/ Tourette's syndrome

Front 65

co-morbid

Back 65

referring to the tendency of certain diseases or disorders to occur together in individuals

Front 66

Cingulotomy

Back 66

lesions that interrupt pathways in the cingulate cortex to treat anxiety, depression, and OCD

Front 67

capsulotomy

Back 67

lesions of the internal capsule (white matter projections under the cortex) to treat anxiety disorders

Front 68

Howard Dully

Back 68

had lobotomy

Front 69

Which of the following is not a long-term effect of antipsychotic drugs?

A. Repetitive, involuntary movements, especially involving the face, mouth, lips, and tongue

B. Enhanced physiological, behavioral, or biochemical response to dopamine

C. Weight gain

D. Dopamine receptor irreversibility malfunctions

Back 69

D. Dopamine receptor irreversibility malfunctions

Front 70

Hideyo Noguchi discovered the relationship between ____ and ____.

Back 70

psychosis and syphilis

Front 71

Which of the following classes of drugs is not used to treat depression?

A. Phenothiazines

B. Tricyclics

C. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

D. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Back 71

A. Phenothiazines

Front 72

Given what you know about REM sleep and depression, what would be the likely effect of REM deprivation on depression?

A. Little or no change in behavior ratings of the depth of depression Incorrect

B. An enhancement of the depressed mood

C. The addition of anxiety to the depression

D. Relief of the depression

Back 72

D. Relief of the depression

Front 73

A psychobiological model of the development of PTSD draws connections among the neural mechanisms of which of the following?

A. All of these

B. Fear conditioning

C. Behavioral sensitization

D. Extinction

Back 73

A. All of these

Front 74

About _______% of severely disabled OCD patients who underwent cingulotomy benefited substantially.

A. 50

B. 33

C. 10

D. 75

Back 74

B. 33

Front 75

The symptoms of Tourette’s syndrome resemble those of patients with disease of the

A. cortex.

B. spinal cord.

C. basal ganglia.

D. limbic system.

Back 75

basal ganglia