Ch. 11 The Blood

Front 1

process of blood clotting is an example of

Back 1

restricting fluid losses at injury sites

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whole blood refers to the combination of

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plasma and the formed elements together

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Fresh whole blood is usually collected through a procedure called

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venipuncture

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In blood smear preparations, blood is collected from

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peripheral capillaries

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Blood is approximately........% plasma by

volume

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46-63%

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.............account for most of the volume of extracellular fluid in the body.

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Plasma and interstitial fluid

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Albumins Plasma-

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proteins that are necessary for blood to maintain osmotic pressure

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Serum-

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clotting proteins absent; chief difference between plasma and serum involves the presence/absence of clotting proteins

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primary source of plasma proteins,

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Liver (90%)

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Red blood cells

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formed by erythropoiesis contain hemoglobin that can be recycled

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hematocrit

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percentage of whole blood volume occupied by cellular elements

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During their formation, RBCs .......

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eject their nucleus and most of their organelles

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A hemoglobin molecule contains......

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four protein chains, four heme groups, and four iron ions

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hemoglobin function

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bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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anemia

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condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced

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sickle cell anemia

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disease characterized by defective hemoglobin that results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of one pair of the globular proteins of the hemoglobin molecule resulting in stiff, markedly curved red blood cells

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The average life span of a red blood cell is about

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4 months or 120 days

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During the recycling of hemoglobin, the breakdown products of the globular proteins of each hemoglobin molecule are......

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amino acids

Front 19

When large numbers of RBCs break down in the circulation, the urine can turn

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reddish or brown in a condition called hemoglobinuria

Front 20

In the process of hemoglobin recycling, each heme molecule is stripped of its iron

and converted to

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biliverdin (a pigmented organic compound with a green color)

Front 21

biliverdin is converted

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bilirubin (orange-yellow pigment)

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condition results from abnormally high levels of bilirubin in the plasma of blood

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jaundice

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Excess transferrins are removed in the

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liver and spleen, where the iron extracted

from heme molecules is stored in special protein-iron complexes

Front 24

Playing a critical role in RBC formation, a woman's iron reserve is % of a mans

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50% of a typical man's iron reserve

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In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red (and white blood cells) originate primarily

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in the red bone marrow

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Red blood cells result from the divisions of

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hemocytoblasts which are multipotent stem cells; occurs in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)

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red bone marrow

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myeloid tissue

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Erythroblasts shed its nucleus and becomes a.....

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reticulocyte (term given to the first anucleate cell);

Front 29

After ....... hours in circulation, the reticulocytes complete their maturation and become indistinguishable from other mature RBCs

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24

Front 30

What is the sequence of stages in RBC maturation?

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1. myeloid stem cell
2. proerythroblast
3. erythroblast
4. reticulocyte
5. Red blood cell

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erythropoiesis to proceed normally, protein synthesis requires

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adequate supplies of factors, such as vitamin B12, which is absorbed from the diet in the presence of intrinsic factor

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A toxin that blocks the stomach's ability to release intrinsic factor would most likely cause

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pernicious anemia

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Erythrocyte (Red blood cell) production is stimulated directly by

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erythropoietin (EPO)

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EPO is released when oxygen levels

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(hypoxia) in the blood decrease

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Antigens (agglutinogens)

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can trigger a protective mechanism called an immune response

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examples of surface antigens

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Agglutinogens of the various blood types

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the 4 blood types

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A, B AB O

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Antibodies (agglutinins or immunoglobulins)- will

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attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type

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Differences between ABO and Rh

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Rh grouping has two variations based on Rh antigen presence or absence: Rh+ and Rh-
ABO grouping has four variations based on the presence or absence of A or/and B antigens:

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erythroblastosis fetalis

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Rh incompatibility reaction- hemolytic disease of the newborn

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Bill wants to determine his blood type. His cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A serum and anti-Rh serum, but not with the anti-B serum.

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Bill's plasma contains anti-B antibodies.

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normal WBC count is about

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6000-9000 cells per liter

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leukocytes

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White blood cells

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primary function of white blood cells is to

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help defend the body against infectious organisms

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diapedesis

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characteristic of WBCs that allow them to enter surrounding tissue by

squeezing between adjacent epithelial cells in the capillary wall

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neutrophils-

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most abundant type of WBC in a normal blood sample; active in fighting bacterial infection

Front 47

Pus associated with infected wounds contain

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neutrophils

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A sample of tissue from an injury shows a large number of eosinophils. This would indicate that the tissue was

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infected by parasites

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basophils

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least numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation (allergic reactions)

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monocytes

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large phagocytic WBCs that remain in circulation for only about 24 hours before entering peripheral tissues to become tissue macrophages

Front 51

When foreign cells attack the body, one would most likely expect to see increased numbers of these cells

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lymphocytes

Front 52

disc-shaped structures formed from megakaryocytes, function in the clotting

Process

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Platelets

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cytoplasmic fragments; major component of the vascular clotting system

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Platelets (thrombocytes)

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platelets Circulate .......days before being removed by phagocytes

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9-12

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blood clot attached to the wall of a vessel is called a

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thrombus

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Drifting blood clots, air bubbles, or fat globules are called

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emboli (embolus, singular)

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Hemophilia

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inherited condition resulting from the inadequate production of clotting factors

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main event of the coagulation phase is

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conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

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extrinsic and intrinsic pathways join at the common pathway through the activation of factor X (clotting substance) produced by the

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liver

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common pathway of coagulation ends with

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the activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin

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both calcium ions and vitamin K have an effect on nearly every aspect of the

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clotting process

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Vitamin K- needed for the formation of

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prothrombin and other clotting factors

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Fibrinolysis- begins with the activation of

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plasminogen

Front 64

As repairs proceed, a blood clot gradually dissolves in a process that begins with the

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activation of plasminogen

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During fibrinolysis, plasmin (an enzyme) begins

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digesting the fibrin strands, breaking down the clot

Front 66

the steps involved in the process of hemostasis and clot removal:

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1. vascular phase
2. platelet phase
3. coagulation phase
4. retraction
5. fibrinolysis