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7 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Factors that affect the effectiveness of antimicrobials? |
1. Site to be treated 2. Susceptibility of microbes 3. Effectiveness of germicide 4. Temperature of environment |
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3 methods of pasteurization |
1. Flash pasteurization 2. Ultra-high temp pasteurization 3. Ultra-high temp sterilizationhow |
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How can populations of microbes become resistant to antimicrobials? |
Among bacteria, individual cells can acquire resistance through new mutations of chromosomal genes or by acquiring resistance genes on R plasmids via transformation, transduction, or conjugation |
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Mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobials? |
1. Produce enzyme that destroys/deactivates drug 2. Slow or prevent entry of drug into cell 3. Alter target of drug so it binds less effectively 4. Alter their own metabolic chemistry 5. Pump antimicrobial drug out of cell before it can act 6. Bacteria in biofilms can resist antimicrobials 7. Tuberculosis produces MfpA protein |
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Methods of retarding (preventing) antimicrobial resistance |
1. Maintain high concentration of drug in patient 2. Use antimicrobials only when necessary 3. Use antimicrobial agents in combination 4. Develop new variations of existing drugs 5. Search for new antibiotics, semisynthetics & & synthetics |
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3 routes of administration |
1. Oral route 2. Intramuscular administration 3. Intravenous administration |
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Why don’t physicians invariably prescribe antimicrobials w/ the largest zone of inhibition? |
B/c it would kill not only the targeted bacteria, but would also good/necessary bacteria |
