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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
BBB
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Exchange of 02, glucose, & others btwn blood & cells in the CNS
cross the walls of capillaries |
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capillaries
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smallest blood vessels
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capillary walls
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composed of a single layer of endothelial cells, which provides a short diffusion distance for exchange.
gases, inorganic ions, monosaccrides |
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Hydrophobic molecules
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__________ __________ diffuse acrosss the membrane of the endothelial cells.
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Hydrophilic molecules
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_________ _________ diffuse through large pores (gaps) btwn endothelial cells.
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actively transported
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Cells & large molecules (protein) are TOO large to diffuse through gaps. Instead, they must be ________ ___________ across endothelial cells through transcytosis.
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transcytosis
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movement of a molecule across an endothelial cell by endocytosis into the cell followed by exocytosis out of the cell.
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hydrophilic
hydrophobic |
In CNS, no transcytosis can occur, and __________ molecules cross cap. walls are restricted by BBB. It allows ___________ molecules through.
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BBB
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a physical barrier that exists btwn blood & CSF
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CSF
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a fluid in the CNS
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BBB
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physical barrier that exists btwn blood & CSF
due to presence of tight junctions btwn capillary endothelial cells eliminates cap. pores & restrict the diffusion of hydrophobic molecules btwn cells. Astrocytes protects CNS from harmful substances that are in the blood. molecules must cross the endothelial cells themselves hydrophilic substances selectively permeable |
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Astrocytes
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stimulate endothelial cells to develop & maintain tight junctions by unknown mechanisms.
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choline & aspirin
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What 2 hydrophilic molecules CAN diffuse through the BBB?
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inorganic ions
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Because these are transport proteins, they CAN NOT penetrate the BBB.
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permeability
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_________ of BBB is the main contrast btwn the CSF & plasma.
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Spinal Tap
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a procedure that adequately diagnoses diseases of the CNS.
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brain
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forebrain
cerebellum brainstem |
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forebrain
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the largest & most sup. part of the brain, divided into lft. and rgt. halves (hemispheres) & consists of cerebrum & diencephalon.
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cerebellum
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large
C-shaped structure gray & white matter gray matter includes cerebral cortex @ surface & deep subcortical nuclei. |
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Diencephalon
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thalamus & hypothalamus
midline structures near base of forebrain contain multiple small nuclei. |
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cerebellum
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"little brain"
bilaterally symmetrical structure w/an outer cortex & inner nuclei similar to the forebrain Inf. to forebrain Dorsal to brainstem Motor coordination & balance, and provides feedback to motor systems to smooth movement of eye & body. |
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Brainstem
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caudalmost part of brain
connects to forebrain & cerebellum to spinal cord Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblongata contain nuclei processing centers for 10/12 pairs of cranial nerves reticular formation reg. of many involuntary functions controlled by the ANS |
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Midbrain
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rostral & connects to forebrain
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Pons
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Mid-portion
connects to cerebellum |
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Medulla Oblongata
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caudal portion & connects to spinal cord
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Cerebral Cortex
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outmost portion of cerebrum
high convoluted layer of gray matter grooves or sulcus's ridges or gyri most advanced area of brain 1 billion neurons & 1 trillion synapses 6 functional layers highest level of neural processing acts as an intergrating center receives sensory input from diff. origins, consolidates this info, and formulates thoughts & actions. perceives environment, formulate ideas, experience emotions, recall past events, & command our body movements. |
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Reticular formation
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a diffuse network of nuclei important in sleep-wake cycles, arousal of cerebral cortex, and consiousness.
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Frontal lobe
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ant. part of brain
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Parietal lobe
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post. part of brain
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central sulcus
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The frontal and parietal lobes are divided by a _______ _______.
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Occipital lobe
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Post. and Inf. to parietal lobe
visual cortex it processes visual info |
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Temporal lobe
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Inf. to parietal & frontal lobes
auditory cortex functions in hearing |
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lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure)
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The occipital and temporal lobe are separated by a groove called ________ ______.
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Parietal lobe
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primary somatosensory cortex
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primary somatosensory cortex
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processes somatic sensory info associated w/both surface sensations such as touch, itch, temp. & pain awareness of muscle tensions & joint & limb positions (proprioception)
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Frontal lobe
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primary motor cortex
contains area involved in language and planning establishment of personality |
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primary motor cortex
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initiates voluntary movement, and other areas involved in motor control.
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cerebral cortex function
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topography
somatopic organization motor homunculus sensory homunculus association areas |
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topography
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meaning areas of the cerebral cortex can be mapped according to their function.
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Brain lateralization
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Certain brain function are dominant on one side of the brain relative to the other, an organization called _______ ______________.
not absolute |
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motor homunculus
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map that indicates which areas of the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe are devoted to particular regions of the body.
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sensory homunculus
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map that indicates wich areas of the primary somatosensory cortex are devoted to particular regions of the body.
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association areas
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areas of the cerebral cortex involved in complex processing that requires integrating different types of info.
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right brained
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associated w/movement of the left side of the body
sensory perception of stimuli to the left side of the body. spatial orientation creativity music dream imagery philosophy intuition |
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left brained
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associated w/ movement of the right side of the body
sensory perception of stimuli to the right side of the body logic and analytical processing, strong language capabilities, and math skills |
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split brain
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patient who had their corpus collosum cut in their brain as a treatment for epilepsy so that that the left and right sides of the brain are separated.
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subcortical nuclei
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regions of gray matter located within the cerebrum.
basal nuclei caudate nucleus globus pallidus putamen |
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basal nuclei
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notable for their role in modifying movement
found in subcortical nuclei. |
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Diencephalon
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lies inf. to the cerebrum
thalamus hypothalamus |
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thalamus
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a cluster of nuclei
sensory info follows a pathway which goes through the _________ to the cerebral cortex. (except smell) sensory input is filtered through the _________ before transmitted to the cortex. important in directing attention (mom and crying baby instead of airplane) big role in controlling movement. |
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hypothalamus
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inf. to the thalamus
regulates homeostasis link btwn communication of the endocrine and nervous systems. neural or hormone input sends a signals to release tropic hormones that reg. the ant. pit. hormones. also controls the release of post. pit. hormones |
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hypothalamus
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contains satiety and hunger centers
reg. eating behaviors the thirst center part of the limbic system responses exert through actions of ANS. direct and indirect inputs to ANS reg. body temp generates and regulates the circadian rhythm. |
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suprachiasmatic nucleus
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The ______________ ________ of the hypothalamus generates and regulates the circadian rhythm, endogenous fluctuations in body functions that occur on a 24 hour cycle.
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limbic system
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a diverse collection of closely associated cortical regions, subcortical nuclei, and tracts in the forebrain that function in learning emotions.
amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex portions of thalamus and hypothalamus "primative" areas of the brain |
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amygdala
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one of the oldest regions of the brain
involved in memory and emotions, esp. fear. |
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hippocampus
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involved in learning and memory
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CNS
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Most tasks carried out by the ___ require the coordination action of many different areas working together.
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reflex arcs
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The receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, and effector involved in a particular reflex; interneurons may be present, depending on the reflex considered.
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reflex
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A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus.
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spinal reflex
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the highest level of integration occurs in the spinal cord
What reflex? |
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cranial reflex
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require participation by the brain
What reflex? |
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somatic reflex
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involve signals sent via somatic neurons to skeletal muscle
What reflex? |
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autonomic reflex
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visceral
involve signals sent via autonomic neurons to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands. What reflex? |
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innate reflex
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inborn
What reflex? |
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conditioned reflex
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learned
What reflex? |
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monosynaptic reflex
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the neural pathway consists of only 2 neurons and a single synapse
What reflex? |
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polysynaptic reflex
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contain more than 2 neurons and multiple synapses
What reflex? |
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salvation reflex
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founded by Ivan Povlov
a conditioned reflex |
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reflex arc
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1. stimulus
2. Sensory receptor 3. Afferent neuron 4. Integration center (CNS) 5. Efferent neuron 6. Effector organ (muscle, gland) 7. response |
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muscle spindle stretch reflex
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monosynaptic reflex in response to stretch of the muscle
(knee-jerk) |
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withdrawl reflex
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when body is subjected to painful stimuli, it withdraws fro the stimulus automatically via when a person steps on a tack.
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nocireceptors
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Stepping on a tack is perceived as painful because it activates special sensory receptors called ____________, which respond to intense stimuli that are damaging to tissue.
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afferent
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_________ neurons from nocireceptors transmit info to the spinal cord, where they have excitatory synapses on interneurons.
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cross-extensor reflex
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When a painful stumulus triggers the withdrawl reflex, another reflex is initiated simultaneously.
reflex extension of a limb when anoxious stimulus is applied to the limb on the other side of the body. |
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somatic spinal reflexes
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The stretch reflex and withdrawl are examples of _________ _______ reflexes.
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pupillary light reflex
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autonomic cranial reflex
the stimulus is the light entering one eye and activating photoreceptors. Photoreceptors activate afferent neurons transmit signals to midbrain of the brainstem (integrating center). Efferent neurons are activated and innervate the smooth muscle surrounding the pupil of both eyes. The pupil constricts. |
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Cerebellum in motor coordination
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"guidance system" for movement
compares actual movements with the plans from the cortex makes corrections in the force and direction of movement whenever it detects a discrepency. maintains muscle tones store memories of motor activities |
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cerebellum activity
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must receive info from cortex of planned movements
continually updated how motions are actually being carried out. receive input from sensorimotor areas of cortex, the basal nuclei, the brainstem, and spinal cord. Sends signals back to the cortex (via thalamus) so cortex can adjust it output to complete planned movement. |
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intention tremor
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a sometimes violent shaking motion that occurs only when a person makes a voluntary movement.
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emotions
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highly subjective
cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus triggered by sensory input or memories amygdala (fear & anxiety) hypothalamus (anger & agression) |
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"emotional response"
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autonomic (heart rate, digestion)
motor hormonal changes |
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Motivations
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impulse that drives our actions
can be physiological driven by emotions action in the absense of any obvious physiological drives. |
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Pleasure
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In brain, there are "pleasure centers"
To satisfy the body, alcohol, opoiods, amphetamines, or nicotine stimulates euphoria and acts on pleasure centers. addiction dopaminergic systems |
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Associative learning
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type of learning that requires making connections btwn 2 or more stimuli
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Nonassociative learning
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repitition of a single stimulus and includes the processes of habituation and sensitization.
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Habituation
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a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus
(hammering and studying) |
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Sensitization
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an increase in response to repeated stimulus.
(eating something yucky and having to eat all of it) |
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Procedural memory
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the memory of learned motor skills and behaviors.
It's like riding a bike, you never forget cerebellum, basal nuclei, and pons. |
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Declarative memory
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the memory of learned experiences, such as facts and events and other things that can be stated verbally.
ability to remember and explain what generates action potentials is an example |
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Short term memory
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temporary storage lasting only a few seconds or up to a few hours
limited space is avaible memory will be lost if it is not consolidated into long term memory. |
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long term memory
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can last years or a lifetime.
repitition appears to help consolidation is not well understood, but is important |
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plasticity
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the limited ability to alter its anatomy and function in response to changes in its activity patterns.
function of existing synapses can be altered for long periods of time (hours to days) new synaptic connections can develop. new neurons are produced in areas that involve memories. long term potentiation |
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long term potentiation
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1st discovered in the hippocampus of the brain
repetitive stimulation of a particular synapse enevytrally leads to an increase in the strangth of that synaptic connection; that is, repetition increases the likelihood that synaptic input will be able to trigger an action potential in the postsynaptic cell. |
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long term potentiation
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increase in synaptic strength because of the EPSPs generated in the postsynaptic cell.
synaptic strength due to sensitivity to the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic cell w/ each action potential impotant in the consolidation of long-term memory |