Ch 10 Biology Dna, Rna, Protein Synthesis

Front 1

virulent

Back 1

disease causing

Front 2

Transformation

Back 2

transfer of genetic material from one cell or organism to another cell or organism

Front 3

bacteriophages

Back 3

viruses that infect bacteria

Front 4

Nucleotide

Back 4

a 3 part subunit consisting of a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Front 5

Deoxyribose

Back 5

the 5 carbon sugar in a DNA nucleotide

Front 6

Phosphate group of a nucleotide

Back 6

phosphorous (P) atom bonded to 4 oxygen (O) atoms

Front 7

Nitrogenous base of a nucleotide

Back 7

nitrogen (N) atoms and carbon (C) atoms, a base that accepts hydrogen atoms

Front 8

Purines

Back 8

double ring of carbon and the nitrogenous bases Adenine (A) or guanine (G)

Front 9

Pyrimidines

Back 9

single ring of carbon and the nitrogenous bases of Cystosine (C) or Thymine (T)

Front 10

base-pairing rules, complementary base pairs

Back 10

in DNA bases cytosine on one strand always pairs with guanine on the opposite strand and adenine always pairs with thymine

Front 11

Base Sequence

Back 11

the order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA

Front 12

DNA replication

Back 12

process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides by mitosis, meiosis, or binary fission. The 2 nucleotide strands separate and each strand serves as a template to make a new complementary strand

Front 13

Helicases

Back 13

Enzymes that separate strands of DNA, by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogeonous bases

Front 14

replication fork

Back 14

the Y-shaped region that results when 2 strands of DNA separate

Front 15

DNA polymerases

Back 15

enzymes that add complementary nucleotides to each original strand of DNA

Front 16

semi-conservative replication

Back 16

the method of DNA replication in which each new DNA double helix contains one strand from the original molecule and one new strand

Front 17

mutation

Back 17

a mistake in DNA replication in which the base sequence of newly formed DNA differs from the base sequence, or nucleotide sequence of the original DNA

Front 18

RNA

Back 18

an intermediate nucleic acid that directs the making of proteins

Front 19

Transcription

Back 19

DNA acts as a template for the synthesis for RNA

Front 20

Translation

Back 20

RNA directs the assembly of proteins

Front 21

protein synthesis

Back 21

the formation of organic material based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA, i.e.:
DNA RNA protein

Front 22

List the 4 Differences between DNA and RNA

Back 22

1. RNA contains the sugar ribose; DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose
2. RNA contains the nitrogenous base uracil; DNA contains the nitrogenous base thymine
3. RNA is usually single stranded; DNA is double stranded
4. RNA is usually much shorter than DNA

Front 23

purines of RNA

Back 23

adenine and guanine
(same as DNA)

Front 24

pyrimidines of RNA

Back 24

uracil and cytosine
(DNA has thymine and cytosine)

Front 25

Name the 3 major types of RNA and give their function

Back 25

1. Messenger RNA single-stranded RNA that carries the instructions from a gene to make a protein (in eukaryotic goes from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytosol)
2. ribosomal RNA part of the structure of ribosomes
3. transfer RNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein

Front 26

RNA polymerase

Back 26

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of RNA on a DNA template by binding to a promoter and then the DNA strands will unwind and separate

Front 27

Promoter

Back 27

a specific nucleotide sequence of DNA where RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription

Front 28

termination signal

Back 28

a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene, a "stop signal" so that RNA polymerase will release both the DNA and the newly formed RNA

Front 29

genetic code

Back 29

term for the rules that relate how a sequence of nitrogenous bases in nucleotides corresponds to a particular amino acid ( 3 adjacent nucleotides "letters" in mRNA specify an amino acid "word" in a polypeptide

Front 30

codon

Back 30

each 3 nucleotide sequence in mRNA that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start or stop signal

Front 31

polypeptide

Back 31

chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds that make up a protein

Front 32

anticodon

Back 32

found on one end of tRNA, contains 3 nucleotides ont he RNA that are complementary to the sequence of a codon in mRNA

Front 33

genome

Back 33

the entire gene sequence of humans, the complete genetic content; contains 3.2 billion base pairs spread over 23 human chromosomes