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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the names of all eight cultural regions in discussed in chapter one? |
Northwest coast, California, Great Basin, the Plateau, The Southwest, the Great Plains, Eastern Woodlands, and the Southeast |
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How long ago do scientists believe people migrated from Asia to North America? |
10,000-20,000 years ago |
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What is the name of the land bridge that formed between Asia and North America during this time? |
Beringia |
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Why did people cross this land bridge? |
Followed migrations of large mammals |
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How many major migrations do scientists believe occurred? |
Three |
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Why do they believe there was this number? |
Genetic and linguistic studies |
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What are some common beliefs shared by all Native Americans across all cultural regions? |
Native Americans did not believe that land could be owned as private propertyNative Americans had a strong connection to their surroundings. They viewed themselves as a part of the community of plants, animals, and other natural objects |
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What was the major food source of Native Americans of the Northwest coast? |
Salmon |
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North West Coast Tribes |
Chinook, Tillamook, Coast Salish, Tlingit |
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California Tribes |
Chumash, Shasta, Maidu, Wappo, Pomo, Serrano |
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Great Basin Tribes |
Shoshone, Bannock, Goshute, Washoe, Utes |
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SouthwestTribes |
Hopi, Navajo, Pueblo, Zuni |
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Eastern WoodlandsTribes |
Algonquian, Iroquois |
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Name the major food sources of Native Americans of California |
Salmon, shellfish, deer, rabbits, ducks, roots, berries, pine nuts and acorns. |
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Name the major food sources of Native Americans of the Great Basin |
Migrating birds, cattail plants, snakes, grasshoppers, rabbits, and plants (including cattail plants, berries, pine nuts) |
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Name the major food sources of Native Americans of the Plateau |
fish (salmon) and plants (camas) |
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Name the major food sources of Native Americans of the Southwest |
Rabbit, chili peppers, corn, beans, and squash. |
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Name the major food source of Native Americans of the Great Plains |
Buffalo |
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Name the major food sources of Native Americans of the Eastern woodlands |
Deer, bears, beavers, birds, fish, greens, nuts, corn, and berries. They also made syrup |
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Name the major food sources of Native Americans the Southeast |
corn, beans, squash, pumpkins, sunflowers, squirrels, rabbits, and turkeys, deer, alligators, turtles, sweet potatoes, wild rice, and persimmons |
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Northwest coast Area |
Above California |
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California Area |
California and below |
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Great Basin Area |
Right of California |
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Plateau Area |
Right of Northwest |
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Southwest Area |
Mexico and up a little |
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Great Plains Area |
Middle of the U.S. |
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Eastern Woodlands Area |
Upper right of America |
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Southeast Area |
Florida |
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California Adapt |
had grass mat houses, cedar bark houses, redwood plank houses, or earth lodges |
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Great Basin Adapt |
Sparsely populated |
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SouthwestAdapt |
Built adobe homes from sun-baked clay because no trees |
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PlateauAdapt |
Ate seafood |
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Great PlainsAdapt |
Buffalo |
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Eastern WoodlandsAdapt |
Fertile land helped them farm |
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SoutheastAdapt |
Earth mounds to have temple and burials |
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What was the Colombian Exchange? |
a great transfer of people, plants, animals, and diseases back and forth across the Atlantic Ocean. This transfer, which still continues today, is called the Columbian Exchange. |
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What are the Spanish borderlands? |
The present day United States. This was land located on the far edges of Spain‘s North American empire |
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What is a conquistador? |
a conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century. |
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What was the major accomplishment of Hernan Cortes? |
Defeated the Aztecs and took over the area known as Mexico |
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What was the major accomplishment of Columbus? |
Discovered the New World |
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What was the major accomplishment of Francisco Pizarro? |
Defeated the Inca and took over Peru |
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What was the major accomplishment of Juan Ponce de Leon? |
Discovered Florida |
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What was the major accomplishment of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado? |
Tried to find the Seven Cities of Cíbola but didn’t find it. Explored the Great Plains instead |
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What was the major accomplishment of Jacques Cartier? |
Claimed Canada for France, discovered beaver furs |
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What was the major accomplishment of Samuel de Champlain? |
Settled New France (Canada) and created the settlement known as Quebec |
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What was the major accomplishment of Father Marquette & Louis Joliet? |
Explored the Mississippi River. |
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What was the major accomplishment of John Cabot? |
Landed in Newfoundland, allowed England to claim all of North America |
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What was the major accomplishment of Sir Walter Raleigh? |
tried to start a colony on Roanoke Island off the coast of present-day North Carolina. |
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What was the Coronado expedition? |
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado set out from Mexico City with a large expedition with a goal to find the legendary golden cities. He failed. |
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What was the major business venture of the French colonies? |
Fur trading |
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What was Roanoke? |
Failed colony of Sir Walter Raleigh |
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What is the significance of Jamestown? |
First English colony in the New World |
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Who was Chief Powhatan? |
Chief Powhatan was chief of a native american tribe near the settlement of Jamestown. |
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Who was Pocahontas? |
Pocahontas was Chief Powhatan‘s favorite daughter. She was very helpful to the English. |
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Who was John Smith? |
John Smith was leader of Jamestown |
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Who was John Rolfe? |
Rolfe helped to find tobacco which resulted in being a successful crop the settlers could sell. He later married Pocahontas. |
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Where did the Dutch settle? |
Area known as New York |
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Who was Peter Stuyvesant? |
Former governor of New Amsterdam |
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What technological advances made ocean voyages easier? Explain how. |
Mercator projection, Dry Compass, Cross Staff, Sextant, Chip Log, Marine Chronometor |
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What’s an indentured servant? |
Someone who agreed to work for several years to pay off the debt incurred by traveling to America |
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How was an indentured servant different from a slave? |
Slaves typically had to work all their lives with no chance of being freed. An indentured servant looked forward to being freed one day. |
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What’s a cash crop? |
crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit, as opposed to crops grown only in quantities enough to feed one’s family |
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What did the Puritans believe? How is “purification” central to their belief system? (i.e., what did they want to purify?) |
They wanted to purify the Church of England by making services simpler and doing away with ranks of authority. They did not like the compromise Queen Elizabeth had made to end religious fighting, which was essentially to have churches that looked Catholic but have services that were essentially protestant. The Puritans were strongly anti-Catholic. |
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New England Colony Growing |
had short growing seasons |
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New England Colony Soil |
poor soil |
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New England Colony Econemy |
manufactured |
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New England Colony Religeon |
Puritan |
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New England Colony Religious Freedom |
No religious freedom |
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Middle Colony Growing Season |
longer |
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Middle Colony Soil |
rich land |
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Middle Colony econemy |
agriculture and man. |
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Middle Colony Religeons |
Quakers, Catholics,Lutherans, + Jews |
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Middle Colony Religious Freedom |
Freedom |
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Southern Colony Growing Season |
longer |
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Southern Colony Soil |
rich land |
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Southern Colony econemy |
tobacco, ship and ironworks |
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Southern Colony Religeon |
Anglican |
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Southern Colony Religious freedom |
Christian |
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Which New England colony became one of the largest slave-trading centers in the world? |
Rhode Island |
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Where’s Maine? Vermont? West Virginia? (i.e., why aren’t these included in the original 13 colonies?) |
Refer to your map of the 13 colonies. Maine was part of Massachusetts. Vermont, which originally had been part of New France, was part of New York. West Virginia was part of Virginia. |
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What was the Mayflower? |
In 1620, about 50 Separatists set sail for America aboard a ship called the Mayflower. The Separatists had become Pilgrims, people who travel for religious reasons. The Pilgrims hoped to build their idea of a perfect society in America. During their voyage, they signed an agreement called the Mayflower Compact that described the way they would govern themselves in the new world. |
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Thomas Hooker |
Thomas Hooker and about 100 others established the community of Hartford in the fertile Connecticut Valley. It later became a part of the colony of Connecticut. |
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John Winthrop |
John Winthrop was a founder and later the governor of Massachusetts. He was a Puritan. |
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William Bradford |
William Bradford was a Separatist religious leader, leader of the Pilgrims who sailed on the Mayflower, and long-time governor of the Plymouth settlement established in the 1620s. |
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Roger Williams |
Roger Williams was a minister who believed all people should be able to worship in any way they chose. In response, the Puritans ordered Williams sent back to England. Instead, he fled south to Rhode Island and established a settlement based on principles of religious liberty and separation of church and state. Rhode Island became a haven for Baptists (which is what Williams became), Quakers, Jews and other religious minorities. |
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William Penn |
William Penn was a Quaker, a religious sect whose members refused to bow before the king, fight in wars, or pay taxes to the Church of England. Penn was granted a charter to establish a colony in America, which was named Pennsylvania. (Technically, the colony was named after Penn’s father, not Penn.) |
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James Oglethorpe |
James Oglethorpe led a group of Englishmen who wanted to help poor people in England stay out of debtor‘s prison. He founded the colony of Georgia (named after King George II), which turned out not to have helped many debtors. Instead, the population was mostly adventurers of the sort who wanted to live in a place that served as a buffer between Spanish Florida and the rest of the colonies. |
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Sir Walter Raleigh |
Sir Walter Raleigh was an English noble who was granted a charter to explore Virginia. By virtue of this charter, he is in some sense a “founder” of Virginia, even though he never set foot there, instead sending others to explore it. One of the settlements he helped organize was on Roanoke island. Its governor returned to England for supplies and when he returned, all the colonists left behind on Roanoke had disappeared. To this day, it isn't certain what happened to them. |
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Lord Baltimore |
Lord Baltimore (whose real name was Cecil Calvert) was granted a charter to set up the Maryland colony as a haven for Catholics, who could not practice their religion legally in England. Like Raleigh, Lord Baltimore never made it to North America, but he is still considered a founder of the colony. |
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What country’s settlers founded the colony we now call New York? What was its original name? Why did the name change? |
The Dutch. New Netherlands. Because the English kicked them out and renamed it New York. See page 32. |
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What percentage of colonists lived on farms? |
90% (9 out of 10) |
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How many lived in cities? |
One in 20. |
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Given the lighting methods at night, city dwellers lived in constant fear of what? |
Fire |
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What does it mean to petition? |
To formally ask |
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What is the Magna Carta? |
The document that English nobles forced King John to approve in 1215, limiting the king's power through the idea of rule of law, which also protected such rights as trial by jury |
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What is Parliament? |
An English law making body with the power to approve laws and taxes proposed by the king or queen. It is similar to the U.S. Congress. |
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What are blue laws? |
Laws that prohibited certain activities on Sunday |
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What was the complicated trading system called that moved raw materials to England, finished goods from England to Africa, and slaves to America? |
The triangular trade |
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Slavery existed throughout the colonies, but where did it grow most rapidly? Why? |
The South. Because slaves were needed for the huge farming operations there. |
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What was the Middle Passage? |
The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. It was the journey from Africa to the New World. |
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Who was Ben Franklin? Name his important inventions. |
Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A renowned polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. In the video we watched in class, some of his inventions were the lightning rod, a cast-iron stove for more efficient heating, and Silence Dogood, a fake identity under which he wrote letters to his brother’s newspaper. He vastly improved the efficiency of, but did not invent, the U.S. Postal service. |
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Where did social classes in America come from? (i.e., what country?) What was a pretty obvious way to tell if someone was wealthy? |
Social classes in America mirrored the social classes of England. Clothing was a reliable way to tell whether someone was wealthy. |
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How long could Puritan church services sometimes last? |
Up to five hours |
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What was the Great Awakening? |
The Great Awakening was a religious movement in which preachers traveled from town to town holding outdoor revival meetings, delivering fiery sermons to huge crowds. |
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How did the Great Awakening help promote the idea that all people are equal? |
Beyond its religious significance, the Great Awakening was influential in promoting the idea that all people are equal in God’s eyes, perhaps leading to ideas of equality that led to the Revolutionary War. |
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How much education did the typical, non-rich colonial child receive? |
Little after the point the child had learned to read at a basic level. Most teenagers worked instead of attending school. |
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Describe colonial families. How big were they? What was the gender distribution? |
People generally married in their early 20s. There were more men than women. Families had many children, who were expected to help with family work. Many children died before becoming adults. People remarried quickly if a husband or wife died. Life focused around the family. |
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What did colonists (kids and adults) like to do in their free time? |
“Bees,” “frolics,” and house and barn raisings were enjoyable, social ways to share work. Children had simple toys and played games. Adults played versions of lawn bowling, billiards, and backgammon. In the Southern Colonies, people also took part in fox hunting, cards, and horseracing. Colonial fairs focused on competitions of skill. |
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What did the colonists eat? |
Corn was a major colonial food. Colonists learned about corn from Native Americans. Meat was hunted or raised and had to be treated with spices to keep it from going bad. Apples, berries, and grapes were common fruits. Peaches grew in the Southern Colonies. Vegetables included squashes, beans, peas, sweet potatoes, parsnips, carrots, turnips, and onions. Stew, the main meal, cooked all day to prevent spoiling. |
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What arrangements did the colonists use to get work done in a fun, social way? |
Quilting bees, quilting frolics, and barn raisings were enjoyable, social ways to share work. |
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In each cultural region of North America (Northwest Coast, California, Great Basin, Great Plains, Southwest, Eastern Woodlands and the Southeast) , Native Americans learned to make specific adaptations to their environment. These adaptations could be the food they ate, the clothing they wore, the homes they lived etc… In one paragraph name 3 specific ways Native Americans in any of these regions made adaptations in the way they lived. |
The Native Americans of the Northwest Coast were close to water and trees. They adapted by making large canoes out of cedar to navigate their environment. In the Southwest Native Americans had not many trees. To adapt they built houses out of clay. Since the California Native Americans had an abundant amount of trees they build houses out of wood. |
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Before the invention of the Cross-staff, astrolabe and the sextant, how did sailors determine latitude? Of these 3, which was the easiest to use and why? Before the chip log, marine chronometer, how did sailors determine longitude? Which was more accurate, the chip log or the marine chronometer? |
They measured latitude by taking measurements on a star during noon. The simplest to use was the crosstaff because they only had to hold it up to see their latitude. They multiplied their ship's speed by the time they spent traveling. After that they calculated their longitude. The marine chronometer was more accurate because it calculated time perfectly. |
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Is it accurate to say America was founded by people seeking religious freedom, or does this leave out part of the story? Explain your answer in one paragraph. |
I think they were seeking religious freedom by going to America. Even though they didn’t have religious freedom when they went there they were seeking somewhere to freely practice their religions. Since they were the first people to be part of America and they wanted to have religious freedom I think that means that America was founded by people seeking religious freedom. |
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Write a paragraph describing a day in colonial America. Include at least six activities that might have occurred during the day and into the evening. |
First thing many people do when they get to colonial America is clear their land of trees to make area to farm and build. Then they produce everything they need on farms. On Sundays they would go to church, lasting up to five hours. Children would have to go to school only to learn how to read. They would sometimes have bees which they would share the work doing a task. The adults might go bowling for leisure and children played with toys. |
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New Hampshire Founder |
Captain John Mason |
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Massachusetts Founder |
Separatists-Puritans |
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Connecticut Founder |
Thomas Hooker and a group of Massachusetts colonists |
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Rhode Island Founder |
Roger Williams after he was banished to England by the Massachusetts colony for his belief in the separation of church and state |
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Delaware Founder |
Peter Minuit and the New Sweden Company |
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Pennsylvania Founder |
William Penn. He established the colony as a safe haven for Quakers who were prosecuted in England |
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New Jersey Founder |
Lord Berkeley and Sir George Cateret |
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New York Founder |
The Duke of York. First settled by refugees from France and Holland |
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Virginia Founder |
Originally Jamestown by John Smith |
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Maryland Founder |
Lord Baltimore was granted land to the north of the Potomac river |
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North Carolina Founder |
Virginian colonists. The territory originally included the land that would become South Carolina |
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South Carolina Founder |
Separated from North Carolina |
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Georgia Founder |
James Oglethorpe. |
