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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define "learning"
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a change in behavior as a result of experience
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Basic Characteristics of Learning (part 1)
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it is purposeful- each student is unique, and their past affects readiness to learn and understanding
it is a result of experience- it is an individual process from individual experience, it cannot be poured into student's head |
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Basic Characteristics of Learning (part 2)
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Learning is multifaceted- it may involve verbal, conceptual, perceptual or emotional elements, and elements of problem solving all taking place at once
Learning is an active process0 for students to learn, they must react and respond |
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What are the principles/laws of learning?
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REEPIR- Readiness, Exercise, Effect, Primacy, Intensity, and Recency
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Law of Readiness
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Individuals learn best when they are ready to learn, and do not learn when they have no motivation to learn. If student has strong purpose, clear objective, and well fixed reason for learning something, they will make more progress
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Law of Exercise
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Things most often repeated are best remembered
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Law of Effect
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Learning is strengthened when accompanied by a pleasant or satisfying feeling, and weakened with unpleasant
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Law of Primacy
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That what is taught first creates a strong impression, and must be taught correctly the first time.
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Law of Intensity
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A vivid, dramatic, or exciting experience teaches more than a boring experience.
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Law of recency
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Most recently things learned are best remembered.
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Basis of all learning
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All learning comes from perceptions that are directed to the brain by one or more of the 5 senses
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How do people learn?
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Perception- initially all learning comes from perceptions which are directed to the brain by one or more of the 5 senses
Insight- grouping of perceptions into meaningful wholes Motivation- most dominant force, and governs the student's progress and ability to learn. |
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4 Levels of Learning
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Rote- ability to repeat back without understanding
Understanding- perceiving and learning what has been taught Application- Being able to apply what has been learned and perform correctly Correlation0 associating what has been learned with other things previously learned or encountered |
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Why do individuals forget what has been learned?
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disuse
interference- certain experience overshadow something similar. repression- submersion of ideas into unconscious mind- they may unintentionally repress unpleasant material |
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What actions can instructor take to assist in remembering?
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Praise stimulates remembering
Recall is prompted by association Favorable attitudes aid retention- people learn and remember what they wish to know. Learning with all our senses is most effective Meaningful repetition aids recall |
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Basic 5 needs of humans
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1. physical
2. Safety 3. Social 4. Egoistic 5. Self-fulfillment |
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Defense Mechanisms
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Behaviors that are subconscious that defend against realities of unpleasant situations
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Common Defense mechanisms
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Compensation- disguise weak quality by emphasizing strong quality
Projection- blame shortcomings, or attribute their motives, desires, and characteristics to others Rationalization- Justifying unacceptable actions Denial Reaction formation- "who cares how others feel" attitude to cover up loneliness/hunger for acceptance Flight- escaping frustrating situations, eg faked illness or daydreaming Aggression- students may ask irrelevant questions, refuse to participate etc. when they can't deal with the cause of frustration Resignation- giving up/losing interest |
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3 Basic elements of communication
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Source- sender, speaker, instructor
Symbols- words or signs Receiver- listener, reader, student |
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4 Barriers to effective communication
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a. lack of common exp.
b. Confusion between symbol and symbolized object c. Overuse of abstractions d. Interference |
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Why is it important for instructor to be a good listener?
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Instructors must know something about students to communicate effectively, and determine abilities of students
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How can instructor teach students to be effective listeners?
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Teach them to:
Take notes, listen for main ideas Guard against daydreaming, be emotionally calm, listen to understand, not refute, be responsible for listening, be ready to listen |
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Why is good questioning an important tool to determine if effective communication has taken place?
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It can determine how well a student understands, and shows the student the instructor is paying attention and interested in student's response
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4 basic steps involved in teaching process
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Preparation
Presentation Application Review and evaluation |
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What responsibilities does the flight instructor have in the "preparation" stage of a lesson?
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For each lesson, the instructor must prepare a lesson plan, which includes:
Statement of lesson objectives Procedures and facilities to be used during the lesson Specific goals Means to be used for review and evaluation Also to include home study and other preparation to be done by student |
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Elements of performance based objectives
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Description of skill or behavior- desired outcome, stated in concrete, measurable terms
Conditions- framework under which the skill will be demonstrated Criteria- Standard which will be used to measure |
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3 most common methods of presentation
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Lecture method
demonstration/performance method Guided discussion |
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3 Main steps involved when organizing the material for a particular lesson
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Introduction
development conclusion |
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Elements of introduction
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Attention
Motivation- should appeal to each student personally Overview- Tell student what is to be covered, give clear presentation, provide road map |
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Discuss development of presentation
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Main part of the lesson. Instructor develops subject matter in a manner that helps student achieve desired objectives, and logically organizes the material to show relationship of main points.
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Discuss the conclusion step of a presentation
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retraces important elements and relates to objective. This reinforces learning and improves retention.
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5 most common teaching method
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1. lecture
2. guided discussion method 3. demonstration/performance method 4. cooperative or group learning 5. computer-based training |
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Discuss lecture method of teaching
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used to:
introduce new subject summarize ideas show relationships between theory and practice emphasize main points |
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Describe cooperative or group learning method
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organizes students into small groups, which work together to maximize each other's learning. This requires active participation
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What is the guided discussion method of teaching?
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Relies on students to provide ideas, experiences and information. Through the use of "lead-off" questions, the instructor "draws out" what the student knows, rather than telling them.
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What are different types of questions used in a guided discussion?
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overhead- directed at entire group, used to stimulate thought
Rhetorical- used to stimulate thought, usually asked and answered by instructor Direct- used to get a response from a specific individual Reverse- Instructor redirects student's question for student to provide answer Relay- student's question redirected to group |
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What is demonstration/performance method of teaching?
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based on principle that we learn by doing
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5 essential phases of demonstration/performance method
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explanation
demonstration student performance instructor supervision evaluation |
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Computer based training
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students can progress at a rate comfortable for them, and access at their own convenience
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Limitations of computer based training
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Instructors shouldn't rely CBT to teach traffic patterns, and expect students to be able to fly them.
CBT aids instructors, but should be supplemented |
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Senario-based training
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System that uses highly structured script of real world experiences to address flight evaluation in an operational environment. offers pilot opportunity to practice for situations that require aeronautical decision-making
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Define "technically advanced aircraft"
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a/c which contains GPS with moving map and any additional systems. some have advanced engine management, and glass cockpits
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Basic purpose of a critique
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Should improve students' performance and provide them with something constructive with which to work and upon which they can build.
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Characteristics of effective critique
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Objective, flexible, acceptable (students must accept instructor), comprehensive, constructive (provide guidance), well-organized, thoughtful (geared towards self esteem and approval from others), specific
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Rules for critiquing
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Do not extend critique, point of diminishing returns reached quickly.
A few well-made points are more beneficial than large non developed points Allow time for summary of critique to emphasize most important things Avoid absolute statements, as most rules have exceptions |
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Oral Questions to avoid
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Puzzle- with many parts/subparts
Oversize- too general Toss-up- More than 1 answer Bewilderment- not clear of the content Trick question Irrelevant questions |
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What to do when you don't know answer to a question.
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Indicate you don't know the answer, but help student find it
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Characteristics of written test
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Reliability- yields consistent results
Validity- measures what it's supposed to measure Usability- easy to understand and grade Comprehensive Discrimination- detects small differences Objective- test will be graded the same regardless the grader |
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Where are the performance standards for a maneuver?
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PTS
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4 Main responsibilities of instructors
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Helping students learn
providing adequate instruction demanding adequate standards emphasizing positive |
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How can an instructor provide a more positive and efficient learning experience?
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Devise a plan of action
Create a positive student-instructor relationship present info and guidance effectively xfer responsibility to the student as learning occurs Evaluate student learning and thereby measure teaching effectiveness |
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Faulty performance of maneuver due to overconfidence should be corrected in which way?
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Constantly raise standard of performance for each lesson
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Why is it important to continually evaluate standards of performance?
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when students get by with a substandard performance, or not learn an item pertinent to safe flying, may allow hazardous inadequacies in student performance later on.
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Significance of emphasizing positive when providing flight instruction
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Instructors have a big influence on students' perception of aviation. Much of the success of instructor depends on ability to present instruction so that a student develops a positive image of aviation.
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Responsibilities of flight instructor
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Evaluation of student piloting ability
pilot supervision practical test recommendation Flight Instructor endorsements Additional training and endorsements Pilot proficiency |
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important personal characteristics of flight instructors
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sincerity
acceptance of student personal appearance demeanor- calm, thoughtful, and disciplined Safety practices and accident prevention- practices emphasized by instructors have lasting effects Proper language Self improvement- constantly alert of ways to improve |
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Methods of minimizing student frustration
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keeping student motivated
keeping student informed approach students as individuals give credit when due criticize constructively consistent admit errors |
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Major considerations in professionalism
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Exists when service is performed for someone, or for common good
Achieved after extended training and preparation True performance as a professional based on study and research Professionals must be able to reason logically and accurately Ability to make good judgments Demands code of ethics |
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Telling-and-doing technique
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preparation- prior to flight lesson, discussion of lesson objectives and completion standards
instructor tells- instructor does (demo) student tells- instructor does student tells- student does student does- instructor evaluates |
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Obstacles to learning
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feeling of unfair treatment
impatience to proceed to more interesting material worry or lack of interest physical discomfort, illness, fatigue Apathy due to inadequate instruction anxiety |
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Purpose of using distractions during flight
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to determine student possesses skills required to cope with distractions while maintaining the degree of a/c control for safe flight
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How should instructor incorporate use of distractions into their flight instruction?
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Instructor should see if student maintains positive control of a/c while attention is divided
Ask student to determine heading to an airport using a chart Ask student to get something from back seat Ask student to compute TAS with flight computer Ask student to identify field used for forced landing |
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Define "aeronautical decision making"
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systematic approach of mental processes used by pilots to determine the best course of action in response to set of given circumstances
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Decisions must be made regarding events that involve interactions between which four risk elements
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PAVE
Pilot Aircraft enVironment External pressures (the operation) |
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DECIDE model for decision making
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Detect change needing attention
Estimate need to counter or react to change Choose most desireable outcome for flight Identify actions to successfully control change Do something to adapt to change Evaluate |
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5 hazardous attitudes and antidotes
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Anti-authority- follow rules, they are usually right
Impulsitivty- think first, not so fast Invulnerability- it COULD happen to me Macho- Taking chances is foolish Resignation- I can make a difference, i am not helpless |
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Single pilot resource management refers to-
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effective use of all available resources- human, hardware, and information.
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Elements of single pilot resource management
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Proper arrangement and securing of essential materials and equipment in cockpit.
Proper use and/or adjustment of cockpit items Occupant briefing, emergency procedures, use of safety belts Proper utilization of all resources required to operate a flight safely, weather briefers, maintenance personnel, ATC |
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Common errors in single pilot resource management
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Failure to secure essential materials for easy access during flight
Failure to properly adjust cockpit items eg shoulder harness, seats.. Failure to provide emergency briefing on use of safety belts Failure to utilize all resources to operate flight safely |
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Situational awareness
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Accurate perception and understanding of all factors and conditions within four fundamental risk elements (PAVE) affecting safety before, during, and after the flight.
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Why are pilots encouraged to use checklists
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Provide a logical and standardized method to operate a particular make and model of airplane. reinforces use of proper procedures throughout all major phases of flight operations.
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Define
Curriculum Training syllabus Training Course Outline |
Curriculum- set of courses in an area of specialization offered by institution.
Training syllabus- summary or outline of a course of study; defines the unit of training, states what student is expected to accomplish, shows organized plan for instruction Training course outline- within a curriculum, may be described as the content of a particular course. Normally includes statements of objectives, descriptions of teaching aids, definitions of evaluating criteria |
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Why is it important to assemble learning blocks in their proper relationship?
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Training for complicated tasks such as this require mastery of blocks of learning individually, and then progressively combined.
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Each lesson of a training syllabus should include
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Objective, content, completion standards
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Is it acceptable to part from a syllabus?
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yes, it should be used mainly as a guide. order of training should be altered to suit progress of students
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What is a lesson plan?
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An organized outline for a single instructional period. Necessary guide for the instructor that tells what to do, what order to do it, and what procedure to use in teaching it
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Purpose of lesson plan
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Ensure each student best possible instruction under existing conditions.
Ensures a wise selection of material and elimination of unimportant details Aids instructor to make learning efficient Provides outline of the teaching procedure to be used Serves as a means of relating the lesson to the objective of the course Gives inexperienced instructors confidence Promotes uniformity of instruction, regardless of the instructor or date on which the lesson is given |
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Characteristic of a good lesson plan
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Unity- each lesson plans should be a unified segment of instruction
Content- new material and short review Scope- reasonable in scope Practical Flexible Relation to course of training Instructional Steps (preparation, presentation, application, review and evaluation) |
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What to do before starting training with student?
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Submit background check to TSA if not citizen
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Who is required to complete security awareness training
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Flight instructors, or any people employed by flight schools who have direct contact with flight students (on TSA website)
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When must initial security awareness training be completed?
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Within 60 days of being hired
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How often must recurrent awareness training be acomplished?
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every 12 months
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What is 14 CFR Part 61?
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Has requirements for issuing pilot, flight instructor, and ground instructor certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those certificates and ratings are necessary, and their associated privileges and limitations
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Certificates issued under part 61?
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Pilot certificates- student pilot, sport pilot, rec pilot, private, commercial, ATP, flight and ground instructors
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What are ratings that may be placed on a pilot cert?
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Category rating (airplane, rotocraft.. )
Class rating (eg single engine) Type rating Instrument rating *these ratings can also be placed on a CFI certificate |
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Temporary pilot certificates recently issued will be effective for how long?
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120 days
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Duration of a flight instructor certificate?
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24 calendar months from when it was issued
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Required medical certs for various pilot certs?
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ATP- first class
Commercial- Second class private, CFI (acting as PIC)- Third class |
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Medical not required when
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Being CFI, and not acting as CFI.
Ground instructor Examiner, check airman |
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If license, medical or knowledge test is lost
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may obtain a temporary one by email for 60 days pending receipt of new one
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What additional training is required to be PIC of complex a/c, High performance, and pressurized a/c
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logged ground and flight training in complex a/c or simulator, and received endorsement
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What is needed to be eligible for FAA knowledge test?
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endorsement and government picture ID
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Methods used by student to show evidence of ground school or home study course completion?
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Certificate or endorsement from the appropriate method used to complete training (eg CFI, college, etc)
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What is required to be eligible for a practical test
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pass written within 24 calendar months
third class medical (if medical required) be of age Logbook endorsement |
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Other than PTS, what do examiners use to judge ability?
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Performs tasks never seriously in doubt
proficient and competent demonstrates sound judgement demonstrates single pilot competence if a/c is for single piltos |
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An applicant who fails practical or knowledge test may reapply when:
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necessary training from CFI, and endorsement completed
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Succinylcholine
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depolarizing NM blocker. It imitates the action of ACh at the NM junction, acting non-competitively on muscle type nicotinic receptors. It is degraded not by AChE but by butyrylcholinesterase (cholinesterase found in plasma and liver)
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What is considered "training time"
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When person receives training from authorized instructor in aircraft or simulator.
Must be endorsed in a legible manner by authorized instructor and include a description of training, length of lesson, and signature, certificate number, and expiration date of instructor. |
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Requirements to be met when conducting a flight review
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1 hour flight and 1 hour ground instruction, including a review of current general operating and flight rules of part 91, and a review of those maneuvers and procedures are necessary for safe flight (discretion of CFI)
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When is a flight review not required?
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if in the last 2 years a pilot proficiency check was conducted by FAA, approved pilot check airman, or got a pilot certificate or rating.
If CFI has a current CFI certificate, he does not need the 1 hour ground instruction |
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How to add category rating to certificate? Class rating?
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Get endorsement and take practical test, but no need to take written test provided he or she holds license at that certificate level for another category or class.
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Minimum exp before instrument training?
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CFR 61.65
50 hrs x country 40 hrs simulated or actual instrument time 1 x-country flight IFR at least 250NM , and 3 different approaches |
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What minimum aeronautical knowledge areas must a person applying for IFR rating must have received?
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FAR that apply to IFR
AIM that apply to IFR IFR navigation and approaches by use of nav systems Use of enroute charts Use of weather reports |
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Requirements of student pilot certificate?
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16 years old (14 for glider or balloon)
Able to speak read and write English Administrator may place operating restrictions on that certificate due to medical conditions |
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How to obtain student pilot cert?
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Application for a student pilot cert is made on a form and provided by administrator and submitted to
Medical examiner, examiner, or flight standards district office |
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requirements for solo flight at night
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Flight training at night- t/o, landings, go around
Night navigation in vicinity of airport Endorsement in logbook (lasts 90 days) |
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Limitations for solo pilots
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61.87
Need endorsement for make and model of a/c, and endorsement lasts 90 days |
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Limitations on instructors authorizing student pilot solo flights
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Must give training in make / model of a/c in which solo is to be flown
Determined student is proficient in part 61.87 solo maneuvers Ensured student pilot's cert has been endorsed Endorse logbook |
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General limitations on student pilots
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Can't carry passengers
Cant carry property for compensation or hire Cant be in furtherance of business Not international flight More than 3 SM viability (day) and 5 SM (night) |
