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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Rales?
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a. Wet or “crackly” inspiratory breath sounds due to alveolar fluid or debris.
b. Usually heard in pneumonia of CHF. |
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2. Pleural rub?
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a. Inspiratory and Expiratory “rubbing” or scratching breath sounds heard when inflamed visceral and parietal pleurae come together.
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3. Staccato cough?
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a. Coughing spells w/quiet intervals, often heard in croup and chlamydial pneumonia.
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4. Pleural effusion?
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a. Fluid accumulation in the pleural space.
b. May be associated w/chest pain or dyspnea c. Can be transudate or exudate depending on results of fluid analysis for protein and lactate dehydrogenase. |
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5. Origins of pleural effusion?
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a. Cardiovascular (CHF)
b. Infectious (Mycobacterial pneumonia) c. Malignant (lymphoma). |
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6. Empyema?
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a. Purulent infection in the pleural space.
b. May be associated w/chest pain, dyspnea, or fever. c. Usually seen in conjunction w/bacterial pneumonia or pulmonary abscess. |
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7. Pulse oximetry?
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a. Non-invasive estimation of arterial oxyhemoglobin concentration (SaO2) using select wavelength of light.
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8. Course of bacterial vs. viral pneumonia?
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a. Bacterial pneumonia typically progresses rapidly over a few days.
b. Viral pneumonia may develop more gradually. c. With infection progression, an inflammatory cascade ensues with airways affected by humoral and cellular mediators. d. The resulting milieu adversely affects ventilation-perfusion, and respiratory symptoms may develop. |
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9. What physical sign is a relatively sensitive indicator of pneumonia?
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a. Tachypnea
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10. S/S of pneumonia?
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a. ↑d work of breathing: Nasal faring, accessory muscle use, Tachypnea.
b. Associated sx: 1. Malaise 2. HA 3. Abdominal pain 4. N/V c. Toxicity can develop, esp if bacterial pneumonia. d. Decreased or abnormal breathing (rales or wheezing) e. Hypoxia can be seen. |
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11. How may you find pneumonia complications such as pleural effusion?
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a. By finding localized decreased breath sounds or rubs.
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12. Single or multinodular consolidation on radiograph, think what?
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a. Pneumococcal or staphylococcal pneumonia.
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13. Air trapping with flattened diaphragm on radiograph, think what?
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a. Viral pneumonia w/bronchospasm.
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14. Perihilar lymphadenopathy with pneumonia, think of what?
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a. Mycobacterial pneumonia.
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15. Interstitial pattern in pneumonia, think of what?
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a. Mycoplasmal pneumonia.
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16. With what type of pneumonia are pleural effusion and abscess formation more consistent with?
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a. Bacterial infection.
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17. 2 Primary bacterial aetiologies for pneumonia in the first few days of life and other common possibilites?
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1. Enterobacteriaceae
2. Group B strep (GBS) b. Staph aureus c. Strep pneumoniae (pneumococcus) d. Listeria monocytogenes. |
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18. Tx of newborn w/pneumonia?
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a. Broad-spectrum abx (ampicillin w/either gentamicin or cefotaxime).
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19. Presentation of infant (first few months of life) w/chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia?
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a. Staccato cough and tachypnea w/ or w/o conjunctivitis or known maternal chlamydia history.
b. These infants also have eosinophilia, and bilateral infiltrates w/hyperinflation on chest radiograph! |
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20. Tx of chlamydia pneumonia?
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a. Erythromycin.
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21. 4 Viral aetiologies of pneumonia in first few months of life?
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1. HSV
2. Enterovirus 3. Influenza 4. RSV b. Of these, HSV is the most concerning and prevalent viral pneumonia in the first few days of life. Acyclovir is an important consideration if HSV is suspected. |
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22. Viral pneumonia causes after first few months of life up to 5 yrs of age?
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a. Adenovirus
b. Rhinovirus c. RSV d. Influenza e. Parainfluenza are possibilities. |
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23. Bacterial aetiologies of pneumonia after first few months up to 5 yrs of age?
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a. Pneumococcus
b. Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae |
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24. Diagnosis of a viral pneumonia?
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a. Clinically
b. CXR findings c. Confirmed by Nucleic acid amplification (PCR) of secretions from a nasal swab or wash. |
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25. Characteristic viral pneumonia CXR findings?
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a. Perihilar interstitial infiltrates.
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26. Note: A mixed viral and bacterial pneumonia can be present in 20% of pts.
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26. Note: A mixed viral and bacterial pneumonia can be present in 20% of pts.
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