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264 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Continuous proliferation of new segments or proglottids |
Strobila grows throughout the life of a tapeworm by _____ |
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New segments |
Referred to as immature Do not contain gully developed internal structures |
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Mature proglottids |
Are larger and found near the middle of the chain Contain one or two sets of male and female reproductive organs |
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Gravid proglottids |
Terminal portain of the strobila Contain the eggs |
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Uterus |
Eggs are enclosed in____. A structure that varies in size and shape in different cestode species |
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Small intestine |
Adults inhabit the____ |
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Scolex |
Attachement is accomplished by means of_____ |
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Four muscular, cup-shaped suckers |
All human cestodes have ______ on the scolex |
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Rostellum |
Elongate and protusible structures situated in the center of the scolex |
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Armed |
Rostellum bears hook referred to as ____ |
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Host's intestine |
No digestive system, food is absorbed from the _____ |
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Eggs or proglottids, scolex |
Precise identification of tapeworm of human is based on _____ |
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Diphyllobothrium latum Taenia saginata Hymenolepis diminuta |
Human as definitive host only |
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Taenia solium Hymenolepis nana |
Human as intermediate or definitive host |
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Echinococcus spp. |
Utilize human as intermediate host but never a definitive host |
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Anoncosphere |
Bears six elongate hooks and serves as protective coverings of the embryo |
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False |
Infection cause by adult worm is much more serious that the extraintestinal infection cause by larval forms (T/F) |
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Taenia saginata |
Beef tapeworm |
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Taenia solium |
Pork tapeworm |
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Ingestion of larvae in beef or pork |
Means of human infection (taeniasis) |
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Muscle, brain, eye |
Location of larvae in humans ( T. solium) |
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Not present |
Location of larvae in humans ( T. saginata) |
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Small intestine |
Location of adult worms in human (taenia spp) |
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Vague digestive disturbances, anorexia, majority asymptomatic |
Clinical features of taeniasis |
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Embryonated eggs or proglottids in stool |
Laboratory diagnosis of taeniasis |
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Upper jejunum |
Adult of t. saginata inhibit the _____ for up to 25 years |
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Adult of T. saginata |
measures 4 to 10 m in length and may have 1,000 to 4,000 proglottids |
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Adult of T. saginata |
cuboidal scolex with four prominent acetabula or suckers |
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Adult of T.saginata |
devoid of hooks or a rostellum |
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Adult of T. saginata |
with short neck from which a chain of immature, mature, and gravid proglottids develop |
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Adult of T. saginata |
hermaphroditic |
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Mature proglottids (T. saginata) |
wider than long or approximately square in shape |
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Mature proglottids (T. saginata) |
two large lobes of ovaries and a median club-shaped uterus |
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Mature proglottids (T. saginata) |
follicular testes numbering 300 to 400 are scattered throughout the proglottid vagina has sphincter |
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Gravid proglottids ( T.saginata) |
longer than they are wide |
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Gravid proglottids (T. saginata) |
has 15 to 20 lateral branches |
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Gravid proglottids (T. saginata) |
undergo apolysis and are either passed out of the feces or actively crawl out of the bowel |
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Eggs ( T. saginata) |
spherical or subspherical in shape measuring 30 to 45 um in diameter |
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Eggs ( T. saginata) |
brownish in color with a thick embryophore which appears striated because of numerous pits |
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Eggs ( T. saginata) |
inside the eggshell is the oncosphere or embryo provided with three pairs of hooklets |
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identification of characteristic proglottids, eggs, or scolex |
Diagnosis of T. saginata |
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Praziquantel |
Treatment for T.saginata |
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Small intestine |
Adult of T. saginata inhabit the _____ |
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Adult of T. solium |
measures 2 to 4 m in length and may have 800 to 1,000 proglottids |
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Adult of T. solium |
scolex has four acetabula and a cushion-like rostellum with a double crown of 25 to 30 large and small hooks |
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Mature proglottids |
wider than long; morphology resembles that of T. saginata |
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Mature proglottids |
presence of accessory ovarian lobe and absence of vaginal sphincter |
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Gravid proglottids (T. solium) |
longer than wide contains 7 to 13 lateral branches |
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Gravid proglottids ( T. saginata) |
undergo apolysis and relatively less active (not observed to actively crawl) |
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Praziquantel and niclosamide |
Treatment for T.saginata |
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Cysticercosis |
Infection with the larval form of Taenia solium, T. saginata, T. crassiceps, T. ovis, T. taeniaeformis or T. hydatigena is called cysticercosis. |
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Cysticerci |
Bladder worm Larvae of Taenia solium, T. saginata, T. crassiceps, T. ovis, T. taeniaeformis or T. hydatigena |
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Cysticercus cellulosae |
bladder worm of T. solium was known as |
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Ingestion of eggs |
Means of human infection (cysticercosis) |
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Neurocysticercosis |
Most serious manifestation of cysticercus cellulosae |
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Calcification |
End result of cellular reaction |
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Cysticercus cellulosae |
clinical features : asymptomatic to Jacksonian seizures, hydrocephalus, visual problems |
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Cysticercus cellulosae |
laboratory diagnosis : X-ray, CT, MRI, serologic tests |
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Praziquantel or albendazole; surgical removal of the cyst
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Treatment for cysticercus cellulosae |
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Proglottids, strobila |
Chain of segments______ , also known as____ |
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Multiceps multiceps |
adult of moderate size is found in dogs and other Canidae |
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Multiceps multiceps |
Cause coenerus disease |
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Coenurus |
Larval stage of multiceps multiceps, occurs in herbivorous animals and occasionally in humans |
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dogs and other canidae |
adult of multiceps multiceps is found in |
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staggers |
cyst of multiceps multiceps develop in brain and spina cord causing a disease called _____ which affects the balancing power of animals |
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coenurus |
larval tapeworms occur in large groups within a single cyst known as a |
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hymenolepis nana |
dwarf tapeworm; smallest tapeworm |
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hymenolepis nana |
common parasite of house mouse |
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hymenolepis nana |
the only human tapeworm which can complete its entire life cycle in a single host (does not require an obligatory intermediate host) |
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ileum |
adults of h. nana |
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adults of h.nana |
subglobular scolex with four cup-shaped suckers |
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adults of h. nana |
retractable rostellum armed with a single row of 20 to 30 Y-shaped hooklets |
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adults of h.nana |
anterior proglottids are short and the posterior ones are broader than long |
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mature proglottids (h.nana) |
three ovoid testes and one ovary in a more or less straight pattern across the segment |
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eggs of h.nana |
spherical or subspherical measuring 30 to 47 um in diamet |
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eggs of h.nana |
six-hooked (hexacanth) oncosphere has a thin outer membrane and a thick inner membrane with conspicuous |
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eggs of h. nana |
immediately infective when passed with the stool and cannot survive more than 10 days in the external environment |
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hymenolepis nana |
Arthropods, especially beetles, serve as intermediate hosts |
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False |
The arthropod intermediate host is required for H.nana , but not H. diminuta (T/F) |
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cysticercoids |
Within the arthropod host, the eggs develop into _______, which can infect the mammalian host upon ingestion and develop into adults in the small intestine. |
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Tribolium confusum, |
a common intermediate host for Hymenolepis spp. |
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tribolium and related genera (h.nana) |
breed in cereals, grains, and grain-based snack foods and are easily ingested by humans and rodents. |
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Hymenolepis nana |
enteritis, diarrhea, abdominal pain, anorexia majority asymptomatic |
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eggs of hymenolepis nana |
These eggs are oval and smaller than those of H. diminuta, with a size range of 30 to 50 µm. |
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Praziquantel |
treatment for h. nana |
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personal hygiene and environmental sanitation rodent control proper storage of food thorough treatment of cases |
Prevention and Control for h.nana |
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Hymenolepis diminuta |
common parasite of rat (rat tapeworm) |
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Hymenolepis diminuta |
arthropod intermediate host (flour moths, flour beetles, fleas, cockroaches, mealworms, earwigs) |
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Hymenolepis diminuta |
human infection through accidental ingestion intermediate hosts infesting dried grains, dried fruits, flour and cereals |
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Hymenolepis diminuta |
scolex with a rudimentary unarmed rostellum |
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eggs of h. diminuta |
circular, about 60 to 80 um in diameter and are bile stained |
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eggs of h.diminuta |
oncosphere is enclosed in an inner membrane, which has bipolar thickenings but lacks the bipolar filaments (absence of polar filaments readily differentiates this species from H. nana) |
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Praziquantel |
treatment for h.diminuta |
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Dipylidium caninum |
common in cats and dogs; accidentally in humans especially children because of their close contact with their pets |
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Dipylidium caninum |
presence of actively motile proglottids in feces or underwear can be observed |
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Dipylidium caninum |
requires an intermediate host (fleas and dog louse) |
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Dipylidium caninum |
pale reddish, measures 10 to 70 cm in length |
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Dipylidium caninum |
scolex is small and globular with four deeply cupped suckers and a protrusible rostellum which is armed with 1 to 7 rows of rose thorn shaped hooklets |
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Mature proglottids (D.caninum) |
narrow with two sets of male and female reproductive organs and bilateral genital pores (double-pored tapeworm) |
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Gravid proglottids (D. caninum) |
size and shape of the pumpkin seed and are filled with capsules or packets of about 8 to 15 eggs enclosed in an embryonic membrane |
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eggs of D.caninum |
spherical, thin-shelled with a hexacanth embryo |
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Dipylidium caninum |
pets may exhibit behavior to relieve anal pruritis (such as scraping anal region across grass or carpeting |
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Praziquantel |
Treatment for Dipylidium caninum |
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RAILLIETINA GARRISONI |
common tapeworm of rats |
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Raillietina garrisoni |
accidental infection on humans through ingestion of intermediate host found in stored grain products |
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Adult of R.garrisoni |
rostellum is armed with two alternating circular rows of 90 to 140 hammer-shaped hooks several rows of spines also surround the rostellum |
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Mature proglottids of R.garrisoni |
bilobed ovary surrounded by 36 to 50 ovoid testesgenital pore opens on the side near the anterior lateral border of the segment
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Gravid proglottids of R. garrisoni |
about 2 mm in length containing 200 to 400 egg capsules with 1 to 4 spindle-shaped eggs |
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gravid proglottids of R.garrisoni |
motile, white, and appear like grains of rice in the feces |
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Gravid proglottids of R.garrisoni |
may be ingested by the intermediate host (flour beetle, Tribolium confusum) |
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eggs of R.garrisoni |
one to four spindle-shaped eggs in 1 egg capsule oncosphere is enclosed in two thin membranes: an outer elongated membrane and an inner spherical membrane |
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eggs of R.garrisoni |
one to four spindle-shaped eggs in 1 egg capsule oncosphere is enclosed in two thin membranes: an outer elongated membrane and an inner spherical membrane |
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Praziquantel sometimes complete expulsion of the worm without treatment |
treatment for R.garrisoni |
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Diphyllobothrium latum |
fish tapeworm or the broad tapeworm |
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adult of D.latum |
3 to 10 m in length and may have 4,000 proglottids scolex is spatulate and measures 2 to 3 mm in length by 1 mm in diameter |
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adult of Diphyllobothrium latum |
has two bothria or sucking grooves which are located dorsally and ventrally neck is long and attenuated |
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Gravid proglottids of D.latum |
dark, rosette-like, coiled uterus |
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eggs of D.latum |
unembryonated when laid (approximately 1,000,000 per day); will complete development in water |
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eggs of D.latum |
yellowish brown, with a moderately thick shell and an inconspicuous operculum (the lid or caplike cover on certain platyhelminth eggs) |
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sparganosis |
The condition in which plerocercoids or spargana develop in the definitive host is known as |
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D.latum |
can cause vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (cyanocobalamin) |
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fish-eating mammal |
the larvae of D latum is ingested by |
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Praziquantel |
treatment for D. latum |
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D.latum |
thorough cooking of freshwater fish or freezing for 24 to 48 hours at -18 ℃; marinating will not personal hygiene and environmental sanitation
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Human echinococcosis (hydatidosis or hydatid disease) |
caused by the larval stages of cestodes (tapeworms) of the genus Echinococcus. caused by the larval stages of cestodes (tapeworms) of the genus Echinococcus. |
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echinococcus granulosus |
causes cystic echinococcosis, the form most frequently encountered |
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Echinococcus multicularis |
causes alveolar echinococcosis |
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Echinococcus oligarthus |
extremely rare cause of human echinococcosis |
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E. vogeli |
causes polycystic echinococcosis |
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Echinococcus granulosus |
hydatid tapeworm |
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Echinococcus granolosus |
human accidentally ingests eggs by close contact with infected dog; usual intermediate host is sheep |
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Adult of E. granulosus |
pyriform scolex, short neck, and three proglottids (immature, mature, gravid) scolex is taeniid in that it has four acetabula armed with 30 to 36 hooks |
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Gravid proglottid of E. granulosus |
widest and longest proglottiduterus is midline with lateral evaginations and is filled with eggs which resemble those of other taeniid worms
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Dogs and canids |
definitive host for Echinococcus spp. |
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Echinoccocus spp |
eggs are not expected to be found in human stool and are not considered diagnostic in human infections. |
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Hydatid cyst (Echinococcus spp) |
larval stage in the intermediate host (goat, horse, camel, sheep, human) |
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hydatid cyst (Echinoccocus spp) |
unilocular has an outer laminated hyaline layer and an inner nucleated germinal layer |
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Hydatid Sand |
granular material consisting of free scolices, hooklets, daughter cysts, and amorphous material found in the fluid of older cysts of E. granulosus |
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serious anaphylaxis |
may result from large amount of hydatid material entering the bloodstream when primary cyst ruptures |
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serious anaphylaxis |
may result from large amount of hydatid material entering the bloodstream when primary cyst ruptures |
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diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus |
X-ray, ultrasound, CT aspirate of “hydatid sand” serologic tests |
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Surgical resection (treatment of choice) Albendazole for inoperable cysts |
Treatment for E. granulosus |
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E.multicularis |
foxes are the natural definitive host, and to a lesser extent dogs, cats, coyotes and wolves; the intermediate host are small rodents |
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liver |
most common site of alveolar hydatid cyst ( E. multicularis) is the |
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surgery or albendazole |
treatment for E.multicularis |
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E.vogeli |
definitive hosts are bush dogs and dogs; the intermediate hosts are rodents |
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Echinoccocus oligarthus |
has a life cycle that involves wild felids as definitive hosts and rodents as intermediate hosts |
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Sparganosis |
infection by the plerocercoid larvae of various diphyllobothroid tapeworms belonging to the genus Spirometra |
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Sparganosis |
infection by the third-stage plerocercoid larva (sparganum) of pseudophyllidean cestodes of the genera Spirometra. |
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Species of Spirometra |
S. mansoni, S. mansonoides, S. erinacei, S. ranarum, S. decipiens, S. houghtoni, S. proliferum . |
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Ocular sparganosis |
may result in blindness |
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Cerebral sparganosis |
characterized by seizures, fatigue, fever, confusion, headaches, memory loss, and other CNS symptoms |
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Proliferative sparganosis |
caused by S. proliferum, begins with a subcutaneous tumor in the thigh, shoulder, or neck, and eventually spreads to other parts of the body |
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Sparganum proliferum |
multiple skin lesions which are mostly papular and nodular. |
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1. drinking water contaminated with copepods infected with the procercoid larval stage of the parasite 2. ingestion of undercooked meat, such as pork, that is infected with the plerocercoids 3. placing poultices of frog or snake flesh on open wounds or other lesions, or the eyes |
3 major routes of Spargamum infection |
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Spargamum proliferum |
Dogs and cats are the primary hosts of the adult worm. |
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Spargamum proliferum |
The first intermediate hosts are copepods, or freshwater crustaceans. The second intermediate hosts are amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals |
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humans |
serve as paratenic or second intermediate hosts and develop sparganosis. |
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Snakes and tadpoles/frogs |
vectors for sparganum. |
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Surgical removal and Praziquantel |
Management and Therapy for Sparganosis |
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MRI, CT, ELISA |
Diagnostic test for Sparganosis |
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adult cestodes |
Flat and ribbon-like |
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White or yellowish |
Color of cestodes (living worms) |
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Scolex |
Anterior attachment organ |
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1. drinking boiled or filtered water 2. cooking possible intermediate and paratenic hosts thoroughly 3. avoiding the practice of applying flesh of frogs to inflamed areas |
Prevention for Sparganosis |
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Platyhelminthes or flatworms |
dorso-ventrally flattened with bilateral symmetry |
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Cestodes |
segmented, ribbonlike appearance |
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trematodes |
unsegmented,like |
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Cestodes , trematodes |
do not have a digestive tract while __ has incomplete one. |
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scolex |
main organ of attachment of the worm to the definitive host |
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neck |
the region of growth, because segmentation or strobilization originates from it. |
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immature, mature , gravid |
Segments or proglottids that are nearest to the neck are the most ____ , followed by ____ , and the most distal are _____ segments |
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Cyclophyllidea and Pseudophyllidia |
Two orders of tapeworms with medical and public health significance |
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Pseudophyllidea |
have a spatulate scolex with sucking grooves called bothria |
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Cyclophyllidea |
scolex is globular with four muscular suckers |
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Pseudophyllidea |
segments have uterine poor which allows release of eggs from the gravid uterus |
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Cyclophyllidea |
do not have the uterine pore , undergo the process of apolysis |
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apolysis |
segments are detached from the main body of the worm and eggs are eventually released |
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Non-operculated cyclophyllidea eggs |
are passed out readily, containing the hexacanth embryo |
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Pseudophyllidea, coracidium |
eggs are operculated and immature ,require aquatic development of the embryo, called the _____ |
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Procercoid larvae-1st intermediate plerocercoid larvae-2nd |
Two intermediate host of Pseudophyllidean worms |
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Diphyllobothrium |
a Pseudophyllidean worm which utilizes human as definitive host |
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Spirometra |
a Psedophyllidean worm which utilizes humans as intermediate host |
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Diphyllobothrium and Spirometra |
two worms that belong to order Pseudophylidea |
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Cyclophyllidea |
order that require only one intermediate host |
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cysticercus type |
encysted larvae of Taenia in intermediate host |
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Hymenolepis, Dipylidium, Reillietina |
produce the cysticercoid tyoe |
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Echinoccocus spp. |
hydatid is produced by |
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cysticercus |
humans are infected with the larval stage of Taenia spp. called |
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Cysticercus bovis |
infective stage of T.saginata cysticercus is ovoidal, milky, white |
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oncosphere or embryo |
provided with three pairs of hooklets |
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Taenia saginata gravid segments |
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Taenia egg |
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life cycle of Taenia spp. |
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indian ink |
injection to the genital pore will make an accurate count of the lateral branches of the uterus (15-20 T. saginata) (7-13 T. solium/ |
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T. saginata T.solium |
vagina sphincter is to___ accesory ovarian is to ____ |
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Formalin-ether /ethyl acetate concentration technique |
enhance the chance of demontrating the eggs |
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Recovery of the scolex negative stool examination 3 months after treatment |
Criteria for cure |
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upper small intestine |
in Taenia saginata, adult worm inhabits the |
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T.solium |
thick brown striated embrophore surrounding the hexacanth embryo |
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Measly pork |
Infective meat is often called |
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Parenchymal and extraparemchymal subarachnoid of meningitic form intraventricular spinal |
two general form of neurocysticercosis, further divided into |
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racemous cysticercosis |
the subarachnoid form may lead to aggresive form of neurocysticercosis called |
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Intraventricular form |
in this form, cyst are usually present in the third or fourth ventricle and often lethal leading to obstructive hydrocephalus. |
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subarachnoid form |
in this form, there is a proliferationcyst in the base of the brain |
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neurocysticercosis |
subcutaneous cysticerci cocomitant withneurologic symptoms |
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Dot-ELISA TEST |
very good screening test for cysticercosis |
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high doese corticosteroid therapy and mannitol) |
parenchymal forms presenting a cysticercotic encephalitis or those with massive parasitic infection (treatment) |
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surgical removal or albendazole therapy |
treatment fr subarachnoid form |
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surgical removal or albendazole therapy |
treatment fr subarachnoid form |
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surgical removal of the cysts |
treatment for ventricular forms |
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praziquanteln or abendazole |
treatmemt for ocular cysticercosis |
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Taenia asiatica |
cysticercus larvae were found in the liver of various intermediate host yhat include pigs, cattle , giat, wild boars and monkeys |
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cysticercus viscerotropica |
cysticercus larvae of Taenia asiatica |
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cyticercus viscerotropica |
cysticercus witha wart-loke protuberances on the external surface and contains an invaginated scolex armed with vestigial hooklets |
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Taenia asiatica |
the gravid proglottids have posterior protuberance with 11 to 32 lateral branches |
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Taenia asiatica |
Freezing at -20degrees C. for 10days kills the cysticerci |
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Hymenolepis nana |
no more than 175 to 220 segments composed the entire length of strobila |
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Hymenolepis nana |
Mature proglottids contain three ovoid testes and one ovary in a more or less straight patterbaccross the segments |
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Hymenolepis nana |
eggs are spherical or subspherical, colorless or clay-colored |
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H. nana |
the oncosphere has a thin, outer membrane with conspicuous bipolar thickenings, from each of whixh arise four to eight hair-ioe filaments embedded in the inner membrane |
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H.nana |
a heavy infections may result in enteritis due to necrosis and desquamation. |
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H.nana |
Human tapeworm found among mice and less frequently among rats |
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H.nana var. fraterna |
the species in mats and rats is considered to be a distinct subspecies |
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Hymenolepis nana egg |
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Hymenolepis diminuta |
the hooklets usually have fan-like arrangement |
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H. diminuta |
eggs when ingested by a wide range of adult and larval insects like fleas, betetles, cockroaches,mealworms, earwigs develop into infective cysticercoid larvae |
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H. diminuta |
larger size, more circular shape than H.nana and lack of bipolar filaments |
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Dipyllidium caninum egg capsule |
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Dog flea (D. caninum) |
Ctenocephalides canis as intermediate host |
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cat flea (D. caninum) |
Ctenocephalides felis as intermediate host |
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human flea ( D. caninum) |
Pulex irritans as intermediate host |
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Dog louse ( D.caninum) |
Trichodectes canis as intermediate h |
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Raillietina garrisoni |
belongs to the famiy Davaineidae |
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Raillietina madagacariensis |
first reported by Garrison to be present in an adult Filipino |
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R. garrisoni |
the segments are motile, white, appear like grains of rice |
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R. garrisoni |
flour beetle (Tribolium confusum ) as intermediate host |
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Raillietina garrison |
common intestinal cestode of rodents in the Philippines |
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Diphyllobothrium latum |
broad tapeworm or fish tapeworm |
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D.latum |
two bothria or sucking grooves located ventralky and dorsally |
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D.latum |
dark, rosette-like, coiled uterus |
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D.latum |
opposite the operculum is a smal knob-liie thickening |
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D.latum egg |
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copepods |
procercoid larvae of D.latum develop in ___ |
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plerocercoid larva or sparganum |
measures 20mm or more and appear glistening, opaque, white and unsegmented |
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dog, cat and other animals |
definitive host of D.latum |
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Canivorous fish |
serve as paratenic or transport host of D.latum |
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-18 degrees celsius |
Freezing for 24-48 hours at a temperature of _____ kils all the plerocercoid |
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Echinococcus spp. |
belongs to the Family Taeniidae, order Cyclophyllidea |
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Echinococcus spp. |
the scolex is armed with 30 to 36 hooks |
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Exhinoccocus spp. |
intermediate hist are goat, camel, sheep and horse |
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Liver |
the most common and most important site of Echinococcus spp. |
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unilocular hydatid cyst |
the cyst of E. granulosus is called |
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alveolar cyst |
the cyst of E. multicularis is called |
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hepatic cyst |
cyst that are mostoy found in the inferior rightnlobe , and may present as haoatic enlargement, right epigastric pain or jaundice |
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Type CL CE1 CE2 CE3 CE4 CE5 |
Classification of Hepatic Echinococcal cyst |
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PAIR technique (percutaneous apiration, injection, reaspiration) |
indicated for patients with single or multiple cyst in the liver, abdomina cavity, spleen ,kidney or bones |
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Spirometra mansoni, S. erinacei, S. ranarum |
commonly involved in human sparganosis |
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Spirometra spp. |
intesrinal parasites of cats, dogs and oter carnivores |
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Spirometra spp. |
gravid proglottids have spira uterus |
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Spirometra spp. |
gravid proglottids have spira uterus |
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fish, snakes, chicken |
second intermediate host of Spirometra spp containing plerocercoid larvae |
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D.latum |
ova are usually yellowish brown with a moderately thick shell and inconpicuous operculum |
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Cyclops |
first intermediate host of Spirometra spp infected with procercoid larvae |
