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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1st Cervical Vertebra: C-1
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a. "Atlas"
b. Has no body but anterior arch c. Function: Holds up you head d. Landmark: mastoid tip e. no spinous process but posterior tubercle w/bifid tip f. Lat masses(articular pillar g. Superior facets for atlanto occipital articulations |
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2nd Cervical Vertebra: C-2
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a. "Axis"
b. Has an odontoid process or Dens (tooth-like projection) c. Function: Allows head to turn with C-1 |
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7th Cervical Vertebra: C-7
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a. "Vertebra prominens"
b. Longest spinous process of C-Spine c. Landmark: Top of shoulders |
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C-Spine Landmarks
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a.EAM (External Acoustic Meatus): 1 inch above C1
b. Mastoid tip or base of skull: C-1 c. Thyroid Cartilage: C-4,C5 d. Top of shoulders: C-7 |
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C-Spine Odds and Ends
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a. Lordotic curve naturally
b. Have transverse foramina c. Bifid Spinous Processes C2-C6 d. Articular Pillar |
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Cervical Spine - AP Axial
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1. CR: 15-20 degrees cephalad
to thyroid cartilage >SId: 40 inches, bucky >10x12 inch, lengthwise >patient stand erect >elevate mandiblesuperimpose >collimate width of neck and open to EAM >marker, shield 2. Should see C-3 to C-7 3. Taken to see intervertebral disc spaces |
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Cervical Spine - AP Open Mouth
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1. CR: perpendicular to CR
>8x10 lengthwise, bucky >Cassette center to CR >CR directly into mouth >mastoid tip & bottom inci- sor is perpendicular >collimate 4 sided 4x4 >marker, shield 2. Taken for C-1 and C-2 3. Important to superimposethe top teeth onto the back of the head |
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Cervical Spine - Obliques
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1. 45 degrees rotation of body
and head standing erect >10x12 lengthwise, bucky >SID 40 inches >CR perpendicular 90 degrees >CR 15 degrees cephalic >Center spine CR & midline IR >extend chin prevent mandible from superimpose of vertebra >CR level of thyroid- jungular view >collimte to width of neck up to EAM 2. Show intervertebral foramina ** Anterior obliques show closest to film ** Posterior obliques show furthest from film 3. CR is 15 degrees *Anterior Obliques:Caudad *Posterior Oblique:Cephalad |
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Cervical Spine - Lateral
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1. Taken to see zygapophyseal
joints 2. Flexion & Extension aterals taken for ossible"Whiplash" 3. SID 72 inch >no grid due to OID >10x12 inch lengthwise >Position patient erect LAT >Shoulder against cassette >Align midcoronal plane to CR & midline of IR >Center CR to IR >Ask patient to relax, drop shoulder down & forward as possible(do this last step >Extend chin slightly(to prevent superimpose of mandible on upper vertebrae >CR @ level of thyroid >Collimate to width of neck up to EAM >marker, shield |
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All cervical vertebrae?
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Three foramina each
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C2-6
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Short spinous processes w/bifid tips
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Spinal Canal
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-begins at the base of the skull & extends distally into the sacrum.
-canal contains the spinal cord and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
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Spinal Cord
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-w/c is enclosed and protected by the spinal canal.
-begins with the medulla oblongata of the brain -passess through the foramen magnum of the skull and continues through the first cervical vertebra all the way down to the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra where it tapers off to a point called the conus medullaris |
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Vertebral Column
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commonly called spine or spinal column
complex succession of many bones called vertebrae |
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Intervertebral disks
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-tough fibrocartilaginous disks separate typical adult vertebrae
-cushion like disks are tightly bound to the vertebraefor spinal stability -allow for flexibility & movement of the vertebral column |
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Concave
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>a rounded inward or depressed surface like a "cave"
>cervical & lumbar region have concave curvatures & described as lordotic |
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Convex
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>a rounded outward or elevated surface
>thoracic & sacral region have convex curvature |
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First Compensatory Curve
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Cervical, curvature, concave, lordotic
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Second Compensatory Curve
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Lumbar curvature concave lordotic
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First Primary Curve
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Thoracic curvature convex
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Second Primary Curve
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Sacral curvature convex
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Lordosis
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-meaning bent backward
-abnormally increased "sway back" curvature involving lumbar spine |
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Kyphosis
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-meaning a hump
-abnormal or exaggerated thoracic "humpback" curvature with increased convexity |
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Scoliosis
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-abnormal or exaggerated lateral curvature
-S shaped lateral curvature exist -cause severe deformity of the entire thorax -occurs in the lower vertebral column limp or uneven walk |
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Thoracic Spine
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1. 12 thoracic vertebrae
2. each of thoracic is associated with one pair of ribs 3. L1 & L2 do not show facets for rib articulation 4. Costovertebral joints:Head of Rib and vertebral body 5. Costotransverse joints:Tubercle of Rib and transverse process >T1-full facet & a demifacet on its inferior margin >T2-T8 have demifacets on their upper and lower margins >T9 has only one demifacet on its upper mrgin >T10-T12 have full facets Rib 1 articulates with T1 only Rib 2 articultes with T1 & T2 adn so on Ribs 11 and 12 articulate only with T11 and T12 at the costovertebral joints 6. Kyphotic curve 7. Landmarks: a.Suprasternal notch:T2-T3 b.Inferior angle scapula:T7 c.Xiphoid tip:T9-T10 |
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Thoracic Spine - AP
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1. CR: T7 (CR between jugular
notch & xiphoid tip) 2. See all 12 thoracic vertebrae (C7-L1 s/b seen) 3. 14x17,7x17 lengthwise,bucky 4. SID 40 inches 5. CR center to cassette 6. Collimate to film 7 inches 7. Marker, Shield |
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Thoracic Spine - Oblique
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1. 70 degrees oblique, 20 degree
from lateral 2. 14x17 inches lenghtwise,bucky SID 40 inches 3. CR to T7 4. Cassette centere dto CR 2 2 inches above shoulder 5. Collimate 6. Should see all 12 thoracic vertebral. Zygapophyseal |
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Thoracic Spine - Lateral
(Breathing technique 2 second) |
1. See T3 or T4 thru T-12
2. Breathing technique to blur out ribs 3. For the intervertebral foramina 4. Intervertebral disk spaces open 5. T1-L1 demonstrated 6. >14x17 lengthwise, bucky >SID 40 inches >CR perpendicular to T7 >CR feeling inferior of scapula T7 posterior or CR >2 inches back of midaxilary line >Cassettes center to CR >Collimate length of film until you see light in the back. Then take lead blockr place on side to stop scttr >Marker, Shield |
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Thoracic Spine - Swimmers LAT
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Cervico thoracic region
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Anode Heel Effect
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-anode toward the head and cathode toward the feet
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Lumbar Spine
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1. strongest vertebral column because the load of body weight increases toward the inferior end of the column.
2. has 5 vertebrae 3. lordotic curve 4. Distinctive part: Pars interarticularis (the portion of each lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes |
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Landmarks - Lumbar Spine
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a. lower costal margin: L3
b. iliac crest: L4 c. A.S.I.S:Secon sacral segment d. Symphysis pubis or greter trochanter: Coccyx |
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Lumbar Spine - AP
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1. Flex knees to open up intervertebral joint spaces
2. Deomonstrate all 5 vertebrae 3. CR *14x17: ilia crest *10x12 or 11x14: iliac crest |
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Lumbar Spine - Obliques
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1. 45 degrees obliques,supine
a.11x14, lengthwise,bucky b.CR 2 inches above iliac crest, 2 inches of medial of ASIS c. CR center of cassette d. Collimate lenght of by 7 inches by length of film 2. for zygapophyseal joints 3. a.posterior obliques show side closest to film b.anterior obliques show side furthest from film |
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Lumbar Spine - Lateral
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1. Patient lateral recumbent
2. Insure torso & pelvis are in true lateral 3. 40 SID, bucky 4. 14x17 CR at iliac crest or 11x14 CR 2" above iliac crest 4. collimate by 7" wider & 2" posterior to mid coronal or midaxillary line 5. to see intervertebral for- amena |
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Lumbar Spine - L5 & S1 Left Lateral
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1. 8x10 lengthwise, bucky
40" SID 2. Patient lat recumbent feet together, keep body straight 3. Angle tube 5-10 degree caudad 4. CR midway between ASIS and iliac crest |
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Sacrum
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1. sacrum is inferior to the
lumbar vertebrae 2. 5 fused segments in the adult 3. alae or wings (lg masses of bone latteral to the first sacral segment 3. most anterior ride of bone: sacral promontory 4. lower sacrum: cornua |
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Sacrum - AP
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1. 10x12 crosswise
2. SID 40" 3. patient supine support under knee 3. align midsagittal place to CR & midline to table 4. endusre no rotation 5. angle tube 15 degrees cephalic 6. CR between symphyis pubis & ASIS 7. Collimate to ASIS by 7" |
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Sacrum - Lateral
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1. 10x12 lengthwise, grid
2. 40" SID 3. patient lateral recumbent 3. center patient on table 4. CR perpindicular level of ASIS 3" postior 5. Collimate 5" by length of film 5. CR |
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Coccyx
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1. coccyx most distal portion
of the vertebral column (aka tailbone) 2. avearge, 4 fused segments in adult 3. lower end: Apex - distal pointed tip of the coccyx |
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Coccyx - AP
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1. 10x12 lengthwise, bucky
2. Angle tube 10 degrees caudad 3. CR between ASIS & syphyis pubis |
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Coccyx - Lateral
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1. 10x12 lengthwise, bucky, 40"
2. pt lateral, flex knees 3. CR at lefel of greater trochanter 2 inches back 4. Collimate 4x4 |
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Sacral Horns (cornua)
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are small tubercles representing the interior articulr processes projecting inferirorly from each side of the fifth sacral segment
they project inferiorly and posteriorly to rticulate tiwht the corresponding hornes of the coccyx. |
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Parts of Typical Vertebra
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a. Body
b. Pedicle c. Transverse process d. Lamina e. Spinous Process f. Vertebral notches form intervertebral foramina g. Superior & Inferior articular Process: form zygapohysea joints h. vertebral foramen: forms spinl cancal I. Itervertebral disc: 1. nucleus pulposis 2. annulus fibrosis |
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Body
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1. is the thick weight-bearing
part of the vertebra. 2. its superior and inferior surfaces are flat and rough for attachment of the intervertebral disks |
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Vertebral Arch
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ring or arch of bone extending
posteriorly from the vertebral body |
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Vertebral Foramen
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posterior surface of the body and the arch form a circular
opening & contains the spinal cord |
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Pedicles
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extend posteriorly from either side o fthe vertebral body.
the pedicles form most of the sides of the vertebral arch |
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Laminae
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1.posterior part of the
vertebral arch is formed by two somewhat flat layers of bone 2. each lamina extends posteriorly form each pedicle to unit in the midline |
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Transverse Process
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extending laterraly from approximately the junction of each pedicle and lamina is a projection
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Spinous Process
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1. extends posteriorly at the
midline junction of the two laminae 2. are the most posterior extensions of the vertebrae and can often be palpated along the posterior surface of the neck and back |
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Superior Articular Processes & Inferior Articular Processes
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these processes provide for certain important joints that are unique and need to be visualized radiographically for each section of the vertebral column
parts are seen on this lateral view are the right and left superimposed and lower pair of right & left |
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Typyical Vertebra
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has 2 pedicles and two laminae
that form the vertebral arch and the vertebral foramen containing the spinal cord has 2 transverse processes extending laterally, one spinous process extending posteriorly and the large anterior body . Each typical vertebra so has four articular processed , two superior and two inferior w/c formulate the important jooints of the vertebral column |
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Interverterbral Joints
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are slightly movable joints between the vertebral bodies
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Intervertebral Disk
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located in these joints are tightly bound to the adjacent vertebral bodies for spinal stability but also allow for flexiblity and movement of the vertebral column
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Zygapophyseal Joints
(aka apophyseal joints) |
Superior and inferior articular processess (4 processess)
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Facet
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sometimesused interchangeably with the term zygapophyseal joints
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Coastal Joints
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these articulations of the ribs to the thoracic vertebra
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Joints in the Vertebral Column
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1. Intervertebral Joints
2. Zygapophyseal Joints 3. Costal Joints |
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Vertebral notches
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form intervertebral foramina
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Superior Vertebral notch
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upper surface of each pedicle is a half moon-shaped area
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Inferior Vertebral notch
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lower surface of each ;edicle is another half-moon shaped area
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Intervertebral Foramen
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2 half moon shape areas from a single opening.
between every two vertebrae are two intervertebral foramina one on each side, through w/c important spinal nerves and blood vessels pass |
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Intervertebral Disk
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the typical adult vertebrae are separated by tough fibrocartilaginous disks between the bodies of every two vertebrae excep between the first and second cervical vertebra.
provides a resilient cushion between the vertebrae helping to absorb shock during movement of the spine |
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Annulus Fibrosis
(Intervertebral Disk) |
each disk consist of an outer fibrous portion
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Nucleous Pulposis
(Intervertebral Disk) |
a soft semigelatinous inner part
when this soft inner part protrudes through the outer fibrous layer, it presses on the spinal cord and causes severe pain nd numbness that radiate into the lower limbs |
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Scoliosis
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abnormal or exaggerated lateral curvature
curvature occurs in the upper thoracic region associated w/dominant extremity so this curvature may be convex to the right in a right handed person and convex to the left in a left handed person Best view AP S-shaped lateral curvature exist create a limp or uneven walk |
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Kyphosis
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abnormal or exaggerated thoracic "humpback" curvature with increased convexity
Lateral thoracic spine view may be cuased by compression fractures of the anterior edges of the vertebral bodies |
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Spina Bifida
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-failure of lamina to unite
-is a congenital condition in w/c the posterior aspects of the vertebrae fail to develop exposing part of the spinal cord. this condition vaires greatly in severity and occurs most often at L5 |
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Spondylolisthesis
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vertebra slips forward
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Spondylolysis
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defect in the pars interarticularis ("Scotty dog" appearing to wear a collar)
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Lordosis
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meaning bent backward
abnormally increased "swayback" curvature involving the lumbar spine |
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Herniated Nucleus Pulposis (HNP)
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-condition is sometimes called "slipped disk"
-if the soft inner part (nucleus pulposus) of an intervertebral disk protrudes through the fibrouse cartilage outer layer (annulus) into the psinal canal it may press on the spinal cord or spinal nerves and cause severe pain and possible numbness radiating into the extremities |