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2242 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Vernaccia di Serraptrona?
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A red sparkling wine from Vernaccia made in dry and sweet versions. (Le Marche)
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When did the revival of Cabernet Sauvignon begin in Hawkes Bay New Zealand?
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Mid 1960's
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What is "annata" in Italy?
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The vintage year
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What did Sicilys regional governement do out of disdain for the DOC requirements?
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Set their own regional quality criteria.
If a label bears a "q" it is approved |
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What is Italy's most widely sold classified wine?
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Chianti
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What are the top 3 producing varietals in New Zealand?
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Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Noir, and Chardonnay
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What percent of vines planted does Sauvignon Blanc represent in New Zealand?
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1/3
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What varietals is wine production in Waikato/Bay of Plenty New Zealand focusing on?
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Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Sauvignon Blanc
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Where is the original zone of Chianti Classico located?
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Between Florence and Siena
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What is Chianti Normale?
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A wine labeled as Chianti without an identifying region.
-Meant for immediete consumption |
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Where is Lambrusco from?
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Emilia-Romagna
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What region is also known as the Italian Riviera?
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Liguria
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What is the northern most region in Italy?
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Trentino-Alto Adige
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What is the longest river in Italy?
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The Po
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What wine is considered to be the international ambassador for Calabria?
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Ciro, a rosso from the Gaglioppo grape
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Between 1997 and 2007 what happened to New Zealand wine production?
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The number of wineries doubled from 262 to 543
Vineyard land tripled from 18,300 acres to 62,600 acres |
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What region has the warmest ripening conditions in New Zealand?
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Northland
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Where has Pinot Noir acheived the most fame in New Zealand?
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Martinborough
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What does "invecchiato" mean in Italy?
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Aged
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What is "cantina" in Italy?
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A winery or wine cellar
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Where are Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon predominantly planted in New Zealand?
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Hawkes Bay
3/4 of both varietals |
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What appelation has somewhat higher production standards than the Cotes du Rhone?
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Cotes du Rhone Villages
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Where is New Zealands highest, and the worlds most southerly wine region?
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Central Otago
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What are the 8 varieties allowed for varietal labeling in Alsace?
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Auxerrois
Chasselas Gewurtztraminer Muscat Pinot Gris Pinot Noir Riesling Sylvaner |
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What is the climate of Northern Rhone?
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Continental
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What is the only region in France that is allowed to grow Riesling?
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Alsace
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What percent of the Rhones wine production is in Southern Rhone?
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95%
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What district is considered the warmest in Germany?
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Kaiserstuhl
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What is the largest Rhone cru?
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Chateauneuf du Pape
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In what German wine region are 3/4 of the vines planted Riesling?
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Mittelrhein
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What was the first country to initiate laws to protect the names and origins of wine?
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Italy in the 1700's
-specifically Chianti |
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What does an einzellage lay within?
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A grosslage, within a bereich, within an ambaugebiete
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What are the top two classifications of Greek wines?
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OPE
OPAP |
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How much of Greece's total wine production is table wine?
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Half
-It is mostly bulk white wine |
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Of the 280,000 acres of vineyards in Greece, how many are planted with wine grapes?
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About half
-The rest are table grapes and raisins |
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What is the largest producer of the Tre-Venezie?
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Veneto
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What perentage of Italy's wine comes from the Tre-Venezie?
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17%
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What appelations of Southwest France are along the Basque border with Spain?
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Madiran
Jurancon Iruleguy |
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What are typical Northern Rhone wines based on?
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Single varietals
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What does the classification OPE represent?
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Sweet fortified wines in Greece
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What area of Greece is home to soft white wines and retsina?
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Central Greece
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When did the modern Italian system of wine classification take effect?
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1963
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What is the wine quality pyramid of Italy?
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Vino di Tavola
IGT DOC DOCG |
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What are the 5 regions of Central Italy?
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Marches
Umbria Latium Abruzzo Molise |
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How many OPE's are there in Greece?
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8
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What is the climate of Southern Rhone?
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Mediterranean
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Where are the wineries of Nemea and Patras located?
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Peleponnesus, Greece
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What is the primary grape of Montilla-Moriles?
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Pedro Ximenez
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What wine zones are in Victoria?
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Central Victoria
Gippsland North East Victoria North West Victoria Port Phillip Western Victoria |
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What are the 4 types of Madeira ascending by level of sweetness?
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Sercial
Verdelho Bual Malmsey |
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What are the three most common grapes used in Vin doux naturels?
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Muscat
Muscat a Petits Grains Muscat of Alexandria |
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What are the advantages of controlled/inoculated fermentation?
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-rapid start to fermentation
-higher alcohol production -An ability to ferment at lower temperatures -less production of unwanted byproducts -resulting wine is clean and free of odors |
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What is the primary grape of Beaujolais?
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Gamay
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What is the most widely planted red grape in Italy?
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Sangiovese
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Historically, how was Malaga made?
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From grapes dried on mats in the sun
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What are the grapes used in white port production?
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Malvasia Fina
Gouveio Rabigato |
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What can happen to the alcohol strength in an old oloroso?
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It can increase to as much as 24% due to evaporation
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What is the soil type of Anjou Saumur?
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Gravel terraces, chalk, schist, slate, and volcanic spilite with deep granite loams
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What are three red wines produced in Touraine?
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Chinon
Bourgueil St. Nicholas de Bourgueil |
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Where do the sweet wines of Anjou Saumur come from?
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Coteaux du Layon
Bonezeaux Quarts de Charme *all are 100% Chenin Blanc |
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How was Madeira discovered?
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Wines were shipped in cask to the far east and Americas
The rocking of the boat and heat of the tropics accelerated the aging process |
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Where is Madeira located?
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A Portuguese island in the Atlantic 400 miles from the African coast
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How is grape sugar and ethanol measured in France?
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Baume = grape sugar = ethanol
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At what temperature does port production take place?
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Between 80-85 degrees
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What is liqueur d'expedition?
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A dosage of cuvee to replace what was lost in disgorgement
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What is degorgement?
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Sediment that is removed from the neck of a bottle of champagne.
Wine is chilled, the neck dipped into an icy brine solution, crown cap removed, ice yeast plug shoots out |
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What is aquardente in port production?
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A grape spirit with an alcohol strength of 77%
Used to halt fermentation |
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What are the ascending levels of sweetness in Champagne?
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brut nature/sans dosage - no sugar
extra brut - extremely dry brut - dry extra dry/extra sec - off dry sec - slightly sweet demi-sec - sweet doux - very sweet |
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What are the 3 definitions for solera?
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A set of casks arranged in tiers, each representing a different vintage
An aging and fractional blending system The butts containing the oldest wine |
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What is the taille phase?
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taille = cut
In sparkling wine production the marc is cut in the maie with the pelles when the mouton is lifted |
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What French category is seen as a temporary probationary status for those wines awaiting the higher level?
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VDQS
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What is the soil of the right bank of Bordeaux?
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Clay, chalk, sand and gravel
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What is Austrias position in the wine market today?
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Regaining its position
Considered to be one of the most modern, dynamic, and active wine producing countries |
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What weather patterns in Austria affect the growing season?
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The fierce winds of the Hungarian steppes and the more temperate winds and rain showers from Western Europe
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What viticultural or vinicultural practices are restricted in Australia?
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There aren't any
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Where is the Limari Valley in Chile?
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Coquimbo region
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In what part of Victoria does Riesling grow the best?
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In the high country, inparticularly the Strathbogie Ranges
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How does Austria mark a bottle to show that it has passed quality control mandates?
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A red and white banderole around its neck
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What is Australias place of origin system known as?
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Geographical indications
GI's |
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What wine region in Austria has its own classification system?
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Wachau
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What are the 4 main wine districts in Chile (north to south)?
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Coquimbo
Aconcagua Central Valley Southern Region |
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What are crayeres?
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Large excavations from the Romans mining chalk in Champagne. They are now cool damp storage for wine
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What are two variations of Manzanilla Sherry?
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Manzanilla Pasada - lost its flor
Manzanilla Amontillado - prolonged aging |
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What is a reserve ruby?
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A blend of premium rubys bottled after 4-6 years in oak
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What specific conditions are required for the growth of flor in finos?
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-must have acidity
-environment must be humid and aerobic -barrels must be seasoned -no residual sugar -alcohol can not exceed 16% |
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What is tawny port?
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May be bottled after 3 years like ruby but many are labeled as 10-20 or 30 years old. This signifies an average time in cask, not the minimum
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What is the least acidic and most aldelhydic wine in the world?
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Sherry
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What are four Nebbiolo based wines out of Piedmont?
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Barolo
Barbarescco Gattinara Ghemme |
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What type of fermentation does most Gamay go through
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Carbonic maceratiion or whole berry fermentation
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What is the purpose of cold stabilization?
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The chilling of white wine in the cask tank to filter out the tartrate crystals
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What are some of the characteristics of an oaked Sauvignon Blanc?
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Medium bodied
Masked varietal flavor Smoke Toast Mouth-filling |
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What varietal may have "petrol" characteristics when aged?
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Riesling
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What are the profile characteristics of Riesling?
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High acid
ripens to high sugar levels often finished with residual sugar long-lived |
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What is a "climat" in Burgundy?
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A vineyard parcel
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What is the change in respiration as the climate gets colder?
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respiration increases
for every 18 degrees respiration doubles |
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Define translocation
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Materials are moved from one area of the plant to another
i.e. Sugars are moved from the leaf to growing shoot tips, roots, or the trunk where they are needed for energy |
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Define Microclimate
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The area directly surrounding the vine or canopy
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Define Mesoclimate
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The weather experienced within a specific vineyard
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What varietal produces both gray-blue and gray-pink clusters, often on the same vine?
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Pinot Grigio/Gris
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What flavor profile would a Riesling grown on volcanic soil have?
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Mango, papaya, and tropical fruits
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What is a trellis system?
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A superstructure to support the vines vegetative growth and enable it to be positioned for optimal sunlight exposure and air passage.
i.e. a stake, a multilevel system of posts, crossbars and wires |
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What is powdery mildew?
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a.k.a.oidium
-native to North America -Attacks the vine with white cobweb like filaments -Infection before flowering results in reduced yields -Can survive over winter -Thrives in warm dry condidtions with shade -sulfur spray eliminates this threat |
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Where are the majority of white grapes found in Bordeaux?
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Left Bank and Entre Deux Mers
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What is downy mildew?
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AKA peronospera
-fungal disease native to North America -attacks green on plant -Initially vine leaf appears to have oil spots, spreads outward with white cottany filaments -Copper sprays (Bordeaux mixture) can stop infection from spreading |
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What is organic viticulture?
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Increases soil microbial activity by adding compost and manure and eliminating all synthetic products
Allows application of inorganic elements such as sulfur and copper |
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What are the primary white varieties in Austria?
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Gruner Veltliner
Welsch Riesling Chardonnay Weissburgunder Riesling Sauvignon Blanc Fruhroter (roter) veltliner Neuburger Rotgipfler Zeirfandler |
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What is shoot thinning?
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Removal of excess shoot growth in the spring
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What is winter pruning?
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Removel of portions of the previous seasons growth so the vine maintains a desired shape and size
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Define sand as a soil fraction
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Largest particle of soil
Least capacity for holding nutrients and water |
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Define clay as a soil fraction
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Has the greatest capacity for holding water and nutrients
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What is "terra rossa"?
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A red brown mix of clay, sand, and silt
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What area is home to the biggest wine companies in Australia?
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Barossa Valley
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In what region of Australia is the north known for its reds and the south known for its sparkling wines?
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Pyrenees
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What is the most prevelant white grape in Australia?
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Chardonnay
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What grapes grow well in Rio Negro and Neuquen and why?
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Torrontes and Semillon
-cool climate and limestone soils are good for high acid whites |
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What are the classification fators that determine a wines category or status in Greece?
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Place of origin
Method of production Grape varieties |
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What is a "Grand Marque" Champagne?
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used to indicate membership in what was once an exclusive club sydicat des Grand Marques
-now defunct - Is not the result of a superior classification |
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What is Torgiano Reserve made from?
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minimum 70% sangiovese plus other non-aromatic reds to fill out the blend
From Le Marche |
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What is the distance between the northern and the southern Rhone?
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32 miles
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What Austrian varietal is a cross between Weissburgunder and Silvaner?
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Neuburger
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What is Malaga?
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A fortified wine produced around the port city of Malaga in Andalucia Spain
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What are the wine regions of Steiermark (Styria)?
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Sudosteiermark
Sudsteiermark Weststeiermark Wein |
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Approximately how many wineries are there in Greece?
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400
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What is the only AOC in France that is allowed to designate its wines by variety?
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Alsace
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What are the two sparkling AOC's in the Languedoc Roussillon?
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Blanquette de Limoux
Cremant de Limoux |
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What are the requirements for Gattinara?
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90% minimum nebbiolo
May add Bonarda and Vespolina Minimum aged 3 years Minimum 1 year in cask minimum 12% alcohol Riserva minimum 4 years - 2 in wood and 12.5% alcohol |
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What is the climate and soil type in Greece?
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Mediterranean
largely alkaline and volcanic |
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What are the varietals grown in Northern Rhone?
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Syrah
Viognier Marsanne Roussanne |
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What is edelfaule?
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noble rot
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What is the most famous southern Rhone appellation?
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Chateauneuf du Pape
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What is the ratio of German sekt production to that of Champagne?
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More than twice as much
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What are the 4 groups that Greek wines are categorized into?
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Quality wines
Regional wines Table wines Retsina |
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What are the 3 grapes used for red wine production in Greece?
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Agiorgitiko (Nemea)
Xyromavro (the north) Mandilaria (Aegean Islands) |
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What are the most important varietals in Southern Rhone?
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Grenache
Syrah Mouvedre Carignan Cournoise Muscardin Vaccarese Cinsault Terret Noir Grenache Blanc Clairette Viognier Bourbelenc Ugni Blanc Roussanne Marsanne |
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What percentage of German wine falls into the Tafelwein or Landwein category?
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4%
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What variety does Chateauneuf de Pape usually have 2/3 or more of?
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Grenache
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What is the most popular still white produced in Piedmont?
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Gavi from the Cortese grape
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How are dry wines in Germany labeled?
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Trocken
Classic Selection |
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What percentage of Greek wine production comes from the islands?
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1/4 or 25%
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Up to what category level can a wine be vinified dry in Germany?
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Auslese
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What is the most prevelant grape variety in Alsace?
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Pinot Blanc
Closely followed by Riesling |
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Where is the Rhone Valley located?
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On either side of the Rhone river extending 20 miles south of Lyons to 120 miles south of the city of Avignon
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What is the required percentage of a varietal in an Alsatian wine to bear the varietal name?
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100%
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What are Greek hyma?
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Family country wines
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Where are Europes oldest vineyards found?
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Crete, Greece
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What is the majority of the wine produced in Greece?
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white
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Define the soil fraction of organic matter
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Makes clay soils more friable (easily broken apart)
Helps sandy soils retain nutrients and water |
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What is Cerasuolodi Vittoria?
|
Sicilys first DOCG
A blend of Nero d'Avola and Frappato |
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When did Pinot Noir first appear in New Zealand?
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mid 1970's in the Auckland region
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What types of wine is Macedonia known for producing?
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Heavy reds and crisp whites
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What types of wine are produced in St Peray of Northern Rhone?
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Still and sparkiling whites from Marsanne and Roussanne
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What are the additional requirements for QmP wines?
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Graduated ripeness levels
May not be Chaptalized |
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What is the top level on the German wine quality pyramid?
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QmP
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What is the literal translation of Piedmont?
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foot of the mountains
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What is "colli" in Italy?
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Hills
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What 3 regions is the south of France divided into?
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Provence
Languedoc Roussillon Southwest |
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What are the varietals that are allowed in the Alsatian Grand Cru vineyards?
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Gewurtztraminer
Muscat Pinot Gris Riesling |
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How many indigenous grape varieties does Greece have?
|
Hundreds and most are not found outside of its borders
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What types of wine are produced in St Peray of Northern Rhone?
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Still and sparkiling whites from Marsanne and Roussanne
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Where was the French appellation of origin system born?
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In the Rhone, in Chateauneuf du Pape in 1923
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What are the additional requirements for QmP wines?
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Graduated ripeness levels
May not be Chaptalized |
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What German wine region is best known for its red wines?
|
Ahr
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What is the top level on the German wine quality pyramid?
|
QmP
|
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What is the literal translation of Piedmont?
|
foot of the mountains
|
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What is "colli" in Italy?
|
Hills
|
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What 3 regions is the south of France divided into?
|
Provence
Languedoc Roussillon Southwest |
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What are the varietals that are allowed in the Alsatian Grand Cru vineyards?
|
Gewurtztraminer
Muscat Pinot Gris Riesling |
|
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How many indigenous grape varieties does Greece have?
|
Hundreds and most are not found outside of its borders
|
|
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Where was the French appellation of origin system born?
|
In the Rhone, in Chateauneuf du Pape in 1923
|
|
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What German wine region is best known for its red wines?
|
Ahr
|
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What is the category OPAP wines for in Greece?
|
non-fortified wines, most of them dry
|
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What is Eiswein?
|
Wines made from frozen grapes of at least beerenauslese quality
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What is sturm?
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Grape must served during harvest and drunk with roasted chestnuts
|
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What region is home to the Austrian Wine Academy?
|
Neusiedlersee Hugelland
|
|
|
When were grape vines first cultivated in Austria?
|
at least 700 b.c.
|
|
|
How much of the wine produced under the Cote du Rhone appellation is red?
|
95%
|
|
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How much of Australias wine production is exported?
|
2/3
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Where is the worlds largest vineyard area?
|
Languedoc Roussillon
|
|
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In the 1960's what factors were defined as major ailments to the Greek wine industry?
|
-lacked a quality control system
-winemaking practices were not sound -dubious trade practices -phylloxera invaded Northern Greece -lack of labor force due to mass emmigration |
|
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How and when was the vine brought to Australia?
|
1788 by the first English colonists
|
|
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What is "cerasuolo" in Italy?
|
a light red (cherry colored) rose
|
|
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What grape varieties are used in the production of marsala?
|
Catarratto, Grillo, and Ansonica
|
|
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What 3 ways may the base wine of marsala be fortified?
|
-addition of grape spirits
-addition of concentrated must (aka mosto cotto) -addition of a late picked overipe must and alcohol (aka sifone) |
|
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What is Argentinas 2nd largest wine region?
|
San Juan
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|
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Where is Primitivo almost exclusively grown?
|
Apulia
|
|
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The majority of wine produced in the Swan Valley and Swan District is what?
|
fortified or bulk wine
|
|
|
How are cru artisans defined in Bordeaux?
|
Small family owned and operated estates that are actively engaged in the sale of their own product
|
|
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Where did Cabernet Sauvignon originate from?
|
Bordeaux France
|
|
|
What is the difference between bottle aged and wood aged port?
|
bottle aged is without oxidation or presence of oxygen known as reductive aging. wood aged is influenced by oxygen and oxidation
|
|
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Why is sulfur added before fermentation?
|
-to inhibit wild yeast fermentation
-to slow the growth of spoilage bacteria -to prevent the browning of the juice from oxidation |
|
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What variety are dry white Bordeaux wines made mostly from?
|
Sauvignon Blanc
|
|
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What are the sweet white Bordeaux wines made from?
|
Late harvest or botrytis affected semillon
|
|
|
How many properties in Bordeaux were ranked in 1855?
|
87
|
|
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When was the one time the Bordeaux classification of 1855 was updated?
|
In 1973 Mouton Rothschild was moved from 2nd to 1st growth
|
|
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What are the coarser lots of sherry and how are they fermented?
|
Oloroso - oak
|
|
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How are the finest vats of sherry fermented?
|
In stainless steel
|
|
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What is the primary grape in sherry?
|
Palomino
|
|
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Outside of the coolest growing regions, when are the grapes typically harvested for sparkling wine production?
|
earlier than they would be for table wine production so the acids are high and the sugars and pigment are low
|
|
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How does the French term Vin Doux Naturel translate?
|
naturally sweet wine
|
|
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What are the 2 styles of Montilla Moriles wines?
|
fino and oloroso
|
|
|
What are lagares in port production?
|
Shallow granite troughs that port grapes are transported to and crushed by foot
|
|
|
What area of South Africa has soil/salt issues from the sea breezes of the Indian and Southern ocean?
|
The western coast from Perth down
|
|
|
What are the principal red grape varieties of Argentina?
|
Malbec
Bonarda Cabernet Sauvignon Syrah Merlot Tempranillo |
|
|
What are the four most tannic wines?
|
Cabernet Sauvignon
Syrah/Shiraz Nebbiolo Tannat |
|
|
How are most wines labeled in Alsace?
|
Appellation Alsace Controlee
Most wines fall under the blanket Alsace AOC |
|
|
What are the major islands that contribute to wine production in Greece?
|
Santorini
Crete Samos Limnos Rhodes Kefalonia |
|
|
What are the primary grape varieties of Languedoc Roussillon?
|
Carignan
Grenache Syrah Merlot Cabernet Sauvignon Chardonnay Sauvignon Blanc Muscat Grenache Blanc |
|
|
What types of wines are produed in the Peleponnesus region of Greece?
|
Warm reds and flowery whites
|
|
|
What is unique about Nahe, Germanys growing season?
|
spring arrives early and fall comes late giving the grapes ample time to ripen
|
|
|
What are the requirements of barolo?
|
100% Nebbiolo
minimum 3 years aging minimum 2 years in cask a riserva is a minimum of 5 years |
|
|
What percent of Alsatian wines are white?
|
91%
|
|
|
What are the five grapes typically used in a red Bordeaux?
|
Cabernet Sauvignon
Cabernet Franc Merlot Malbec Petite Verdot |
|
|
What is the relationship between primitivo and zinfandel?
|
They are different clones of the same variety
|
|
|
What do the soils of the left bank of Bordeaux consist of?
|
gravel of varying depths, sand and pebbles
|
|
|
Pineau de la Loire is another name for what varietal?
|
Chenin Blanc
|
|
|
What appellations in Bordeaux surround the town of Libourne?
|
Canon-Fronsac
Fronsac Lalande de Pomerol Pomerol St. Emillion |
|
|
What are the regional wines of Maconnais called?
|
Macon
Macon Superieur Macon plus the name of the village |
|
|
Where is Welsch Riesling grown?
|
Austria
Bulgaria Hungary Italy |
|
|
How are quality wine production grapes grown in Argentina?
|
trained in a vertical trellis system and drip irrigated
|
|
|
What is Argentinas Tempranilla known as in Spain?
|
Tempranillo
|
|
|
Define shoot devigoration
|
The slowing of shoot elongation.
Can be accomplished by water stress or forcing upward growing shoots into a downward position |
|
|
How was Viognier brought to the United States?
|
It was found in the Rhone in the mid 1980's
|
|
|
What is Syrah/Shiraz commonly blended with and where?
|
Viognier in Australia and Cote Rotie
|
|
|
What are the principal white grape varieties grown in argentina?
|
Pedro Gimenez
Torrontes Chardonnay Moscatel de Alejandria Chenin Blanc Ugni Blanc |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Muscat?
|
high alcohol
high extract highly aromatic good acids |
|
|
How is Viognier typically fermented?
|
stainless steel without malolactic
|
|
|
What is the most widely planted white varietal in Argentina?
|
Pedro Gimenez
NO relation to Spains Pedro Ximenez |
|
|
What are the Austrian DAC's?
|
Weinvertal - Gruner Veltliner
Traisental - Gruner Veltliner and Riesling Kremstal - Gruner Veltliner and Riesling Mittelburgenland - Blaufrankisch Kamptal Leithaberg Eisenberg |
|
|
What is the most widely planted grape variety in Bordeaux?
|
Merlot
|
|
|
A significant amount of what was thought to be Merlot in Chile is actually what grape variety?
|
Carmenere
|
|
|
What is Barbera primarily used for when grown in hot climates?
|
bulk wine production
|
|
|
Where is the majority of the worlds Gamay planted?
|
Beaujolais
|
|
|
What is significant of Beaujolais Nouveau wines?
|
They are finished and ready to be drank within a few months of harvest
|
|
|
What are lees?
|
yeast cells and other solids remaining after fermentation
|
|
|
What is racking?
|
The draining of clear wine off of the sediment or lees
|
|
|
What is retroussage?
|
"turning up" or "tucking up" of squashed grapes during the pressing stage of sparkling wine production
|
|
|
What region is Nebbiolo native to?
|
Piedmont, Italy
|
|
|
What are the districts of Tasmania?
|
Launceston
Hobart |
|
|
What are the districts of South Australia?
|
Adelaide Hills
Barossa Valley Clare Valley Coonawarra Eden Valley Wrattonbully Limestone Coast Southern Fleurieu Kangaroo Island Currency Creek Riverland Langhorne Creek McLaren Vale Padthaway Mt Benson Adelaide Plains Robe??? |
|
|
What are the districts of Victoria?
|
Rutherglen
Goulburn Valley Yarra Valley |
|
|
What are the districts of New South Whales?
|
Lower Hunter Valley
Upper Hunter Valley Mudgee Riverina |
|
|
What are the sub AVA's of Sonoma?
|
Alexander Valley
Bennett Valley Dry Creek Valley Knights Valley Rockpile Russian River Valley Chalkhills Green Valley |
|
|
What are the sub AVA's of Napa?
|
Atlas Peak
Chiles Valley Diamond Mountain Howell Mountain Los Carneros Mt. Veeder Oakville Rutherford Spring Mountain St. Helena Stags Leap Wild Horse Valley Yountville |
|
|
What are the sub AVA's of Mendocino?
|
Anderson Valley
Cole Ranch McDowell Valley Potter Valley Redwood Valley Yorkville Highlands |
|
|
What are the AVA's of the South Coast?
|
Cucamonga Valley
Malibu Newton Canyon Temecula San Pascual Valley |
|
|
What are the AVA's of the Central Valley Region?
|
Clarksburg
Dunnigan Hills Solano County Green Valley Suisan Valley Lodi River Junction Diablo Grande Madera |
|
|
What are the Sierra Foothills AVA's?
|
North Yuba
El Dorado Fairplay California Shenandoah Valley Fiddeltown |
|
|
What are the Central Coast AVA's?
|
San Francisco Bay
Santa Cruz Mountains Cienega Valley Mount Harlan Limekiln Valley Pacheco Pass Paicines San Benito Arroyo Seco Carmel Valley Chalone Hames Valley Monterey San Lucia Highlands Arroyo Grande Valley Edna Valley Paso Robles Santa Maria Valley York Mountain Santa Rita Hills Santa Ynez Valley |
|
|
What are the North Coast AVA's?
|
Mendocino
Mendocino Ridge Benmore Valley Clear Lake Guenoc Valley Napa Valley Northern Sonoma Sonoma Coast Sonoma Valley |
|
|
What are the cru Beaujolais?
|
Fleurie
Morgan Moulin a Vent Brouilly Cote Brouilly Regnie Julienas St. Amour Chenas Chiroubles |
|
|
What are the Maconnaise AOC's?
|
Macon
Macon Superiure Macon Village Pouilly Fuisse Pouilly Loche Pouilly Vinzelles St. Veran |
|
|
What are the 5 communes of Cotes Challonaise?
|
Rully
Bouzeron Mercurey Givry Montagny *no grand cru |
|
|
What are the Grand Cru of Chablis?
|
Les Clos
Vaudesir Valmur Blanchot Les Bougros Les Preuses Grenouilles |
|
|
What are the satellites of St Emillion?
|
Montagne
Lussac St. George Puisseguin Cotes du Castillon Bordeaux Cotes de Francs |
|
|
What are the 6 communes on the left bank of Bordeaux?
|
North to South
St. Estephe Pauillac St. Julien Listrac Moulis Margaux |
|
|
What are the three sweet Chenin Blancs of Anjou?
|
Bonnezeaux
Quarts de Chaume Coteaux du Layon |
|
|
What are two famous Chenin Blancs out of Touraine?
|
Vouvray
Montlouis Sur Loire |
|
|
What are the grapes of the Northern and Southern Rhone?
|
North-Syrah, Viognier, Marsanne, Roussanne
South-Syrah, Grenache, Grenache Blanc, Carignan, Mouvedre, Viognier, Marsanne, Roussanne, Bourbelanc, Picoul Blanc |
|
|
What are Chinon and Bourgueil?
|
Wines out of Touraine (Loire)
90% Cabernet Franc 10% Cabernet Sauvignon |
|
|
What are the districts of Western Australia?
|
Margaret River
Swan River Great Southern |
|
|
What is corbieres known for?
|
Languedoc Roussillon, its reds are famous
|
|
|
What are the 4 districts of Champagne?
|
Valle de la Marne
Montagne de Reims Cotes de Blancs Cote des Bar |
|
|
Where are Quincy and Rouilly located?
|
In Pouilly sur Loire of the Loire Valley
|
|
|
What is Melon de Bourgogne?
|
Muscadet
|
|
|
What is the soil of Petite Chablis?
|
Portlandian
|
|
|
What is Smaragd?
|
Late harvest grapes in Austria
|
|
|
How is Ausbruch made?
|
adding late harvest non botrysized must to must from the same vineyard that was botrysized
|
|
|
What is Austrias largest wine district?
|
Weinviertal
|
|
|
What region in Austria has its own classification system?
|
Wachau
|
|
|
What is largest wine producing region in Germany?
|
Rheinnhessen
|
|
|
What is the largest red wine region in Germany?
|
Wurtemburg
|
|
|
What region in Germany is best known for its reds?
|
Ahr
|
|
|
What are the 13 ambaugabiete of Germany?
|
Ahr
Baden Franken Hessische Bergstrasse Mittelrhein Rheingau Wurrtemburg Rheinhessen Mosel Nahe Pfalz Sachsen Saale Unstrut |
|
|
Where is Tannat grown?
|
Madiran - southwest France
|
|
|
What are the red grapes of Languedoc Rouissillon?
|
Grenach
Syrah Mouvedre Cinsault Carignan |
|
|
What is Blanquette de Limoux?
|
Mauzac grape
A sparkling wine from the Languedoc |
|
|
What are the soil compositions of the north and south Rhone?
|
North is granite and schist
South is gallettes or large rocks |
|
|
What is tuffeau?
|
A chalky limestone soil
|
|
|
What is the dry white wine of Anjou?
|
Savennieres
|
|
|
What are the 5 first growths of Bordeaux?
|
Latour
Lafite Rothschild Mouton Rothschild Margaux Haut Brion |
|
|
What are the 4 regions of the Loire Valley?
|
Pays Nantais
Anjou Touraine Pouilly sur Loire |
|
|
What is a cantine sociale or cantine cooperative in Italy?
|
A wine cooperative or wineries owned by a group of members
|
|
|
What is the most planted and most acclaimed grape variety in Wellington New Zealand?
|
Pinot Noir
|
|
|
What is vigna or vigneto in Italy?
|
A vineyard
|
|
|
What is the largest producer of Chardonnay in New Zealand?
|
Hawkes Bay
|
|
|
What is considered to be the Chardonnay capital of New Zealand?
|
Gisborne
|
|
|
What is the most intensely cultivated vine in Basilicata?
|
Aglianico
|
|
|
What are the three most popular varieties in Auckland New Zealand?
|
Merlot
Cabernet Sauvignon Chardonnay |
|
|
Who was the first winemaker in New Zealand?
|
James Busby of 1840
|
|
|
What are the most widely planted grapes in Canterbury New Zealand?
|
Pinot Noir and Riesling
2/3 |
|
|
When was Chardonnay first introduced to New Zealand?
|
1830's then dissapeared with phylloxera
Reintroduced in the early 1970's |
|
|
When did Phylloxera arrive in New Zealand?
|
1920's
|
|
|
What are the requirements for Vattellina Superiore?
|
Minimum 90% nebbiolo
Minimum 2 years aged Minimum 1 year in oak 3 years in oak classifies riserva At least 1% more alcohol |
|
|
What was the original mandatory blend of Chianti?
|
Sangiovese
Canaiolo Nero Malvasia Trebbiano |
|
|
What are the 2 renowned wines that come from the Valpolicella district?
|
Amarone della Valpolicella
Recioto della Valpolicella |
|
|
What is the area between the Southern Rhone Valley and the Italian border?
|
Provence and the French Riviera
|
|
|
When did Merlot appear in New Zealand?
|
early 1980's
recently (2000) it surpassed plantings of Cabernet Sauvignon |
|
|
What is Vin Santo?
|
A madierized dessert wine renowned in Tuscany
Dried out grapes are pressed and put in barrels with a starter culture (typically Vin Santo lees from a previous vintage) |
|
|
What causes an Amarone to become a Recioto?
|
If the fermentation is stopped by chilling the must before all sugar has converted to alcohol
|
|
|
What flavors are typical of a Syrah that has been left on the vine too long?
|
Rubber tires
Fuesal oil Insipid Blackberry juice |
|
|
What are the 3 wine districts in Northland New Zealand?
|
Kaitaia
Bay of Islands Whangarei |
|
|
What is the mistral?
|
The strong wind threatening the vines of Northern Rhone
|
|
|
What is the driest region in France?
|
Alsace because of the rainshadow from the Vosges Mountains
|
|
|
What is Edelzwicker in Alsace?
|
A blend of two or more grapes
|
|
|
What is Selection de Grains Nobles and Vengange Tardive?
|
SGN is a botrytis infected wine
VT is a late harvest that has not been affected by botrytis |
|
|
What are the aging requirements for non-vintage Champagne?
|
15 months on lees
Cava is 9 months |
|
|
What are the aging requirements for vintage Champagne?
|
36 months on lees
|
|
|
What is a monopole in Burgundy?
|
A vineyard owned by a single proprieter
|
|
|
What is Passe Tout Grains?
|
A pinot noir and Gamay blend out of Burgundy
|
|
|
How many Grand Crus are there in Burgundy?
|
33
|
|
|
What 2 Grand Crus in Burgundy produce both red and white wine?
|
Corton
Musigny |
|
|
What are the Cru Artisans in Bordeaux?
|
A classification for a smaller family owned and run winery
Must be less than 12 acres or 5 hectares in size |
|
|
What does en primeur mean?
|
In futures
|
|
|
What is the primary difference between the St Emillion AOC and the classifications?
|
The Classifications will be proceeded with "en classe"
|
|
|
What is the difference between port style and sherry style production?
|
Sherrys are fermented to dry and fortified after while ports are fortified during fermentation
|
|
|
What wine category does 2/3 of the wine of Spain fall in?
|
Table wine
Vinos de la Mesa and Vinos de la Tierra |
|
|
What are the six terms used on a Spanish lable to indicate age?
|
Vino Noble
Vino Anejo Vino Viejo Vino de Crianza Reserva Gran Reserva |
|
|
What does it mean if a Spanish label says "vino anejo"?
|
A wine that spent a minimum of 24 months aging in wood or in the bottle
|
|
|
What does it mean if a Spanish label says "vino viejo"?
|
A wine that spent a minimum of 36 months in a strongly oxidative environment with light oxygen or heat
|
|
|
What does it mean if a Spanish wine label says "vino de crianza"?
|
A red wine that has aged a minimum of 24 months, 6 in wood
or a white or rose that has aged 18 months |
|
|
In what place does Spain rank as a producer of wine in the world?
|
Third
|
|
|
What place does the vine rank in Spain for total cultivated surface area?
|
Third
After cereals and olives |
|
|
Where are nearly half of Spains vineyards located?
|
Castile La Mancha
|
|
|
What event prompted international recognition of Spanish wines?
|
French winemakers left their vineyards after they were destroyed by phylloxera, and moved to Spain to produce wine
|
|
|
What is the average PH of wine?
|
2.9-3.8
|
|
|
What is the wine regulating council at the federal level in Spain?
|
INDO Instituto Nacional de Denominaciones de Origin
|
|
|
What percent of wine is water?
|
80-90%
10-20% is organic compounds |
|
|
What is the sweetness recognition threshold for an average human being?
|
.5-2.5%
1% is the average |
|
|
What are teinturiers?
|
A grape with pigmented pulp
|
|
|
What are the color pigments called in red and white wine?
|
white - flavones
red - anthocyanins |
|
|
How many esters are there in wine?
|
200-300
|
|
|
What is retro-olfaction?
|
Volatile aromas in the mouth are carried to the olfactory bulb
|
|
|
What is the olfactory epitheleum?
|
The sensory organ for the sense of smell
A small patch of tissue located at the top and rear of the nasal cavity Humans have two |
|
|
What latitude do grape vine thrive at?
|
30-50 N latitude
|
|
|
What is the typical length of time between budbreak and harvest?
|
140-160 days
May be as short as 110 or as long as 200 |
|
|
At what temperatures will photosynthesis occur?
|
Above 50 degrees and below 95 degrees
Ideal between 68-86 degrees |
|
|
What happens to respiration as the temperature increases?
|
It increases
rate of respiration doubles each increase of 18 degrees |
|
|
What type of soil has the least capability to hold water and nutrients?
|
Sand
|
|
|
What type of soil holds water the best?
|
clay
|
|
|
What is the formula for the process of fermentation?
|
C6H12O6 > 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
|
|
|
What does wild yeast fermentation cause an increase of?
|
acetic acid (vinegar)
ethyl acetate (nail polish remover) glycerol high alcohols SO2 production acetaldehydes |
|
|
What is aqueous extraction?
|
Another name for cold soaking
|
|
|
What type of fermentation utilizes enzymatic as opposed to alcoholic?
|
Wholeberry fermentation
|
|
|
What is retroussage?
|
Scooping in Champagne production
|
|
|
What is cepage?
|
The blending process in Champagne production
|
|
|
What is poinetage?
|
Shaking the bottle in Champagne production to make sure all of the wine is in contact with the yeast
|
|
|
To what percentage is sherry fortified to?
(fino vs oloroso) |
15.5% for finos
18-24% for olorosos |
|
|
What does a fino sherry become if the flor dies?
|
Amontillado
|
|
|
What happens if the flor in a fino gets heavier and it is grown in San Lucar Barameda?
|
Becomes a manzanilla
|
|
|
What is an oloroso called when it becomes fino like?
|
Palo Cortado
|
|
|
How many vinos de Calidad Con Indicacion Geografica are there in Spain?
|
4
|
|
|
How many DO's are there in Spain?
|
About 60
|
|
|
What are the DOCa's in Spain?
|
Rioja
Priorat Ribera Del Duoro (as of 2008) |
|
|
How long must a wine in Spain have DO status before becoming a DOCa?
|
At least 10 years
|
|
|
How many Vinos de Pagos are there in Spain?
|
Five all in La Mancha
|
|
|
Which two varietals are used for Bourgogne Passe-tout-Grains?
|
Pinot Noir and Gamay
|
|
|
Name the four "Noble" varietals of Alsace
|
Pinot Gris
Muscat Gewurtztraminer Riesling |
|
|
Hunter Valley is a GI of which region?
|
New South Whales
|
|
|
What is the AOC of chateau Haut Brion?
|
Pessac Leognan
|
|
|
How many Ambaugebieten are there?
|
13
|
|
|
What are the Ambaugebieten of Germany?
|
Ahr
Baden Franken Mittelrhein Nahe Pfalz Hessische Bergstrasse Wurtemberg Rheingau Rheinhessen Mosel-Saar-Ruwer Saale Uchsen Sachsen |
|
|
What is the minimum % required for varietal labeling in Chile?
|
85% for EU export
|
|
|
What is the AOC for the still red, white and rose wines of Champagne?
|
Coteaux Champenoisse
|
|
|
What are the three most important native varietals used in Cava production?
|
Macabeo
Parelleda Xarel-lo |
|
|
What are the DOCG's of Tuscany?
|
Chianti Classico, Brunello di Monticello, Vino Nobile de Montepulciano, Vernacia di San Gimignano,Morellino di Scansano, Carmignano, Chianti
|
|
|
Name the regions of the Western Cape
|
Lowlands
Highlands Islay Speyside |
|
|
The Ohio River Valley AVA covers parts of which states?
|
Ohio
Indiana Kentucky West Virginia |
|
|
What is the most widely grown red varietal of the Medoc?
|
Merlot
|
|
|
What are the Aoc's within the Medoc?
|
Paulliac
Listrac Haut-Medoc Pessac Leognan Margaux Moulis Fronsac St. Julien St. Estephe |
|
|
Claire and Eden Valleys are known for which varietal?
|
Riesling
|
|
|
What are the primary varietals of red Port?
|
Tinto Roriz
Touriga Nacional Tinta Barroca Tinta Cao Touriga Francisca Touriga Franca Trincadera Donzelinho Tinto Bastardo |
|
|
What are the primary varietals for white port?
|
Arinto
Donzelinho Branco Gouveio (Verdelho) Malvasio Fino Rabigato Viosinho |
|
|
What is the main varietal for Hermitage Rouge?
|
Syrah
|
|
|
What are the Grand Cru of Chablis?
|
Vaudesirs
Les Clos Grenouilles Les Preuses Bougros Valmur Blanchot |
|
|
What sparkling wine DOC of the Veneto is named after its primary varietal?
|
Prosecco
|
|
|
What is the local term for malbec grown in the Loire Valley?
|
Auxerrois
Cot in Bordeaux |
|
|
What charity organization holds its yearly auction on the third Sunday of November?
|
Hospices de Beaune
|
|
|
What is the German term for Pinot Noir?
|
Spatburgunder
|
|
|
What is remontage?
|
Pumping over the cap to prevent drying out and increase extraction during fermentation
|
|
|
Is Wellington on the North Island or South Island?
|
North Island
|
|
|
What is the governing body of Canadian wine and winemaking?
|
VQA
Vintners Quality Alliance |
|
|
Who produces "Hill of Grace"?
|
Hentschke
|
|
|
What is the term for the late harvest wines of Vouvray?
|
Moulleux
|
|
|
The best wines of the Mosel come from which Bereich?
|
Mosel-Saar-Ruwer
|
|
|
What is the % requirement for varietal labeling in Argentina?
|
85%
|
|
|
What are the AOC's of the Maconnais?
|
St. Verand
Pouilly Fuisse St. Amour Macon-Village Macon Superior Pouilly Vinzelle Pouilly Loche |
|
|
What are the AOC's of Bordeaux that can produce sweet wine?
|
Sauternes
Barsac Cerons Loupiac St. Croix du Mont Cadillac Bordeaux Haut Benauge Bordeaux Cote-du-Francs Liquoreux Graves Superior |
|
|
Pinotage is a cross of which two varietals?
|
Pinot Noir and Cinsault
|
|
|
Where is Pinotage primarily grown?
|
South Africa
|
|
|
What is the principal white varietal of the Rais Baixas?
|
Albarino
|
|
|
What are the DOCG's that utilize Nebbiolo?
|
Ghattinara
Ghemme Spanna Barolo Barbaresco |
|
|
What are the AVA's of Washington State?
|
Red Mountain
Horse Heaven Hills Snipes Mountain Lake Chelan Puget sound Rattlesnake Hills Yakima Valley Columbia Valley Walla Walla Valley Wahluke Slope |
|
|
What are the varietals used in the production of madiera?
|
Sercial
Verdehlo Bual Malmsey |
|
|
What is the required % for varietal labeling in Australia?
|
85%
|
|
|
What are the major growing regions of champagne?
|
Montagne de Reims
Cotes de Blancs Valle de la Marne Aube Cotes de Sezanne |
|
|
What is the range of sweetness, in grams/liter, for Brut Champagne?
|
0-15 g/l
|
|
|
What is the range of sweetness, in grams/liter, for Brut Champagne?
|
0-15 g/l
|
|
|
What is the range of sweetness, in grams/liter, for Brut Champagne?
|
0-15 g/l
|
|
|
What is the range of sweetness, in grams/liter, for Brut Champagne?
|
0-15 g/l
|
|
|
What is the Sauvignon Blanc only AOC of Burgundy?
|
St. Bris
|
|
|
What is the Sauvignon Blanc only AOC of Burgundy?
|
St. Bris
|
|
|
What is the Sauvignon Blanc only AOC of Burgundy?
|
St. Bris
|
|
|
What is the Sauvignon Blanc only AOC of Burgundy?
|
St. Bris
|
|
|
What is the term for Alsatian wine made from specially selected rotten grapes?
|
Edelfaule
|
|
|
What is the term for Alsatian wine made from specially selected rotten grapes?
|
Edelfaule
|
|
|
What is the term for Alsatian wine made from specially selected rotten grapes?
|
Edelfaule
|
|
|
What is the term for Alsatian wine made from specially selected rotten grapes?
|
Edelfaule
|
|
|
What "grain" must dominate in Bourbon?
|
Corn
|
|
|
What "grain" must dominate in Bourbon?
|
Corn
|
|
|
What "grain" must dominate in Bourbon?
|
Corn
|
|
|
What "grain" must dominate in Bourbon?
|
Corn
|
|
|
What is the minimum percentage of corn required in Bourbon?
|
51%
|
|
|
What is the minimum percentage of corn required in Bourbon?
|
51%
|
|
|
What is the minimum percentage of corn required in Bourbon?
|
51%
|
|
|
What is the minimum percentage of corn required in Bourbon?
|
51%
|
|
|
McLaren Vale is a GI of what region?
|
South Australia
|
|
|
McLaren Vale is a GI of what region?
|
South Australia
|
|
|
McLaren Vale is a GI of what region?
|
South Australia
|
|
|
McLaren Vale is a GI of what region?
|
South Australia
|
|
|
What is the primary varietal of Cote Rotie?
|
Syrah
|
|
|
What is the primary varietal of Cote Rotie?
|
Syrah
|
|
|
What is the primary varietal of Cote Rotie?
|
Syrah
|
|
|
What is the primary varietal of Cote Rotie?
|
Syrah
|
|
|
What varietal can be used with Syrah in Cote Rotie?
|
Viognier
|
|
|
What varietal can be used with Syrah in Cote Rotie?
|
Viognier
|
|
|
What varietal can be used with Syrah in Cote Rotie?
|
Viognier
|
|
|
What varietal can be used with Syrah in Cote Rotie?
|
Viognier
|
|
|
What are the three primary varietals of White Bordeaux?
|
Sauvignon Blanc
Muscadelle Semillon |
|
|
What are the three primary varietals of White Bordeaux?
|
Sauvignon Blanc
Muscadelle Semillon |
|
|
What are the three primary varietals of White Bordeaux?
|
Sauvignon Blanc
Muscadelle Semillon |
|
|
What are the three primary varietals of White Bordeaux?
|
Sauvignon Blanc
Muscadelle Semillon |
|
|
What is the name for the sacramental wine of Tuscany that is made from dried grapes?
|
Vin Santo
|
|
|
What is the name for the sacramental wine of Tuscany that is made from dried grapes?
|
Vin Santo
|
|
|
What is the name for the sacramental wine of Tuscany that is made from dried grapes?
|
Vin Santo
|
|
|
What is the name for the sacramental wine of Tuscany that is made from dried grapes?
|
Vin Santo
|
|
|
What is the German name for an individual vineyard site?
|
Einzellage
|
|
|
What is the name of the appelation shared by both Napa and Sonoma counties?
|
Los carneros
|
|
|
What are the regions of New Zealands South Island?
|
Otago
Nelson Marlborough Canterbury |
|
|
What are the classified growths of St. Estephe?
|
Calon-Segur
Montrose Lafon Rochet Cos Labory Cos |
|
|
What region of Austria utilizes a unique naming system for its wines?
|
Wachau
|
|
|
The letters RM on a bottle of Champagne indicate what?
|
A wine that was made and bottled by the owner of the property
|
|
|
What are the Pradikats in order from lowest to highest must weight?
|
Kabinett
Spatlese Auslese Beerenauslese Eiswein Trockenbeerenauslese |
|
|
Constantia is historically famous for wines from what varietal?
|
Muscat
|
|
|
What are the AOC's of the entre-Deux-Mers
|
Entre-Deux-Mers
Entre-Deux-Mers Haut Benauge Bordeaux Haut Benauge Cadillac Cotes de Bordeaux St.Macaire Graves de Vayres Loupiac Premieres Cotes De Bordeaux Saint Croix du Mont Sainte-Foy-Bordeaux |
|
|
What is a synonym for Nebbiolo?
|
Spanna
Chiavenesca Picotendro |
|
|
What are the synonyms for Sangiovese?
|
Prugnolo, Brunello. Morellino, and Calabrese
|
|
|
What are the red varietals permitted for Rioja?
|
Tempranillo
Garnacha Mazuelo Graciano Monastrell de Rioja Maturano Tinto Maturano |
|
|
What are the white varietals permitted for Rioja?
|
Garnacha Blanca
Malvasia Viura Verdejo Sauvignon Blanc Chardonnay Turruntes Maturana Blanca |
|
|
The Rapel Valley sits within what larger region?
|
Central Valley VA
|
|
|
This village of the Cote challonaise relies on Aligote instead of chardonnay.
|
Bouzeron
|
|
|
T or F
Vinho Verde is a DOC for white wine only. |
False
|
|
|
What is Hunter Valley Riesling another name for?
|
Semillon
|
|
|
What style of wine is produced in the Quarts de Chaume AOC?
|
Sweet white
|
|
|
What varietal is used to produce wines in the Quarts de Chaume AOC?
|
Chenin Blanc
|
|
|
What are the sub-AVA's of the Willamette Valley?
|
Ribbon Ridge
McMinnville Eola-Amity Hills Chehalem Yamhill Carlton Dundee Hills Red Hills Douglas Count |
|
|
T or F
Chateauneuf du Pape can be red, white, or rose. |
False
no Rose |
|
|
What is the German name for dry?
|
Trocken
|
|
|
Is Hawkes Bay in the South Island or North Island?
|
North
|
|
|
In what year were the vineyards of the Medoc first classified?
|
1855
|
|
|
What are the sparkling wine DOCG's of Lombardy?
|
Franciocorta
Oltrepo Pavese Metodo Classico |
|
|
What are the red Grand Crus of Burgundy?
|
Corton
Corton Pugets Corton Bressandes |
|
|
Which level of French wine is in the process of being phased out?
|
VDQS
|
|
|
What are the French VDQS?
|
Gros Plant de Pays Nantais, Fiefs Vendeens, Côteaux d’Ancenis, Haut-Poitou, Côtes d’Auvergne. Moselle, Châteaumeillant, Vin de Bugey, Roussette de Bugey, Vin de Bugey-Cerdon, Côteaux du Quercy, Côtes de Millau, Côtes du Saint Mont, Côtes du Brulhois, Vins de Lavilledieu, Vin d’Entraygues et du Fels, St. Sardos, Tursan and Vin d’Estaing
|
|
|
What is the name of the famous soil of Coonawarra?
|
Terra Rosa
|
|
|
What is the AOC for sparkling wines of Alsace?
|
Cremant d' Alsace
|
|
|
What are the generic AOC's of Bordeaux?
|
Bordeaux, Bordeaux Clairet, Bordeaux Sec, Bordeaux Rose, Cremant de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Superieur, Brodeaux Superieur Clairet, Bordeaux Superieur Rose
|
|
|
What AOC of the Rhone Valley allows for Rose only?
|
Tavel
|
|
|
What is the term for the unfermented must used for sweetness adjustment in German wines?
|
Sussreserve
|
|
|
The first and last classifications of Graves occured in what year?
|
1959
|
|
|
What region produces the majority of Argentinean wine?
|
Mendoza
|
|
|
What are the white Grand Crus of Cote de Beaune?
|
Corton
Corton Charlemagne Le Montrachet Batard-Montrachet Criots-Batard-Montrachet Bienvenues-Batard-Montrachet Chevalier-Montrachet |
|
|
Clos du Mesnil is a Monopole Champagne made by what producer?
|
Krug
|
|
|
This coastal DOC of Tuscany is known for its quality of Bordeaux blends.
|
Bolgheri
|
|
|
What is the highest level of Spanish wines?
|
DOCa or DOCQ
|
|
|
What are the DOCa's of Spain?
|
La Rioja
Priorat Ribera del Duoro |
|
|
In what year was Alsace's Grand Cru legislation written and when did it go into effect?
|
1975
1983 |
|
|
What is the varietal of Setubal DOC?
|
Moscatel
It is a fortified sweet wine |
|
|
What was the first AVA?
|
Augusta
|
|
|
What is the principal varietal of Pomerol and St Emilion?
|
Merlot
|
|
|
What are the DOCG's of Campania?
|
Taurasi
Fiano di Avellino Greco di Tufo |
|
|
Which Australian GI is known for its "liqeur" wines?
|
Rutherglen
|
|
|
In what region does Rutherglen sit?
|
Victoria
|
|
|
What were the six communes originally included in the Medoc classification of 1855?
|
Paulliac
Margaux Ludon St. Laurent St. Estephe St. Julien |
|
|
Which region of New Zealand is gaining fame for the quality of its Pinot Noir?
|
Central Otago
|
|
|
Name a single quinta port and its producer.
|
Quinta de Vargellas -Taylor
Quinto do Bomfin - Dow Quinta da Cavadinha - Warre Quinta dos Malvedos - Graham *will throw sediment, should be decanted |
|
|
What are the three major types of Sherry?
|
Fino
oloroso Palo Cortado |
|
|
What is the German term for noble rot?
|
Edelfaule
|
|
|
Which country utilizes "Wines of Origin" for its appelations?
|
South Africa
|
|
|
Name an Islay Malt
|
Caol Lla
Laphroiag Lagavulin Ardbeg Bowmore Kilchoman Bruichladdich Bunnahabhain |
|
|
The western Loire produces primarily white wines from what varietal?
|
Melon
|
|
|
What are the DOCG's of the Veneto?
|
Bardolino Superiore
Soave Superiore Recioto di Soave Recioto di Gambellara Prosecco di Conegliano-Valdobbiadene Colli Asolani Amarone |
|
|
What is Switzerlands primary white varietal?
|
Chasselas
|
|
|
What are the Grand Crus of Gevrey-Chambertin?
|
Le Chambertin
Chambertin-Cloz de Beze Charmes-Chambertin Mazoyeres-Chambertin Latricieres-Chambertin Griottes-Chambertin Chapelle-Chambertin Mazis-Chambertin Ruchottes-Chambertin |
|
|
What are the wine regions of New Zealands North Island?
|
Northland
Auckland Hawkes Bay Bay of Plenty Martinborough Gisborne Waikato Wellington |
|
|
Which country uses the term "Geographical Indicators" for their wine appelations?
|
Australia
|
|
|
What are the classified growths of Graves/Pessac-Leognan?
|
find answer
|
|
|
What are the DOCG;s of Friulu-Venezia-Giulia?
|
Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit
Ramandolo |
|
|
From what varietal is Ramandolo made from?
|
Verduzzo
|
|
|
What is an Ambaugebeit?
|
A major winegrowing region. Literally a growing "range"
|
|
|
What is an Ambaugebeits relation to a Bereich?
|
There may be one or multiple Bereichen within an Ambaugebeit
|
|
|
What are the three major rivers of Bordeaux?
|
Gironde
Garonne Dordogne |
|
|
A large portion of the "Sauvignon Blanc" planted in Chile is actually what varietal?
|
Sauvignonasse or Tocai Friuliano
|
|
|
What is considered the best soil type for Palomino in Sherry production?
|
Chalky white Aburizza
|
|
|
What are the Rhone Valleys red wine only AOC's?
|
Cornas
Cote Rotie |
|
|
Which AOC of Alsace allows for the use of Chardonnay?
|
Cremant d' Alsace
|
|
|
What are the sub AVA's of Napa Valley?
|
Los Carneros
Atlas Peak Wild Horse Canyon Stags Leap Rutherford oakville Oak Knoll Mt Veeder Chiles Valley Yountville Diamond Mountain Spring Mountain St. Helena Howell Mountain |
|
|
What varietals are permitted for the making of Cognac?
|
Ugni Blanc
Colombard Folle Blanche |
|
|
Name the two Grand Crus that are shared by Puligny-Montrachet and Chassagne-Montrachet
|
Le Montrachet
Batard-Montrachet |
|
|
What is the primary varietal of Juras Vin Jaune?
|
Savignin
|
|
|
What is the term for the removal of sediment from a bottle of Champagne?
|
Degorgement
|
|
|
How many years must Colheita or Vintage Madeira be aged prior to release?
|
22 years
|
|
|
Australias Yarra Valley is best known for what varietal?
|
Pinot Noir
|
|
|
What is the governing body of South African wines?
|
KWV
|
|
|
What is the minimum aging for Barolo?
|
36 months (3years) with 24 months (2years( in wood
|
|
|
What are the satellite appelations of St. Emilion?
|
St Georges
Montagne Puisseguin Lussac |
|
|
What is the base for Tia Maria?
|
Rum
|
|
|
What is the base for Drambuie?
|
Scotch
|
|
|
What are the sparkling wine AOC's of the Loire Valley?
|
Vouvray
Saumur Mousseux Cremant de la Loire Montlouis-sur-Loire Petillant Mousseux |
|
|
What is the primary varietal of Bairrada?
|
Baga
|
|
|
What are the Grand Crus of Gevrey-Chambertin?
|
Le Chambertin
Chambertin-Cloz de Beze Charmes- Chambertin Mazoyeres-Chambertin Griottes-chambertin Chapelle-Chambertin Mazis-Chambertin Ruchottes-Chambertin |
|
|
What is the only varietal permitted in Cremant d'Alsace Rose?
|
Pinot Noir
|
|
|
What is the primary difference between the production of Armagnac and Cognac?
|
Armagnac is distilled once
Cognac is distilled twice |
|
|
What varietal is the Jumilla best known for?
|
Monastrell
|
|
|
What are the two generic AOC's of the Loire Valley?
|
Cremant de la Loire and Rose de la Loire
|
|
|
What are the white wine producing DOCG's of Tuscany?
|
Vernaccia di San Gimignano
|
|
|
What is the sweet wine producing DOCG of Tuscany?
|
Elba Aleatico Passito
|
|
|
What are the five first growths of Bordeaux?
|
Chateau Latour
Chateau Lafite-Rothschild Chateau Mouton-Rothschild Chateau Haut Brion Chateau Margaux |
|
|
What are the second growths of Margaux?
|
Chateau Brane-Cantenac
Chateau Durfort Viviens Chateau Lascombes Chateau Rauzan Segla Chateau Rauzan Gassies |
|
|
What are the second growths of Paulliac?
|
Chateau Pichon-Lalande
Chateau Pichon-Longeuville Baron |
|
|
What is the varietal percentage required for QmP wines?
|
85%
|
|
|
Which producer makes its top wine a vineyard of pre-phylloxera Touriga Nacional?
|
Quinta do Noval
|
|
|
What is Chenin Blanc referred to as in South Africa?
|
Steen
|
|
|
In what region does the Great Southern GI sit in?
|
South Australia
|
|
|
What is Le Rape?
|
%5 of a crop of Chateauneuf du Pape that must be sent to be distilled
|
|
|
What appellation covers the higher slopes of the Cotes de Beaune and Cotes de Nuits?
|
The Hautes-Cotes
|
|
|
What is the term for a small amount of sugar and wine added to Champagne before the final cork is placed on?
|
Liqueur de Expedition
|
|
|
What is the primary varietal of Tokaji?
|
Furmint
|
|
|
What native Italian varietals best wines come from the plains of Rotaliano?
|
Teroldego
|
|
|
What is the flavor of Kirsch?
|
Cherry
|
|
|
The Hunter Valley GI sits within what GI?
|
New South whales
|
|
|
What is the Hungarian term for Noble Rot?
|
Aszu
|
|
|
What is the Italian term for Noble Rot?
|
Muffato
|
|
|
Which Bordeaux varietal has found great success in Argentina?
|
Malbec
|
|
|
In what year was the last classification of St. Emilion?
|
2006
|
|
|
What specialty of Rust is made from completely shriveled grapes which are often wetted with fresh juice for pressing?
|
Ausbruch
|
|
|
What is the grape of Muscadet?
|
Melon
|
|
|
What is the term for lees aged Muscadet?
|
Muscadet Sur Lie
|
|
|
What is the minimum age at which a NV Champagne may be sold?
|
18 months
|
|
|
What is the top level of German wine?
|
Qualitatswein mit Pradikat
|
|
|
Once thought to be Merlot, this Bordeaux varietal is making a name for Chilean wines.
|
Carmenere
|
|
|
What are the cru of Beaujolais?
|
St Amour
Moulin-a-Vent Chiroubles Regnie Brouilly Cote de Brouilly Fleurie Morgon Chenas Julienas |
|
|
What varietal is the Marlborough region famous for?
|
Sauvignon Blanc
|
|
|
Is Marlborough on the North of South Island?
|
South
|
|
|
What is the principal white grape of Rueda?
|
Verdejo
|
|
|
What coutries wine structure was altered by Gorias Law?
|
Italy
|
|
|
What did Gorias Law implement?
|
The IGT level of wine in Italy
|
|
|
What are the classified growths of Margaux?
|
Brane-Cantenac
Durfort-Vivens lascombes Rausan-Segla Rausan-Gassies Desmirail d' Issan Palmer Kirwan Boyd-Cantenac Cantenac-Brown Ferriere Giscours Malescot-St. Exupery Marquis d'Alseme Becker Marquis de Terms Pouget Prieure-Lichine Dauzac Du Terte |
|
|
What are the varietals of chateauneuf du Pape?
|
Greanche
Syrah Mouvedre Counoise Cinsault Muscardin Picardin Terret Noir Clairette Vaccarese Bourbelenc Picpoul |
|
|
In what departments do the vineyards of Alsace sit?
|
Haut Rhin
Bas Rhin |
|
|
What are the two important tributaries of the Mosel?
|
The Saar and Ruwer
|
|
|
What is the name of the spirit in Northwestern France that is made from apples and pears?
|
Calvados
|
|
|
What is the name of the fungus responsible for the late harvest wines of Sauternes?
|
Botrytis Cinerea
|
|
|
What is the Vinho Regional of the Duoro Valley?
|
Duriense
|
|
|
The Barossa Valley GI sits in what region?
|
South Australia
|
|
|
What are the DOCG's of Peidmont that produce sparkling wine?
|
find answer
|
|
|
What counties are included in whole/or in part of the Central Coast AVA?
|
Monterey
San Benito Santa Cruz Madera San Mateo Fresno Alameda Contra Costa Santa Clara San Luis Obispo Santa Barbara |
|
|
What varietal is also known as Cape Riesling?
|
Crochen Blanc
|
|
|
What is Passerillage?
|
Drying or shriveling on the vine of healthy grapes
|
|
|
What village of Rheingau is known for the quality of its red wines?
|
Assmannshausen
|
|
|
What term literally means "Selected dried berries"?
|
Beerenauslese
|
|
|
What Chateau was promoted from 2nd to 1st growth?
|
Mouton-Rothschild
|
|
|
What year was Chateau Mouton-Rothschild promoted from 2nd to 1st growth?
|
1973
|
|
|
What are the Grand Cru of Morey-St. Denis?
|
Clos St. Denis
Clos de la Roche Clos de Tart Clos de Lambrays Bonnes Mares |
|
|
What is the primary varietal of Santorini?
|
Assyrtiko
|
|
|
What style of wines are made in Santorini?
|
Dry white and Vin Santo
|
|
|
What area sits between the Gironne and Dardogne Rivers?
|
Entre-Deaux.Mers
|
|
|
What type of wine is produced in the Entre-Deaux Mers?
|
Dry whites
|
|
|
What is the primary varietal of Oltrepo Pavese Metodo Classico?
|
Pinot Nero
|
|
|
What are the synonyms of tempranillo?
|
Ulle de Lebre
Cencibel Tinto Fino Tinto de Toro Tinto Roriz Ojo de Liebre Aragonez Tinto Madrid Tinto de la Pais |
|
|
What is the term for a single vintage Tawny?
|
Colheita
|
|
|
Which village of Burgundy has an AOC for Red, White and Rose?
|
Marsannay
|
|
|
What geographic feature most influences the vineyards of Argentina?
|
The proximity of the Andes
|
|
|
What is the minimum temperature for German Eiswein?
|
-7degrees
|
|
|
Cuvee Winston Churchhill is the luxury Cuvee of what producer?
|
Pol Roger
|
|
|
What is the capacity of the traditional Bordeaux barrel?
|
225L
|
|
|
What are the Rhone Valley AOC's for Viognier?
|
Condrieu and Chateau Grillet
|
|
|
What is the name of Penfolds flagship wine?
|
Grange Hermitage
|
|
|
What is the primary varietal of Penfolds Grange Hermitage?
|
Shiraz
|
|
|
What island does Auckland sit on?
|
North Island
|
|
|
What is the white varietal of sancerre?
|
Sauvignon Blanc
|
|
|
What is the red varietal of Sancerre?
|
Pinot Noir
|
|
|
What are the sub-AVA's of Sonoma county?
|
Sonoma Coast
Northern Sonoma Sonoma Mountain Rockpile Chalk Hill Russian River Valley Alexander Valley Knights Valley Green Valley of Russian River VAlley Carneros Dry Creek Bennett Valley |
|
|
Which wind current is responsible for mitigating the climate in chile?
|
Humboldt
|
|
|
What is the Alsatian term for wine made from late harvest, generally healthy grapes?
|
Vendange Tardive
|
|
|
Which Ambaugebiet is known for its quality of red wines?
|
Ahr
|
|
|
What is the minimum aging requirements for Cognac?
|
24 months
|
|
|
Where is the Gavi DOCG located?
|
Piedmont, Italy
|
|
|
What is the varietal used for the Gavi DOCG?
|
Cortese
|
|
|
What white varietals are permitted for use in Burgundy?
|
Chardonnay
Aligote Pinot Blanc Pinot Beurot Sacy |
|
|
What mountain range seperates Sonoma and Napa Valleys?
|
Mayacamas
|
|
|
What are the four WO regions of the Western Cape?
|
Coastal Region
Olifants River Breede River Valley Klein Karoo |
|
|
What is the most widely planted varietal of the Medoc?
|
Merlot
|
|
|
What is the traditional varietal for Egri Bikaver?
|
Kadarka
|
|
|
What year were the vineyards of Graves FIRST classified?
|
1959
|
|
|
In what year were the vineyards of Graves LAST classified?
|
1959
|
|
|
What are the five major red grapes of Boedeaux?
|
Cabernet Sauvignon
Cabernet Franc Merlot Malbec Petite Verdot |
|
|
What are the three major white grapes of Bordeaux?
|
Semillon
Muscat Sauvignon Blanc |
|
|
Australias famous regions of Barossa and McLaren Vale sit within what region?
|
South Australia
|
|
|
What is the appellation for Sassicaia?
|
Bolgheri
|
|
|
Name the AOC for Cote Challonaisse?
|
Ruilly
Givry Montagny Bouzeron Mercurey Bourgogne-Cote Challonaisse Bourgogne-Cote de Couchois |
|
|
What are the two primary types of port?
|
Ruby and Tawny
|
|
|
What are the major growing regions of Champagne?
|
Cotes de Blanc
Montagne de Reims Cotes de Sezanne Aube Valle de la Marne |
|
|
What is the name of the main river of Rioja?
|
Ebro
|
|
|
Central Otago is making a name for itself with which varietal?
|
Pinot Noir
|
|
|
Which Ambaugebiet is known for its quality of red wines?
|
Ahr
|
|
|
What is the minimum aging requirements for Cognac?
|
24 months
|
|
|
Where is the Gavi DOCG located?
|
Piedmont, Italy
|
|
|
What is the varietal used for the Gavi DOCG?
|
Cortese
|
|
|
What white varietals are permitted for use in Burgundy?
|
Chardonnay
Aligote Pinot Blanc Pinot Beurot Sacy |
|
|
What mountain range seperates Sonoma and Napa Valleys?
|
Mayacamas
|
|
|
What are the four WO regions of the Western Cape?
|
Coastal Region
Olifants River Breede River Valley Klein Karoo |
|
|
What is the most widely planted varietal of the Medoc?
|
Merlot
|
|
|
What is the traditional varietal for Egri Bikaver?
|
Kadarka
|
|
|
What year were the vineyards of Graves FIRST classified?
|
1959
|
|
|
In what year were the vineyards of Graves last classified?
|
1959
|
|
|
What are the five major grapes of Bordeaux?
|
Merlot
Malbec Cabernet Sauvignon Cabernet Franc Petite Verdot |
|
|
What are the three major white grapes of Bordeaux?
|
Semillon
Muscat Sauvignon Blanc |
|
|
Within what region are Barossa and McLaren Vale found?
|
South Australia
|
|
|
What is the appelation for Sassicaia?
|
Bolgheri
|
|
|
What are the AOC of Cotes Challonaisse?
|
Ruilly
Givry Mercurey Montagny Bourgogne-Cote Challonaisse Bourgogne-Cote de Couchois |
|
|
What are the two primary types of port?
|
Ruby and Tawny
|
|
|
What are the major growing regions of Champagne?
|
Cotes de Sezanne
Valle de la Marnes Cotes de Blancs Montagne de Reims Aube |
|
|
What is the name of the river of Rioja?
|
Ebro
|
|
|
Central Otago is making a name for itself with which varietal?
|
Pinot Noir
|
|
|
What are the second labels of the 1st growths of Bordeaux?
|
Les Forts de Latour
Carruades de Lafite-Rothschild La Petite Mouton de Mouton-Rothschild Pavillon Rouge de Chateau Margaux Bahans-Haut Brion |
|
|
What are the villages that may append their name to the Cotes-du-Rhone Villages AOC?
|
Chusclan
Visan St Gervais Saint Panteleons-les-Vignes Plan de Dieu Signargues Saint Maurice Laudun Carianne Massif d'Uchaux Puymeras Rasteau Roaix Rousset-les-Vignes Sablet Valreas Rochegude Seguret |
|
|
What is the term for German wines that contain no more than 18g/l RS and 10g/l acid?
|
Halbtrocken
|
|
|
This "Noble Blend" of Alsace allows for blending a variety of local grapes.
|
Edelzwicker
|
|
|
What is the primary variety of Banyuls and Banyuls Grand Cru?
|
Grenache
|
|
|
What are the AVA of Mendocino County?
|
Mendocino
Yorkville Highlands Mendocino Ridge Redwood Valley Anderson Valley Cole Ranch Covelo Dios Ranch Potter Valley |
|
|
Name five Vin Doux Naturel produced outside of France.
|
Port
Madeira Sherry Malaga Liqueur Tokay |
|
|
What is the name for the series of letters that must appear on a QmP wine?
|
Amtliche Prufnummer
|
|
|
What are the AVA's of Washington State?
|
Columbia Valley
Walla Walla Wahluke Slope Red Mountain Horse Heaven Hills Snipes Mountain Lake Chelan Puget Sound Rattlesnake Hills Yakima Valley |
|
|
What is the primary grape of Chinon?
|
Cabernet Franc
|
|
|
What is the secondary grape of Chinon?
|
Cabernet Sauvignon
|
|
|
What are the DOCG of Le Marches?
|
Vernaccia de Seraptrona
Conero |
|
|
What method of closed container sparkling wine production is named for its inventor?
|
Charmat Method
|
|
|
What two varietals make up the majority of white Bordeaux?
|
Semillon and Sauvignon Blanc
|
|
|
What are the Grand Crus of Alsace?
|
find answer
|
|
|
What are the District WO of the Coastal Region?
|
Cape Point
Darling Paarl Stellenbosch Tygerberg Swartland Tulbagh |
|
|
What is the principal varietal of Montilla-Moriles?
|
Pedro Ximenez
|
|
|
What is the difference between Crianza and Sin Crianza?
|
Crianza has experienced some wood aging. Sin Crianza has not
|
|
|
What are the three primary varietals of Champagne?
|
Pinot Noir
Chardonnay Pinot Meunier |
|
|
Quality wise, which is the most important white German varietal?
|
Riesling
|
|
|
Quality wise, what is the most important red German varietal?
|
Spatburgunder
|
|
|
What is the minimum aging requirement for Vintage champagne?
|
60 months
|
|
|
What are the classified growths of St. Julien?
|
Leoville-las-Cases
Leoville-Barton Leoville-Poyferre Ducru-Beaucaillou Beycheville Lagrange Langoa-Barton Branaire-Ducru Gruaud-Larose Talbot St. Pierre |
|
|
What are the district WO of Breede River Valley?
|
Breedkloof
Worcester Robertson Swellendam |
|
|
The Yarra Valley GI sits within what region?
|
Victoria
|
|
|
What is the term for the unique aging/treatment process of Madeira?
|
Estufagem
|
|
|
What are the Grand Crus of Chambolle Musigny?
|
Le Musigny
Bonnes Mares |
|
|
What are the AOC's of the Loire Valley that can make late-harvest wines from Chenin Blanc?
|
Vouvray
Quarts de Chaume Savennieres Coteaux de l'Aubance Bonnezeaux Coteaux de Saumur Montlouis-sur-Loire Anjou-Coteaux de Loire Coteaux du Layon |
|
|
What is the main grape of Valpolicella?
|
Corvina
|
|
|
What is the secondary grape of Valpolicella?
|
Rondinella
|
|
|
What are the grapes used in Valpolicella?
|
Corvina
Rondinella Molinara Rossignola Barbera Sangiovese Negrara Trentina |
|
|
What two terms following Deutscher indicate sparkling wine made from German grapes?
|
Sekt or Schaumwein
|
|
|
The Martinique AOC is for the production of what?
|
Rhum Agricole
|
|
|
What are the sweet wine appelations of Bordeaux?
|
Sauternes
Barsac Cerons Loupiac St. Croix du Mont Cadillac Bordeaux-Haut Benauge Bordeaux Cotes-de-Francs Liquoreux Graves Superieur |
|
|
What is the name of the Vin de Liqueur of champagne?
|
Ratafia
|
|
|
Which of these is not a generally declared vintage for port, 1994, 1986, 2003, 1983?
|
1986
|
|
|
What are the Grand Crus of Vosne Romanee?
|
Romanee-Conti
La Tache Romanee-St. Vivant Echezeaux Grand Echezeaux La Grand Rue La Romanee |
|
|
What is the maximum % of Cabernet allowed in Chianti?
|
10%
|
|
|
The grapes for Sauternes are usually selected in multiple passes called...?
|
Tries
|
|
|
Cot is a synonym for which varietal?
|
Malbec
|
|
|
Auxerrois is a synonym for what varietal?
|
Malbec
|
|
|
What GI does the Margaret River GI sit in?
|
Western Australia
|
|
|
What are the varietals of Orvieto?
|
Grechetto
Dupreggio Procanico Verdelho Malvasia |
|
|
What are the AVA's of Monterrey County?
|
Arroyo Grand Valley
Carmel Valley Chalone Hames Valley San Bernabe San Lucas San Antonio Valley Santa Lucia Highlands |
|
|
What are the wine regions of New Zealands North Island?
|
Auckland
Northland Hawkes Bay Bay of Plenty Gisborne Martinborough Wellington |
|
|
What are the wine regions of New Zealands South Island?
|
Otago
Marlborough Nelson Canterbury |
|
|
What are the three major soil nutrients required by grapevines?
|
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) |
|
|
What is the species of a grape?
|
The plant genus Vitis
|
|
|
What is the clone of a grape?
|
Vines descended from a single plant from cuttings (asexual reproduction)
|
|
|
What is a grape variety?
|
A sub-species of a grape.
i.e. Chardonnay |
|
|
What is the progression of a grapevines annual cycle?
|
Shoot and Leaf Growth
Bud Break Flowering Berry Set Veraison Harvest |
|
|
What are the inputs of photosythesis?
|
Sunlight
Carbon Dioxide Water |
|
|
What are the products of photosynthesis?
|
Sugar
Oxygen |
|
|
What is the temperature range during which photosynthesis can occur?
|
50-95 degrees F
|
|
|
Define Macroclimate
|
The climate of the overall region
|
|
|
Define Microclimate
|
The climate directly surrounding the vine or canopy
|
|
|
Define Mesoclimate
|
The typical weather within a specific vineyard
|
|
|
What soil pest spreads fan leaf virus?
|
The nematode soil pest Xiphinema index
|
|
|
How does phylloxera damage a vine?
|
it feeds on the roots of the vine thus allowing bacteria and funghi to spread throughout
|
|
|
What attributes does a balanced vine possess?
|
Shoot length is between 3-4 feet long
Shoot density allows most, if not all, exposure to sunlight throughout the day Shoot girth is smaller in width than your middle finger There are few, if any, lateral shoots on the vine The berry size should be small for the specific variety. |
|
|
Define sustainable viticultural practices.
|
Goal is to leave the land for the next generation in better condition than it was when inherited
Same goals as Organic and Biodynamic but does not adhere to the rules as strictly |
|
|
Define Organic Viticulture.
|
An attempt to build the soil, protect the environment, encourage biodiversity, and protect the health of employees and consumers.
Uses compost and manure and eliminates all synthetic products. Allows use of sulfur and copper. |
|
|
Define Biodynamic Viticulture
|
Developed by Rudolph Steiner in 1929
The alignment of the planets and phases of the moon direct the course of work done in the vineyard and the winery. Use of agrochemicals and conventional fertilizers is prohibitted. Bordeaux mixture and sulpher is allowed. |
|
|
What is Steen?
|
Chenin Blanc in South Africa
|
|
|
What is a synonym for true Riesling?
|
White Riesling or Johanisberg Riesling
|
|
|
What is a common synonym for Pinot Grigio?
|
Pinot Gris
|
|
|
Fume Blanc is made from what grape variety?
|
A Sauvignon Blanc that has seen oak.
|
|
|
What are the profile charactersitics of Chardonnay?
|
Naturally High in Extract
Ripens to High Sugar Levels (which can equate to high alcohol levels in the wine) Runs the risk of being low in acid |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Sauvignon Blanc?
|
Aromatic
High in Acid |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Riesling?
|
High Acid
Ripens to high sugar levels, often finished with some residual sugar in the wine. Long lived |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Chenin Blanc?
|
High Acid
High Extract Aromatic Long Lived Very dry to sweet |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Pinot Grigio?
|
Low or high acid.
High Extract Can have little or no aroma Can have subtle fruit and floral notes |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Gewurtztraminer?
|
Ripens to high sugar levels which can equate to high alcohol levels.
High Extract Low Acid Aromatic Very dry to sweet |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Viognier?
|
Profoundly aromatic.
Low Acid Ripens to high sugar levels which can equate to high alcohol levels. High Extract |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Muscat?
|
High Alcohol.
High Extract Highly Aromatic Good Acids |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Semillon?
|
Subdued aromas
Waxy/lanolin texture Susceptible to botrytis Long lived |
|
|
What is the aromatic profile of Chardonnay?
|
Flint/stone
Citrus Melon Pineapple Banana Apricot Butter Smoke Burnt Sugar Caramel Green Apple Pear Nuts Honey Peach Ginger Vanilla Oak Butterscotch Nutmeg |
|
|
What is the aromatic profile of Sauvignon Blanc?
|
Melon
Bell Pepper Hay Pineapple Musk Celery Kiwi Stone Gunflint Gooseberry Herbs Jalapeno Pear Fig Grass Cats Pee Lemon Toast Lemongrass Grapefruit Asparagus Nuts Lemon-lime |
|
|
What is the aromatic profile of Riesling?
|
Apple
Passionfruit Pineapple Honeysuckle Mint Juicyfruit gum Talc Orange Blossom Tarragon Hyacinth Slate Stone Peach Lime honey Apricot Jasmine Ginger Lemon Curd Fennel Grapefruit Kiwi Minerals |
|
|
What is the aromatic profile of Chenin Blanc?
|
Creme Fraiche, Clotted Cream, Buttermilk, Sour Cream, Plain Yogurt
Almond, Straw Flowers, Hazelnut, Ripe Grain, Marzipan, Nuts, Toasted Bread, Lemon, Melon, Apricot, Apple, Pear, Dried Flowers, Orange Peel |
|
|
What is the aromatic profile of Pinot Grigio/Pinot Gris?
|
Apple
Butter Mineral Almond Steel Honey Peach Lemon Pear Chalk Flint Orange Blossom Honeysuckle Cream |
|
|
What is the aromatic profile characteristics of Gewurtztraminer?
|
Nutmeg
Citrus Peel Lychee Nut Mace Bayberry Grapefruit Rose Ginger Sandalwood Cardamon Allspice Pine |
|
|
What are the aromatic profile characteristics of Viogner?
|
Grass
Honey Apricot Citrus Orange peel Musk Passion fruit Kiwi Peach Gooseberry Ginger Honeysuckle Tangerine Guave Mango Lemon Grass |
|
|
What are the aromatic profile characteristics of Muscat?
|
Musk
Burnt Caramel Honey Orange Blossom Honeysuckle Rosewater Peach Lime Blossom White raisin Apricot Mango Mousiness/earthiness Citrus Fresh Grapes Gardenia |
|
|
What are the aromatic profile characteristics of Semillon?
|
Pear
Lanolin Nuts Flowers Citrus Wax Honey Minerals Melon Pinapple Tropical Fruit Citrus Honey Caramel Minerals Spice Peach Apricot Nectarine Butterscotch Vanilla Flowers Nuts |
|
|
Which grape variety is believed to be the ancestor from which all other wine grapes descended?
|
Muscat
|
|
|
Which white grape variety is likely to be given the following cellar treatments? Barrel fermentation, malolactic fermentation, and sur lie aging with battonage?
|
chardonnay
|
|
|
What three white grapes may be incorporated into the prodoction of Sauternes?
|
Semillon
Muscadelle Sauvignon Blanc |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon?
|
High Tannin
Moderately High Acid High Pigment High phenolics |
|
|
What are the aromatic profile characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon?
|
Black Cherry
Vanilla Black Currant Herbs Blackberry Mint Blueberry Lilac Red Currant Toffee Cedar Chocolate Cigar Box Pencil Shavings Tobacco Black Pepper Tea Eucalyptus Coffee Cocoa |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Merlot?
|
Moderate Tannin
High Alcohol Short on Acid |
|
|
What are the aromatic profile characteristics of Merlot?
|
Blueberry
Cigar Box Blackberry Mint Cherry Toffee Black cherry Vanilla Plum Cocoa Prune Coffee Fresh/grapey Spice Black Pepper Chocolate |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Pinot Noir?
|
Low to moderate tannin
Good acidity Broad, expansive aroma, boquet |
|
|
What are the aromatic profile characteristics of Pinot Noir?
|
Raspberries
Strawberries Cherries Blackberries Plum Earth Sandalwood Barnyard Leather Violets Toast Lilac Clove Cinnamon Truffles Smoke incense Wet forest floor Meaty-Gamey |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Zinfandel?
|
Densely Pigmented
Moderately Tannic Alcoholic High Extract Good Acid |
|
|
What are the aromatic profile characteristics of Zinfandel?
|
Raspberry
Blackberry Black Pepper Nutmeg Cinnamon Anise Tar Jam Black Raspberry Raisin Candied Fruit Clove Cedar sandalwood Vanilla Spice |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Syrah/Shiraz?
|
Heavily Pigmented
Highly Tannic High Alcohol Needs time to mature |
|
|
What are the aromatic profile characteristics of Syrah/Shiraz?
|
Smoke
Game Tar Toast Pepper Raspberry Chocolate Herb Musk Char Black Olives Mineral Mint Leather Blackberry Sweat Baked Earth Spice Lavendar Anise Jam Rosemary |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Sangiovese?
|
Low Extract
Low Pigment High Acid Moderate Tannin Moderate Alcohol |
|
|
What are the aromatic profile characteristics of Sangiovese?
|
Fresh Cherry
Toast Sun-baked earth Wood Charcoal Clove Licorice Chocolate Thyme Dried Cherry Dried Orange Peel Spice Leather Black Cherry Sour Strawberry |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Gamay?
|
Low tannin
High Acid Low Pigment Aromatic |
|
|
What are the aromatic profile characteristics of Gamay?
|
Lily of the Valley
Raspberry Cranberry Rose Cherry Orange Peel Iris Banana Strawberry Violets |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Grenache?
|
Low Pigment
Low Tannin Low Acid High Alcohol |
|
|
What are the aromatic profile characteristics of Grenache?
|
Strawberry
Ethyl Acetate Sour Cherry Black Pepper Cranberry Alcohol |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Barbera?
|
High Acid
High Pigment Moderate Tannin |
|
|
What are the aromatic profile characteristics of Barbera?
|
Mulberry
Cherry Vanilla Sour Cherry Plum Cinnamon |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Cabernet Franc?
|
Moderate Tannin
Moderate Pigment Moderate to High Acid Light to medium body |
|
|
What are the aromatic profile characteristics of Cabernet Franc?
|
Fresh mushrooms
Fall Leaves Violet Hummus Potting soil Wild Strawberry Cocoa Cranberry Sweet Herb Mulberry Moss Tobacco Wet Tree Bark Tea |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Nebbiolo?
|
High Acid
High Tannin High extract High Alcohol |
|
|
What are the aromatic profile characteristics of Nebbiolo?
|
Tar
Truffles Cocoa Twigs Forest floor Bitter chocolate Roses Iris Violet |
|
|
What are the profile characteristics of Tempranillo?
|
Moderate Tannin
Low Acid High Pigment Long lived |
|
|
What are the aromatic profile characteristics of Tempranillo?
|
Cherries
Vanilla Strawberries Vellum Leather Lanolin Wood Road Dust |
|
|
What red grape variety is well known for its propensity to mutate?
|
Pinot Noir
|
|
|
Brunello is a clone of what grape variety?
|
Sangiovese
|
|
|
What two grape varieties cross polinated to create Cabernet Sauvignon?
|
Cabernet Franc and Sauvignon Blanc
|
|
|
What is tempranillo called in Portugals Duoro Valley?
|
Tinto Roriz
|
|
|
What is tempranillo called in Catalonia?
|
Ulle de Liebre
|
|
|
What is tempranillo called in Valdepenas?
|
Cencibel
|
|
|
What is tempranillo called in Ribera del Duoro?
|
Tinto del Pais
Tinto Fino |
|
|
What is tempranillo called in Alentejo Portugal?
|
Aragonez
|
|
|
What are the principal products of fermentation?
|
Ethanol (alcohol) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
|
|
|
What is C6H12O6?
|
Sugars (glucose and fructose)
Combines with yeast for fermentation |
|
|
What alcohol level would a wine harvested at 22 degrees Brix finish at?
|
11%
|
|
|
Why is SO2 added to grape must?
|
To inhibit wild yeast fermentation
slow the growth of spoilage bacteria Prevent browning of the juice |
|
|
What are the typical steps taken in the production of white wine?
|
Crushing
SO2 Addition Skin contact Pressing Juice setting (debourbage) Must adjustments Fermentation Malolactic fermentation Racking Sulpher adjustment Clarification Heat Stabilization Cold Stabilization Aging (elevage) Blending |
|
|
What might happen in a bottle if a wine is not cold stabilized?
|
Tartaric crystals can form in the wine. Although harmless they look like shards of glass in the wine
|
|
|
What causes malolactic fermentation?
|
Warm temperatures, low sulfur levels, low acid, lees contact, and barrel fermentation cause the malic acid in the must to convert to lactic acid
|
|
|
What is fining?
|
Fining agents are mixed into the wine where they bind with certain particles as they settle out of the solution, thus pulling those particles with them.
i.e. gelatin and egg white particles |
|
|
What is the puropose of chaptalization?
|
Sugar is added to the must of grapes that failed to reach optimal maturity
|
|
|
How does maceration affect a finished wines texture and flavor?
|
Color, tannin, and flavor components are extracted from the skins of the grapes.
Longer maceration = Higher extract wines |
|
|
What is the typical range of temperature for red wine fermentation?
|
between 60-95 degrees
|
|
|
What is the typical range of temperature for white wine production?
|
50-60 degrees F
|
|
|
What is Carbonic Maceration?
|
Whole berry fermentation...Whole grape clusters are placed in an anaerobic (oxygen free) environment to change their metabolism so they break down sugars to create alcohol without the influence of yeast
|
|
|
What are the time/temp requirements for Carbonic Maceration?
|
Hot (85-95 degreesF) and long (up to three weeks)
|
|
|
What are the typical steps taken for red wine production?
|
Crushing
SO2 Addition Must adjustments Maceration Fermentation Malolactic fermentation Extended maceration Pressing Clarification Aging/Blending Bottling Bottle Aging |
|
|
For sparkling wine production, what are the desired levels (high, medium, low) of acidity and sugar at harvest?
|
High acid and moderate sugar
|
|
|
Why are grapes used for sparkling wine production normally pressed rather than crushed?
|
To minimize pigment contamination and bitterness
|
|
|
What is the typical order of events for the Traditional Method of sparkling wine production?
|
Pressing
Juice Settling Chaptalization Fermentation Racking assemblage Fining Racking Cold Stabilization Liquer de Tirage Second Fermentation (prise de mousse) Aging Riddling (remuage) Disgorging (degorgement) Dosage (liqueur d'expedition) Bottle Aging Transvasage |
|
|
What is a gyropalette?
|
A mechanical alternative to riddling. Allows houses to riddle the same amount of bottles in one week it would take three months to riddle by hand
|
|
|
How much pressure is inside a typical bottle of sparkling wine?
|
between 4.9 and 6 atmospheres of pressure
|
|
|
What are the ascending orders of sweetness for sparkling wine?
|
Brut nature or sans dosage
Extra Brut Brut Extra Dry or Extra Sec Sec Demi-Sec Doux |
|
|
In ascending order what are the bottle sizes and volume of sparkling wine?
|
Split 1/4 bottle
Half or Demi 1/2 bottle Standard 750mL Magnum 2 bottles Jerobaum 4 bottles Rehobaum 6 bottles Methuselah 8 bottles Salmanazar 12 bottles Balthazar 16 bottles Nabuchadnezzar 20 bottles Solomon 24 bottles Premat 36 bottles |
|
|
What is the name of the sparkling wine method in which the second fermentation is accomplished in a tank rather than a bottle?
|
Charmat or Cuve Close
|
|
|
What is the primary production step that is avoided in the Transfer Method?
|
Riddling
|
|
|
In Sparkling wine the bubbles are comprised of what gas?
|
CO2
|
|
|
What is the English translation of debourage?
|
Juice settling
|
|
|
What are the two definitions of cuvee?
|
The juice from the first pressing
or Blended base wine |
|
|
What are the two general categories into which Sherry can be classified after fermentation?
|
Fino and Oloroso
|
|
|
What is flor?
|
A film of yeast that contributes to the biological aging of Sherry
|
|
|
What are the typical order of events for Sherry production?
|
Pressing
Acidification Racking Fermentation Classification Fortification Aging Growth of the Flor in Finos Aging of Olorosos The Solera Running the Scales Blending Finishing |
|
|
What is the alcoholic content of a fino Sherry after fermentation?
|
15-15.5%
|
|
|
How much residual sugar is typically present in an amontillado immedietly after fortification?
|
Fermented totally dry, must be dry because flor cannot form if residual sugar is present
|
|
|
What is the least acidic and most aldehydic wine?
|
Sherry
|
|
|
What is Vino Dulce?
|
It is a sweetening agent for Sherry made from raisined Palomino or PX grapes that have been picked and dried in the sun
|
|
|
What is Dulce apogado?
|
An unfermented grape must to which grape spirits have been added or a sweet wine whose fermentation has been arrested by the addition of grapes spirits. used as a sweetening agent for sherry
|
|
|
What is Dulce de almibar?
|
Pure invert sugar (50/50 mix of glucose and fructose) Used as a sweetening agent for sherry
|
|
|
What are the three definitions of solera?
|
-A set of casks, arranged in tiers (scales) representing one type of sherry from many different vintages.
-An aging and fractional blending system that involves the withdrawl of a portion of wine from a butt and the replacement of that same quantity with a younger wine. -The butts that contain the oldest wine in the system. |
|
|
What are the typical alcohol and residual sugar levels of a port immedietly following fortification?
|
8-12% residual sugar
20% alcohol |
|
|
What are the two primary categories of Port?
|
Ruby and Tawny
|
|
|
What is an LBV?
|
Late Bottled Vintage port.
Matured in large oak vats for 4-6 years after harvest, filtered before bottling and available for immediete consumption after bottling. Usually bottled with a T cork |
|
|
What is the difference between LBV and Vintage port?
|
Both are vintage dated and may come from the same vineyards but Vintage ports are typically aged for decades in the bottle and LBV are 4-6 years in oak
|
|
|
What is a colheita port?
|
A single vintage tawny port. Must remain in cask for 7 years but there is no limit to its time spent in wood. can be 10, 15, or even 50 years.
Represents less than 1% of all port *Should be drank within a year of the bottling date |
|
|
What ports are primarily bottle aged?
|
Vintage and single quinta (single estate)
|
|
|
T or F All port spends time aging in cask
|
True
|
|
|
What are three common methods of Madeira production today?
|
-Placing the wine in concrete vats and circulating hot water through a submerged coil.
-Placing the wine in large casks and storing in heated warehouses (estufagem) -Age the fortified wine in cask for a number of years in uncooled warehouses |
|
|
What are the four noble grapes used for top quality Madeira production?
|
Sercial
Verdelho Bual Malmsey |
|
|
What is the most widely planted grape on the island of Madeira?
|
Tinta Negra Mole
|
|
|
What is an estufa?
|
armazens de color (hot rooms) heated by steam filled pipes used for the production of Madeira
|
|
|
Where is Marsala produced?
|
Sicily
|
|
|
What are the three types of Marsala?
|
Oro (golden)
Ambra (amber) Rubino (ruby) |
|
|
What is the range of residual sugar found in Marsala?
|
4-10%
|
|
|
What is sifone?
|
a late picked overipe must to which alcohol has been added.
Used to fortify the base wine of Marsala |
|
|
What is Mosto Cotto?
|
a concentrated must that has been boiled down to concentrate its sugars and flavors.
Used to fortify the base wine of Marsala |
|
|
What is a Vin Doux Naturel?
|
"Naturally sweet wine" in which fermentation is arrested through the addition of grape spirits
|
|
|
What are the three most common grapes incorporated in Vins Doux Naturel?
|
Muscat a Petit Grains, Muscat de Rivesaltes, and Muscat of Alexandria
|
|
|
How does the production of Malaga and Montilla-Moriles mirror the production methods of other fortified wine products?
|
They are both aged in a solera method
|
|
|
What is the most widely planted white grape of Argentina?
|
Pedro Gimenez
|
|
|
Argentina has made a name for itself with which Bordeaux varietal?
|
Malbec
|
|
|
What factors contributed to a strong wine culture in Argentina?
|
The establishment of the railroad in 1885 and the large wave of European immigrants in 1820
|
|
|
Where are most of the Argentine vineyards located?
|
Mendoza
|
|
|
What is the largest wine region in Argentina?
|
Mendoza
|
|
|
In what Argentine region was the first vineyard planted?
|
La Rioja
|
|
|
What is the Zonda?
|
A fierce, hot, dry wind that blows out of the Northwest in Argentina. During flowering it can reduce crop yield through poor berry set.
|
|
|
What is a parral?
|
A vertical trellis system in Argentina. Vines are planted in deep fertile soiland then trained on this high trellis system to escape the heat from the ground. They are drip irrigated.
|
|
|
What is meant by "hens and chicks" when referencing a grape cluster?
|
Uneven berry set, often used to reference the Mendoza clone of Chardonnay...aka peas and pumpkins
|
|
|
What is the Argentinean climate?
|
Continental
|
|
|
How does Argentina rank as a producer of wine in the world?
|
Fifth
|
|
|
How does Argentina rank as a wine consumer in the world?
|
Eighth
|
|
|
What are the principal wine growing regions of Argentina?
|
Mendoza
San Juan La Rioja Salta Jujuy Catamarca Rio Negro Neuquen Tucuman La Pampa |
|
|
What is the second largest wine region in Argentina?
|
San Juan
|
|
|
What are pampas in Argentina?
|
Fertile grasslands
|
|
|
What were the first grapes brought to Argentina and by whom?
|
Criolla Grande and Cereza by the Spanish
Criolla is the same as Chiles Pais |
|
|
What is Criolla used for in production?
|
Rustic wines and brandy in Argentina
|
|
|
Where are the majority of Argentinas vines planted?
|
The northwest section of the country on the lower slope of the Andes
|
|
|
Where does Argentina recieve as significant amount of their water for irrigation?
|
Snowmelt from the Andes peaks
|
|
|
What is the typical soil type of Argenitna?
|
alluvial sands atop clay, gravel, or limestone subsoils
|
|
|
What percent of Argentinas wine production is vinified in Mendoza?
|
70%
|
|
|
What type of wine is San Juan known for its production of?
|
Sherry and the base wines for vermouth.
Table grapes and raisins are produced here as well |
|
|
What types of wine is La Rioja, Argentina known for?
|
White wines from Torrontes and Moscatel de Alejandria
|
|
|
What area did National Geographic dub as the "Land of the Living Wind"?
|
Rio Negro and Neuquen Argentina
|
|
|
What are the principal red grapes of Argentina?
|
Malbec
Bonarda Cabernet Sauvignon Syrah Merlot Tempranilla |
|
|
What are the principal white grapes of Argentina?
|
Pedro Gimenez
Torrontes Chardonnay Moscatel de Alejandria Chenin Blanc Ugni Blanc |
|
|
What is the second most widely planted white grape in Argentina?
|
Moscatel de Alejandria
|
|
|
What is Pinot de la Loire in Argentina?
|
Chenin Blanc
|
|
|
What is used as the base wine in sparkling wine production of Argentina?
|
Chenin Blanc and Ugni Blanc
|
|
|
What is the third most widely planted white grape in Argentina?
|
Torrontes
|
|
|
T or F There is more Malbec planted in Argentina that anywhere else in the world.
|
True
|
|
|
What is unique among the Australian geographoc indications about South Eastern Australia?
|
It is the only current appelation that covers an area larger than a single state
|
|
|
Under Australian law, if a single varietal appears on the label, what is the minimum content from that grape variety in the wine?
|
85%
|
|
|
What is the minimum amount of a wine that must originate in a geographic indication to cite that GI as a place of origin on an Australian label?
|
85%
|
|
|
What soil type does Australias Granite region possess?
|
Limestone
|
|
|
What region in South Australia is responsible for a quarter of the total national grape production?
|
Riverland
|
|
|
What are the GI's within the Limestone Coast of Australia?
|
Coonawarra
Padthaway Mount Benson Robe Wrattonbully |
|
|
What two GI's in South Australia are famed for their Rieslings?
|
Clare Valley
Eden Valley |
|
|
What are two ultra cool wine regions on the Austalian Mainland?
|
Henty and the Macedonian Ranges
|
|
|
What state or territory is the original home of grapevine plantings Down Under?
|
New South Whales
|
|
|
What are the wine regions along the coast of Western Australia?
|
Geographe
Margaret River Blackwood Valley Manjimup Pemberton Great Southern |
|
|
Riverina is best known for what two wine products?
|
dessert wine and "bag in box" wine
|
|
|
What is strategy 2025?
|
Australias goal to become a "4.5 billion dollar industry by being the worlds most influential and profitable supplier of branded wine
|
|
|
What is the nature of Australian soils?
|
Typically sandy, may be atop limestone or ganite
|
|
|
T or F
Australia has no indigenous vines |
True
|
|
|
What is Ausbruch?
|
A botrysized wine made in and around Rust, a small village located along the shores of Lake Neusiedl in Neusiedersee-Hugelland Austria.
|
|
|
What is the most widely planted grape variety in Austria?
|
Gruner Veltliner
|
|
|
What is the signifigance of the Heurige culture in Austria?
|
In 1784 growers were given an "assist" by Emperor Josef II allowing farmers to sell their own products on their premises. This lends to the fact that now there is a distinct differentiation between "new wine" and the rustic inns where the new vintages are served.
|
|
|
What was the Austrian wine scandal of 1985?
|
Some winemakers were found to be adulterating their wine with diethylene glycol to give them more body.
Wine exports were devastated but it resulted in the institution of some of the toughest wine laws in the world |
|
|
What is Welschriesling?
|
An Austrian grape synonymous to Italian Riesling with no relation to true riesling.
A fragrant perfumed white with good acidity |
|
|
What is Feinburgunder a synonym for?
|
Chardonnay
|
|
|
What is Morillon a synonym for?
|
Chardonnay
|
|
|
What is Pinot Blanc called in Austria?
|
Weissburgunder
|
|
|
What is the Fruhroter Veltliner or Roter Veltliner of Austria known as in France and Germany?
|
France (and Switzerland)- Malvosie Rose
Germany - Fruhroter Malvasier |
|
|
What is Neuburger?
|
A full bodied Weissburgunder x Silvaner cross
|
|
|
What is Rotgipfler?
|
A spicy white that is a cross between Traminer and Roter Veltliner.
Pronounced acidity and usually finished with a little residual sugar |
|
|
What is Zierflander or Spatrot?
|
An Austrian grape that makes a wine with pronounced acidity and often finished with a little residual sugar.
A cross between Roter Veltliner and an as yet unidentified grape variety |
|
|
What are the primary white grape varieties of Austria?
|
Gruner Veltliner
Welschriesling Chardonnay Weissburgunder Riesling Sauvignon Blanc Fruhroter Veltliner Neuburger Rotgipfler Zierfandler |
|
|
What are the primary red varietals of Austria?
|
Blauer Zweigelt
Blaufrankisch Blauer Portugieser St. Laurent Pinot Noir Blauer Wildbacher |
|
|
What is Blauer Zweigelt?
|
A cross between Blaufrankisch and St. Laurent created by Dr. Zweigelt at Klosterneuberg in Donauland, Austria
|
|
|
What is blaufrankisch?
|
A grape also known as Lemberger or Kefrankos. Out of Austria, makes a powerful wine with licorice and cinnamon accents, boysenberry fruit and chewy tannins
|
|
|
What is Portugieser or Blauer Portugieser?
|
A grape brought to Austria from Portugal in 1772. A light bodied, low acid, low alcohol, fruity red
|
|
|
What is St. Laurent?
|
An Austrian varietal of French origin. A member of the Pinot family, yet slightly more tannic.
|
|
|
What is Blauer Wildbacher?
|
An Austrian varietal that produces a grassy and herbal wine (red) with pronounced acidity. Usually vinified as a rose called Schilcher
|
|
|
What is Schilcher?
|
An Austrian rose vinified from Blauer Wildbacher
|
|
|
Which Austrian wine region has its own classification system?
|
Wachau
|
|
|
What are the three tiers of Wachaus classification system?
|
Steinfeder - light dry wines of up to 11% alcohol
Federspiel - medium bodied, dry wines under 12.5% alcohol Smaragd - full bodied, dry wines over 12.5% alcohol |
|
|
What is the significance of Lake Neusiedl?
|
It is Central Europes only steppe lake
|
|
|
What is Sturm?
|
Grape must served during harvest and drank with roasted chestnuts
|
|
|
What is Schilcher?
|
A tart, herbal rose made from the Blauer Wildbacher grape in Weststeiermark
|
|
|
What is Uhudler?
|
A wine from Sudburgenland created from hybrid grapes (typically Concord, Deleware and Elvira)
referred to as a house wine it was officially banned in 1985 and allowed again in 1992. Typically a yellow rose tasting of raspberry and strawberry |
|
|
What is the Austrian wine quality pyramid?
|
Spatlese
Auslese Beerenauslese/Eiswein/Strohwein Ausbruch Trokenbeerenauslese |
|
|
What is Bergwein?
|
"Mountain wine"
A tafelwein level wine made from grapes grown at extremely high slopes with at least a 26 percent gradient |
|
|
What are the Austrain exceptions to the german wine quality pyramid?
|
Two additional levels of Ausbruch and Strohwein
Qualitatswein may be chaptalized (with the exception of kabinett) Pradikatswein can not be chaptalized nor sussreseve added Level wines are considered qualitatswein NOT pradikatswein |
|
|
What are the three main wine regions within Austria?
|
Niedorosterreich
Burgenland Steiermark |
|
|
What are the Austrian wine regions of Niederosterreich?
|
Carnuntum
Kamptal Kremstal Thermenregion Traisental Wachau Wagram Weinviertal |
|
|
What are the Austrian wine regions of Burgenland?
|
Neusiedlersee
Neusiedlersee-Hugelland Mittelburgenland Sudburgenland |
|
|
What are the Austrain wine regions of Steiermark (Styria)?
|
Sudoststeiermark
Sudsteiermark Weststeiermark |
|
|
What are the Austrian wine regions of Wein (Vienna)?
|
Wein
|
|
|
What is Austrias largest wine district?
|
Weinviertel
|
|
|
Where does Australia rank as a wine producer?
|
sixth
|
|
|
What is unique about the soil of Australia?
|
It is a fossil
|
|
|
What percent of Australias vineyards are planted on their own roots?
|
75%
|
|
|
Where is the only superzone in Australia?
|
Adelaide
|
|
|
What is the only state in Australia that does not contribute significantly to the countrys wine production?
|
Queensland
|
|
|
What are the wine zones of New South Whales?
|
Big Rivers
Central Ranges Hunter Valley Northern Rivers Northern Slopes South Coast Southern New South Whales Western Plains |
|
|
What are the wine zones of South Australia?
|
Barossa
Far North Fleurieu Limestone Coast Lower Murray Mount Lofty Ranges The Penninsulas The superzone Adelaide includes Barossa, Fleurieu and Mount Lofty Ranges |
|
|
What are the wine zones of Victoria?
|
Central Victoria
Gippsland North East Victoria North West Victoria Port Phillip Western Victoria |
|
|
What are the wine zones of Western Australia?
|
Central Western Australia
Eastern Plains Inland and North of Western Australia Greater Perth South West Australia West Australian South East Coastal |
|
|
Where was the first state that grape vines were planted in Australia?
|
New South Whales
|
|
|
When did winemaking begin in the Hunter Valley of Australia?
|
1825
|
|
|
What grapes is the Hunter Valley known for?
|
Shiraz and Semillon
|
|
|
What are the wine regions of New South Whales?
|
Hunter and Broke Fordwich
Mudgee Cowra Orange Canberra District Gundagai Hilltops Tumbarumba Southern Highlands Shoalhaven Coast Perricoota Riverina Murray Darling Swan Hill Hastings River New England Australia |
|
|
What was the second home to the vines of Down Under?
|
Tasmania
|
|
|
What grapes is Tasmania ideally suited for?
|
Chardonnay
Pinot Noir (Sparkling wine production) |
|
|
What is the majority of the wine produced in the Swan District (Swan Valley) of Western Australia?
|
Fortified or bulk wine
|
|
|
What happens to rainfall as you move South through Western Australia?
|
It increases
|
|
|
What two oceans do the wine regions of Western Australia experience sea breezes from?
|
Indian Ocean and Southern Ocean
|
|
|
What are the wine regions of Western Australia?
|
Swan District
Swan Valley Geographe Margaret River Blackwood Valley Manjimup Pemberton Great Southern |
|
|
What are the wine regions of Victoria?
|
Geelong
Macedon Ranges Sunbury Yarra Valley Mornington Penninsula Bendigo Heathcote Goulburn Valley Nagambie Lakes Upper Goulburn Strathbogie Ranges Rutherglen King Valley Beechworth Alpine Valleys Glenrowan Grampians Pyrenees Henty Swan Hill Murray Darling |
|
|
What two wine regions lay within two states of Australia?
|
Swan Hill and Murray Darling straddle Victoria and New South Whales
|
|
|
What are the wine regions of the Port Phillip zone in Victoria?
|
Geelong
Macedon Ranges Sunbury Yarra Valley Mornington Peninsula |
|
|
Where is the original home of the vine in Victoria?
|
Yarra Valley
|
|
|
What varietals are successful in the Yarra Valley?
|
Chardonnay
Riesling Pinot Noir |
|
|
What are the wine regions of the Central Victoria zone of Victoria?
|
Bendigo
Heathcote Goulburn Valley Nagambie Lakes Upper Goulburn Strathbogie Ranges |
|
|
Where is Victorias High Country located?
|
Strathbogie Ranges
|
|
|
What are the wine regions of the North east Victoria zone?
|
Rutherglen
King Valley Beechworth Alpine Valleys Glenrowan |
|
|
What is Rutherglen known for?
|
Fortified wines and big reds
|
|
|
What are the wine regions of the Gippsland zone of Victoria?
|
There aren't any
|
|
|
What is the climate of Gippsland often compared to?
|
The Loire and Burgundy
|
|
|
What are the wine regions of the Western Victoria zone?
|
Grampians
Pyrenees Henty |
|
|
Where is the home to Australias first sparkling wine?
|
Grampians
|
|
|
What are the wine regions of the North West Victoria zone?
|
Swan Hill
Murray Darling |
|
|
What factors contributed to South Australia rise to stardom in wine production?
|
Victorias devastation from phylloxera
The Federation of Australia eliminated trade barriars The global wine market switched its preference from fortified to table wine |
|
|
What are the wine regions of South Australia?
|
Adelaide Plains
Adelaide Hills Clare Valley Currency Creek Kangaroo Island Southern Fleurieu Mclaren Vale Langhorne Creek Barossa Valley Eden Valley High Eden Mount Benson Robe Wrattonbully Coonawarra Padthaway Riverland Southern Flinders Ranges |
|
|
What are the wine regions of the Mount Lofty Ranges zone of South Australia?
|
Adelaide Plains
Adelaide Hills Clare Valley |
|
|
What are the wine regions of the Fleurieu zone of South Australia?
|
Currency Creek
Kangaroo Island Southern Fleurieu McLaren Vale Langhorne Creek |
|
|
What are the wine regions of the Barossa zone of South Australia?
|
Barossa Valley
Eden Valley High Eden |
|
|
What are the wine regions of the Limestone Coast zone of South Australia?
|
Mount Benson
Robe Wrattonbully Coonawarra Padthaway |
|
|
What is the wine region within the Lower Murray zone of South Australia?
|
Riverland
|
|
|
What are the wine regions within the Penninsula zone of South Australia?
|
There aren't any
|
|
|
What is the wine region within the Far North zone of South Australia?
|
Southern Flinders Ranges
|
|
|
What varietal is Clare Valley known for?
|
Riesling
|
|
|
What varietal is Eden valley known for?
|
Riesling
|
|
|
What GI is home to the biggest wine corporations in Australia?
|
Barossa Valley
|
|
|
What grape performs best on terra rosa soil?
|
Cabernet Sauvignon
|
|
|
What are the wine regions of Queensland?
|
Granite Belt
South Burnett |
|
|
Where is the original home to the vine in Queensland?
|
Roma
|
|
|
What is Roma, Queensland known for producing?
|
fortified wines
|
|
|
At its widest point what is the distance across Chile?
|
220 miles
|
|
|
What encompasses a third of Chile?
|
The Andes
|
|
|
What is unique about Chiles geography?
|
It is isolated from the world by it.
Desert to the north Andean mountains to the east Pacific ocean to the west Frozen ice of Antartica to the South |
|
|
What is the largest fine wine region in Chile?
|
Central Valley
|
|
|
What is Pisco?
|
A distilled spirit of Chile
|
|
|
What is Pais?
|
A grape in Chile that is used to produce rustic table wine or brandy
|
|
|
What are the weather patterns of Chile influenced by?
|
The Pacific Ocean and the cold Humboldt Current
|
|
|
T or F
Chile has no indigenous vines |
True
Varieties were brought from Bordeaux in the 1800's |
|
|
What has the quarantined geography of Chile protected its vines from?
|
Phylloxera and Powdery Mildew
|
|
|
What is the most widely planted red grape of Chile?
|
Cabernet Sauvignon
|
|
|
What is the "rule of 75%" in Chile?
|
That is the minimum proportion for
Varietal Estate Bottling Vintage Place of Origin |
|
|
What are the percentage requirements for Chilean wine to be exported to the EU?
|
85%
|
|
|
What are the four principal wine regions of Chile?
|
Coquimbo
Aconcagua Central Valley Southern Regions |
|
|
What are the subregions of Chile?
|
Limari Valley
Aconcagua Valley Casablanca Maipo Valley Rapel Valley Curico Valley Maule Valley Itata Valley Bio Bio Valley |
|
|
What are the subregions of the Coquimbo region of Chile?
|
The Limari Valley
|
|
|
What grape is widely planted in the Limari valley?
|
Cabernet Sauvignon
|
|
|
What are the subregions of the Aconcagua region of Chile?
|
Aconcagua Valley
Casablanca |
|
|
What is the hottest and driest fine wine growing area of Chile?
|
Aconcagua Valley
|
|
|
What is Chiles coolest winegrowing area?
|
Casablanca
|
|
|
A quarter of Chiles Chardonnay is grown where?
|
Casablanca
|
|
|
What are the subregions of Chile's Central Valley Region?
|
Maipo
Rapel Curico Maule |
|
|
What challenges face the vineyards of the Maipo Valley?
|
Smog from Santiago
Urban development Airborne dust |
|
|
What grapes is the Rapel Valley known for?
|
Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc
|
|
|
Where is most of Chiles Sauvignon Blanc planted?
|
Curico Valley
|
|
|
What percentage of Chiles vines are planted in the Maule Valley?
|
25%
|
|
|
What grapes do most of the vineyards of the Itata Valley consist of?
|
Pais and Moscatel
|
|
|
What wine growing district lies at the Southern end of Chiles Central Valley?
|
Bio Bio Valley
|
|
|
The most exported wine comes from where?
|
France
|
|
|
What does vignerons mean?
|
Winegrowers
|
|
|
What is the INAO?
|
Institut des Appellations d'Origine
Regulates the procedures and practices of French winemaking based around a wines place of origin. |
|
|
What is the French wine quality pyramid?
|
Vin de Table
Vin de Pay's VDQS (Vin delimite de qualite superieure, delimited wine of superior quality) AOC (Appellation d'origine controlee) |
|
|
What percentage of French wine falls into the Vin de Table category?
|
1/8
|
|
|
What are the restrictions for a French Vin d'Pays?
|
The grapes must come from within the boundaries of one of the 152 delimited Vin de Pays regions.
|
|
|
What percentage of French wines falls within the Vin de Pays category?
|
More than a third
|
|
|
What is Vin de Pays de Vignoble de France?
|
An all encompassing area of Vin de Pays which covers almost the entire country (excluding the northernmost)
|
|
|
What is the Vin de Pays d'Oc?
|
A Vin de Pays that covers the western part of the French Mediterranean coast.
|
|
|
What percent of Vin de Pays wines come from the Vin de Pays d'Oc?
|
More than 40%
|
|
|
What is the total production of wine from the VDQS tier?
|
Less than 2%
|
|
|
What tier of the French wine quality pyramid is seen as a temporary probationary status for wines having the potential to become AOC?
|
VDQS
|
|
|
What is the AOC system used for other than wines in France?
|
Cheeses and other various agricultural products
|
|
|
What are the restrictions of the AOC level in France?
|
The grape variety or varieties that may be used
When to harvest (sugar level and/or date) Yield-the maximum weight of the grapes that can be harvested per unit area/hectare Viticultural practices-how vineyards are planted and vines are managed Vinification techniques-some are required, some are banned Alcohol-the minimum/maximum strength of the finished wine |
|
|
What percent of French wine falls into the AOC level?
|
More than half
|
|
|
What does the term superieur or superieure attached to the name of an AOC signify?
|
Requires a higher alcohol level, usually 1% higher than the basic designation
|
|
|
How many acres does Bordeaux have under vine?
|
297,000
|
|
|
What is Fine Bordeaux?
|
a brandy made from distilled Bordeaux wine
|
|
|
What percent of Bordeaux is planted with red grapes?
|
89%
|
|
|
How many appellations are there within Bordeaux?
|
57
|
|
|
What percent of all French AOC wine comes from Bordeaux?
|
25%
|
|
|
Bordeaux represents what percent of the worlds total vineyard area?
|
1.5%
|
|
|
What is the French term "Cru" indicative of?
|
An indication of the quality of the particular estates terroir and grape varieties, as well as the producers talent and know how.
|
|
|
What two rivers connect in Bordeaux?
|
Garonne and Dardogne
|
|
|
What do the Garonne and Dardogne connect to form in Bordeaux?
|
The estuary Gironde that emptys into the Atlantic
|
|
|
What do the rivers of the Garonne and Dordogne divide Bordeaux into?
|
Left bank to the West of the Garonne and Right Bank to the East of the Dordogne. Entre Deux Mers lays between the two rivers
|
|
|
Where is the Medoc located in Bordeaux?
|
In the Left Bank north of Bordeaux city
|
|
|
Where is Graves located in Bordeaux?
|
In the Left Bank, south and west of the city of Bordeaux.
|
|
|
What is the soil type of the Left Bank of Bordeaux?
|
Gravel of varying depths, mixed with sand and pebbles
|
|
|
Where are Libourne and St. Emilion located in Bordeaux?
|
The Right Bank of the Dordogne
|
|
|
What is the soil type of the right bank of Bordeaux?
|
Complex with clay, chalk, sand, and some gravel
|
|
|
What is the dominant grape of the right bank of Bordeaux?
|
Merlot
|
|
|
What is the dominant grape of the left bank of Bordeaux?
|
Cabernet Suavignon
|
|
|
Where are almost all of the white grapes found in Bordeaux?
|
The left bank south of Bordeaux city and in the Entre deux Mers
|
|
|
What percent of growers in Bordeaux make their own wine on their properties?
|
60%
|
|
|
What percent of Bordeauxs wine production is vinified by cooperatives and negociant firms?
|
40%
|
|
|
Approximately how many wine traders are there in Bordeaux?
|
400
|
|
|
In the Bordeaux wine trade, what is the relationship between production and sales?
|
The producer produces and the broker sells
|
|
|
What is a lot of the Merlot from the Entre Deux Mers used for?
|
The lower priced Bordeaux AC wines
|
|
|
Where are the dry white wines of Bordeaux from?
|
Graves (mostly Sauvignon Blanc, high in acid and clean)
|
|
|
Where are the sweet Bordeaux white wines from?
|
The southernmost parts of the left bank and the Entre deux Mers
|
|
|
What is the main varietal of the sweet white wines of Bordeaux?
|
Semillon
|
|
|
What is the main varietal of the dry white wines of Bordeaux?
|
Sauvignon Blanc
|
|
|
What are the 6 families of appellations of Bordeaux?
|
Bordeaux and Bordeaux Superieur
Medoc and Graves St. Emilion, Pomerol, and Fronsac Red Cotes de Bordeaux Dry Whites Sweet Whites |
|
|
What percentage of Bordeaux wines fall within the Bordeaux and Bordeaux Superieur family?
|
50%
|
|
|
What percent of wines from Bordeaux fall within the Medoc and Graves family?
|
15%
|
|
|
What percent of wines from Bordeaux fall within the St. Emilion, Pomerol and Fronsac family?
|
10%
|
|
|
What percent of wines from Bordeaux fall within the Red Cotes de Bordeaux family?
|
14%
|
|
|
What percent of wines from Bordeaux fall within the dry whites family?
|
8%
|
|
|
What percent of wines from Bordeaux fall within the sweet whites family?
|
3%
|
|
|
What are the 6 communes of the Haut Medoc?
|
St. Estephe
Pauillac St. Julien Listrac Moulis Margaux |
|
|
What are the communes of Graves?
|
Pessac Leognan
Sauternes Barsac Cerons |
|
|
Where in Graves would one find the best dry whites of Bordeaux?
|
Pessac Leognan
|
|
|
Where in Graves would one find the sweet whites of Bordeaux?
|
Cerons
Barsac Sauternes |
|
|
What are the appellations within the Entre Deux Mers?
|
Premieres Cotes de Bordeaux
Loupiac Ste Croix du Mont Cadillac |
|
|
What are the sweet white appellations of Entre Deux Mers?
|
Loupiac
Ste Croix du Mont Cadillac |
|
|
What are the appellations of the Right Bank of Bordeaux?
|
Cotes de Bourg
Blaye Premieres Cotes de Blaye Canon Fronsac Fronsac Lalande de Pomerol Pomerol St. Emilion |
|
|
What are the satellites of St. Emilion?
|
Montagne St Emilion
Lussac St Emilion St. Georges St Emilion Puisseguin St Emilion Cotes du Castillon Bordeaux Cote de Francs |
|
|
What are the five independent classifications of Bordeaux?
|
the 1855 classification which includes only left bank estates
The Graves Classification The St Emilion Classification The Classification of Cru Bourgeois The Classification of Cru Artisans |
|
|
What is the name of the ranking system of Bordeaux wines?
|
Classified growths
|
|
|
What prompted the Bordeaux classification of 1855?
|
Napolean III requested a list of the chateaux by the price charged for their wine and divided it into five categories called crus or growths.
Request was made prior to the wines propmotion at the Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1855 |
|
|
How many properties were ranked in the Bordeaux classification of 1855?
|
87
|
|
|
How many chateaux from the Right Bank were ranked in the 1855 classification of Bordeaux?
|
none
|
|
|
Where were the properties ranked in the 1855 classification of Bordeaux located?
|
60 in the Medoc
1 in Graves 26 in Sauternes and Barsac None in the Right bank |
|
|
What are the first growths (premiers cru) of Bordeaux?
|
Chateau Lafite-Rothchild
Chateau Margaux Chateau Latour Chateau Haut Brion Chateau Mouton Rothschild |
|
|
What are the Second Growths (Deuxiemes Crus) of Bordeaux?
|
Chateau Rauzan Segla
Chateau Rauzan Gassies Chateau Leoville Las cases Chateau Leoville Poyferre Chateau Leoville Barton Chateau Durfort Vivens Chateau Gruaud Larose Chateau Lascombes Chateau Brane Cantenac Chateau Pichon Longueville Baron Chateau Pichon Longueville , Comtesse de Lalande Chateau Ducru Beaucaillou Chateau Cos d'Etournel Chateau Montrose |
|
|
What are the Third Growths (Troisiemes Crus) of Bordeaux?
|
Chateau Kirwan
Chateau d'Issan Chateau Lagrange Chateau Langoa barton Chateau Giscours Chateau Malescot St.-Exupery Chateau Boyd-Cantenac Chateau Cantenac-Brown Chateau Palmer Chateau La Lagune Chateau Desmirail Chateau Ferriere Chateau Marquis d'Alesme-Becker |
|
|
What are the Fourth Growths (Quatriemes Crus) of Bordeaux?
|
Chateau St-Pierre
Chateau Talbot Chateau Branaire Ducru Chateau Duhart-Milon-Rothschild Chateau Pouget Chateau La Tour-Carnet Chateau Lafon Rochet Chateau Beychevelle Chateau Prieure-Lichine Chateau Marquis de Terme |
|
|
What are the Fifth Growths (Cinquiemes Crus) of Bordeaux?
|
Chateau Pontet-Canet
chateau Batailley Chateau Haut-Batailley Chateau Grand-Puy-Lacoste Chateau Lynch-Bages Chateau Lynch-Moussas Chateau Dauzac Chateau d'Armailhac Chateau du Tertre Chateau Haut-Bages-Liberal Chateau Pedasclaux Chateau Belgrave Chateau de Carmensac Chateau Cos Labory Chateau Cierc Milon Chateau Croizet-Bages Chateau Cantemerle |
|
|
What are the classified growths of Pauillac?
|
Chateau Lafite Rothschild (1)
Chateau Latour (1) Chateau Mouton Rothschild (1) Chateau Pichon-Longueville Baron (2) Chateau Pichon-Longueville, Comtesse de Lalande (2) Chateau Duhart-Milon-Rothschild(4) Chateau Pontet-Canet (5) Chateau Batailley (5) Chateau Haut-Batailley (5) Chateau Grand Puy-Lacoste (5) Chateau Grand-Puy-Ducasse (5) Chateau Lynch-Bages (5) Chateau Lynch-Moussas (5) Chateau d'Armailhac (5) Chateau Haut-Bages-Liberal (5) Chateau Pedesclaux (5) ChateauClerc-Milon (5) Chateau Croizet-Bages (5) |
|
|
What are the classified growths of Margaux?
|
Chateau Margaux (1)
Chateau Rauzan Segla (2) Chateau Rauzan-Gassies (2) Chateau Durfort Vivens (2) Chateau Lascombes (2) Chateau Brane-Cantenac (2) Chateau Kirwan (3) Chateau d'Issan (3) Chateau Giscours (3) Chateau Malescot-St. Exupery (3) Chateau Boyd-Cantenac (3) Chateau Cantenac-Brown (3) Chateau Palmer (3) Chateau desmirail (3) Chateau Ferriere (3) Chateau Marquis d'Alesme-Becker (3) Chateau Pouget (4) Chateau Prieure-Lichine (4) Chateau Marquis-de-Terme (4) Chateau Dauzac (5) Chateau du Tertre (5) |
|
|
What are the classified growths of Pessac, Graves?
|
Chateau Haut Brion (1)
|
|
|
What are the classified growths for St. Julien?
|
Chateau Leoville-Las Cases (2)
Chateau Leoville Poyferre (2) Chateau Leoville-Barton (2) Chateau Gruaud Larose (2) Chateau Ducru-Beaucaillou (2) Chateau Lagrange (3) chateau Langoa-Barton (3) Chateau St-Pierre (4) Chateau Talbot (4) Chateau Branaire-Ducru (4) Chateau Beychevelle (4) |
|
|
What are the classified growths of St. Estephe?
|
Chateau Cos d'Estournel (2)
Chateau Montrose (2) Chateau Lafon-Rochet (4) Chateau Cos Labory (5) |
|
|
What are the classified growths of the Haut-Medoc?
|
Chateau La Lagune (3)
Chateau La Tour-Carnet (4) Chateau Belgrave (5) Chateau de Caensac (5) Chateau Cantemerle (5) |
|
|
What is a Crus Bourgeois?
|
A list of the best Chateau of the Medoc that were not on the 1855 list
|
|
|
How many Crus Bourgeois are there?
|
247
9 Crus Bourgeois Exceptionnel 87 Crus Bourgeois Superieur 151 Crus Bourgeois |
|
|
Where are the Crus Bourgeois found?
|
In the Medoc, Haut Medoc, Listrac, Margaux, Pauillac, St. Estephe, and St. julien
|
|
|
How many Crus Artisans are there in the Medoc?
|
44
|
|
|
How do the classified Graves Chateaux label their wines?
|
Cru Classe
|
|
|
How many properties can label their wines "Cru Classe" in Graves?
|
16
|
|
|
What are the two levels of St. Emilion wines?
|
Grand Cru classe (great classified growths)
Premier Grand Cru Classe (first great classified growths) |
|
|
How many Premier Grand Cru Classe Wines are their in St-Emilion?
|
15
|
|
|
How many Grand Cru Classe wines are their in St-Emilion?
|
46
|
|
|
What are the two category "A" wines of the Premier Grand Cru Classe wines of St-Emilion?
|
Chateau Ausone
Chateau Cheval Blanc |
|
|
What is required to aqcuire Grand Cru AOC status?
|
The grower must declare that intention at the beginning of the season, meet higher production standards, barrel age the wine for 12 months, and then submit the wine for approval
|
|
|
What happens to an entire harvest if it fails to meet the intended Grand Cru AOC requirements?
|
It goes to distillation
|
|
|
How often does the Grand Cru Classe status go under revision in St.-Emilion?
|
Every 10 years
|
|
|
What group is responsible for first building the vineyards of Burgundy?
|
The Benedictine order of the Monks
|
|
|
What determined the ownership of Burgundian vineyards today?
|
The French Revolution in 1789. The lands of the nobility and the church were confiscated and sold, in small parcels to the common people, fragmenting the ownership of the vineyards. The Napoleonic code, that requires inherited lands to be equally divided amongst sons, divided the land even further.
|
|
|
How many growers make up the 115,000 acres of Burgundy?
|
15,000
|
|
|
What are the six major wine growing districts of Burgundy?
|
Chablis
Cote de Nuits Cote de Beaune Cote Chalonnaise Maconnais Beaujolais |
|
|
What two winegrowing regions make up the Cote d'Or?
|
Cote de Nuits
Cote du Beaune |
|
|
What are the soils of the Cote d'Or?
|
160 million year old Jurassic limestone and marls created at a time when a shallow sea covered the area
|
|
|
What are the soils of Chablis?
|
a mixture of limestone, clay and a mutitude of tiny fossilized oyster shells
|
|
|
What is the soil of Chablis called?
|
Kimmeridgian clay
|
|
|
What is the soil of Beaujolais?
|
predominately granite and schist
|
|
|
What ae the Grand Crus of chablis?
|
Les Clos
Vaudesir Valmur Blanchot Bougros Les Preuses Grenouilles |
|
|
What are the most famous Premiere Crus of chablis?
|
Fourchaume
Montee de tonnerre Mont de Milieu Montmains Vaillons |
|
|
What is characteristic of wines sold under the AC Chablis or Petit Chablis?
|
They are not Grand Cru or Premiere Cru status and come from the less desirable soils or exposures
|
|
|
What region of Burgundy is referred to as the "Golden Slope"?
|
Cote d'Or
|
|
|
What is Burgundys largest town?
|
Beaune
|
|
|
Where does the Cote de Nuits take its name from?
|
The town Nuits-St.-George
|
|
|
How many Grand Cru Vineyards lay within the Cote d'Or?
|
32
|
|
|
How many Grand Cru Vineyards lay in Chablis?
|
1
|
|
|
How many Grand Cru vineyards are within the Cote de Nuits?
|
24
|
|
|
What percentage of wines out of Cote de Nuits are red?
|
89%
|
|
|
What is the only Grand Cru vineyard in Cote de Nuits that produces white wine?
|
Musigny
|
|
|
What percent of wines out of Cote de Beaune are red?
|
57%
|
|
|
How many Grand Cru vineyards in the Cote de Beaune produce only white wine?
|
7
|
|
|
What is the only Grand Cru vineyard in the Cote de Beaune that produces red wine?
|
Corton
|
|
|
What are the wine producing villages of Cote de Nuits?
|
Marsannay
Fixin Brochon Gevrey-Chambertin Morey-St.-Denis Chambolle-Musigny Vougeot Flagey-Echezeuax Vosne-Romanee Nuits-St.-George Premeaux Prissey Comblanchien Corgoloin |
|
|
What are the Grand Crus of Gevrey-Chambertin?
|
Chambertin
Chambertin-Clos de Beze Chapelle-Chambertin Charmes-Chambertin Griotte-Chambertin Latricieres-Chambertin Mazis-Chambertin Mazoyeres-Chambertin Ruchottes-Chambertin |
|
|
What are the Grand Crus of Morey-St.-Denis?
|
Clos St.-Denis
Clos de la Roche Clos des Lambrays Clos de Tart Bonnes Mares |
|
|
What are the Grand Crus of Chambolle-Musigny?
|
Bonnes Mares
Musigny |
|
|
What is the Grand Cru shared by Morey-St.-Denis and Chambolle-Musigny?
|
Bonne Mares
|
|
|
What is the Grand cru of Vougeot?
|
Clos de Vougeot
|
|
|
What are the Grand Crus of Flagey-Echezeaux?
|
Echezeaux
Grands Echezeaux |
|
|
What are the Grand Crus of Vosne-Romanee?
|
La Grand Rue
Richebourg La Romanee Romanee-Conti Romanee-St.-Vivant La Tache |
|
|
What are the wine producing villages of Cote de Beaune?
|
Ladoix-Serrigny
Aloxe-Corton Pernand-Vergelesses Chorey-les-Beaune Savigny-les-Beaune Beaune Pommard Volnay Mothelie Auxey-Duresses St-Romain Meursault Puligny-Montrachet Chassagne-Montrachet St-Aubin Santenay Maranges |
|
|
What are the Grand Crus of Ladoix-Serrigny?
|
Corton
Corton-Charlemagne |
|
|
What are the Grand Cru of Aloxe-Corton?
|
Charlemagne
Corton Corton-Charlemagne |
|
|
What are the Grand Crus of Pernand-Vergelesses?
|
Charlemagne
Corton Corton-Charlemagne |
|
|
What are the Grand Crus of Puligny-Montrachet?
|
Montrachet
Batard-Montrachet Chevalier-Montrachet Bienvenue-Batard-Montrachet |
|
|
What are the Grand Crus of Chassagne-Montrachet?
|
Montrachet
Batard-Montrachet Criots-Batard-Montrachet |
|
|
Where does the Cote Chalonaisse get its name from?
|
the town of Chalon-sur-Saone
|
|
|
What are the 5 communal AOC's of Cote Chalonnaise?
|
Rully
Bouzeron Mercurey Givry Montagny |
|
|
What is known as the center for Cremant de Bourgogne sparkling wines?
|
Rully in the Cote Chalonnaise
|
|
|
What is the only commune for Aligote still wine?
|
Bouzeron in Cote Chalonnaise
|
|
|
What is the largest volume producer of the Cote Chalonnaise?
|
Mercurey
|
|
|
Where does the Cote Chalonaisse get its name from?
|
the town of Chalon-sur-Saone
|
|
|
What are the 5 communal AOC's of Cote Chalonnaise?
|
Rully
Bouzeron Mercurey Givry Montagny |
|
|
Where does the Cote Chalonaisse get its name from?
|
the town of Chalon-sur-Saone
|
|
|
What is known as the center for Cremant de Bourgogne sparkling wines?
|
Rully in the Cote Chalonnaise
|
|
|
What are the 5 communal AOC's of Cote Chalonnaise?
|
Rully
Bouzeron Mercurey Givry Montagny |
|
|
What is the only commune for Aligote still wine?
|
Bouzeron in Cote Chalonnaise
|
|
|
What is known as the center for Cremant de Bourgogne sparkling wines?
|
Rully in the Cote Chalonnaise
|
|
|
What is the largest volume producer of the Cote Chalonnaise?
|
Mercurey
|
|
|
What is the only commune for Aligote still wine?
|
Bouzeron in Cote Chalonnaise
|
|
|
What is the largest volume producer of the Cote Chalonnaise?
|
Mercurey
|
|
|
Where does the Maconnais get its name from?
|
The town of Macon
|
|
|
What are the AOC's of Maconnais?
|
Pouilly-Fuisse
Pouilly-Loche Pouilly-Vinzelles St.-Veran Vire-Clesse |
|
|
What grape do the red wines of Maconnais depend primarily on?
|
Gamay
|
|
|
How are the regional wines of Maconnais labeled?
|
Macon
Macon Superieur Macon-(plus the name of the village) Macon-Villages (white only) |
|
|
Approximately what percent of Burgundys wine production comes from Beaujolais?
|
50%
|
|
|
What three major appelations can Beaujolais be divided into?
|
Beaujolias
Beaujolais-Villages Cru Beaujolais |
|
|
Where is the Cru Beaujolais district located in Beaujolais?
|
The northern third of the district
|
|
|
What are the 10 communes (villages) of Beaujolais?
|
St. Amour
Moulin a Vent Morgon Chenas Regnie Brouilly Cote Brouilly Julienas Fleurie Chiroubles |
|
|
What percentage of Burgundys wine production is white wine? (with the exception of Beaujolais)
|
60%
|
|
|
What is Bourgogne Passe-Touts-Grains?
|
A Pinot Noir Gamay blend
|
|
|
What wine is released the third Thursday of November?
|
Beaujolais Nouveau
|
|
|
What is half of Beaujolais wine labeled and sold as?
|
Beaujolais Nouveau
|
|
|
How many AOC's are there in Burgundy?
|
100
|
|
|
What are the three levels of AOC classification in Burgundy?
|
Grand Cru
Communal (Premier Cru) Regional |
|
|
What is the largest tier within the levels of AOC classification in Burgundy?
|
Regional
|
|
|
What are negotiants-eleveurs?
|
Individuals who buy grapes from small growers in Burgundy and make a blended wine sold under the Negociants own label
|
|
|
How many Negociant firms are present in Burgundy?
|
300
|
|
|
What percent of Burgundian wines are sold by the Negociant firms?
|
75%
|
|
|
What is a Domaine in Burgundy?
|
a winegrowing estate, on a label it means the wine was estate bottled
|
|
|
What is the longest river in France?
|
The Loire
|
|
|
What is Frances third largest wine region?
|
The Loire Valley
|
|
|
What are the AOC's of the Pays Nantais?
|
Muscadet
Muscadet de Sevre-et-Maine Muscadet des Coteaux de la Loire Muscadet Cotes de Grand-Lieu |
|
|
What are the AOC's of Anjou Saumur?
|
Quarts-de-Chaume
Bonnezeaux Savennieres Coteaux de Layon Saumur Saumur-Champigny Coteaux de Saumur |
|
|
What are the AOC's of Touraine?
|
Bourgueil
St-Nicolas-de-Bourgueil Chinon Vouvray Montlouis-sur-Loire |
|
|
What are the AOC's of the Upper Loire?
|
Reuilly
Quincy sancerre Pouilly-Fume Menetou-Salon |
|
|
What are the wines of Pays Nantais?
|
White and predominantly from Muscadet
|
|
|
What is Muscadet called in the Loire Valley?
|
Melon de Bourgogne
|
|
|
What is the largest AOC of the Loire Valley?
|
Muscadet de Sevre-et-Maine
|
|
|
How many rackings are allowed for Muscadet sur Lie?
|
One before November 30 of the year following harvest
|
|
|
What are the main red grape varieties of Anjou-Saumur?
|
Cabernet Sauvignon
Gamay |
|
|
What is the principal white varietal of Anjou-Saumur?
|
Chenin Blanc
|
|
|
What is chenin Blanc sometimes called in the Loire Valley?
|
Pineau de la Loire
|
|
|
What are the soils of Anjou-Saumur?
|
Gravel terraces
Chalk Schist Slate volcanic spilite |
|
|
What are the rose appellations of Anjou-Saumur?
|
Rose d'Anjou
Cabernet de Saumur Cabernet d'Anjou Rose de Loire |
|
|
How much Cabernet Sauvignon is required in Rose de Loire?
|
At least 30%
|
|
|
Where do the sweet white wines of Anjou Saumur come from?
|
Coteaux du Layon
Bonnezeaux Quarts de Chaume |
|
|
What type of wine is Saumur known for?
|
Sparkling
|
|
|
What is the largest wine district of the Loire Valley?
|
Touraine
|
|
|
What is the soil of Touraine?
|
soft yellow-white iron and magnesium rich limestone.
Commonly referred to as Tuf of Tuffeau |
|
|
What varietal is used for the production of Vouvray and Montlouis sur Loire?
|
100% chenin Blanc (Pineau locally)
|
|
|
What are petillant wines?
|
Slightly sparkling wines. About half the sparkling of standard
|
|
|
What are the varietal requirements of Chinon, Bourgueil, and St-Nicholas-de-Bourgueil?
|
At least 90% Cabernet Franc with the remainder, if any being Cabernet Sauvignon
|
|
|
What type of wines are produced in Jasnieres?
|
Chenin Blanc in both dry and sweet styles
|
|
|
What type of wines are produced in Touraine?
|
red (Gamay and Cab Franc)
white (Sauvignon Blanc) rose Petillant sparkling |
|
|
What types of wines are produced in Cheverny?
|
red (Gamay with some pinot noir, cab franc and/or malbec)
white (Sauvignon Blanc) Rose |
|
|
What are the two appellations of the Upper Loire that are known for their Sauvignon Blanc wines?
|
sancerre (west bank)
Pouilly Fume (east bank) |
|
|
What are the three distinct soil types of Sancerres Kimmeridgian limestone?
|
Terre Blanches
Caillottes Silex |
|
|
What is Terre Blanches?
|
Marl soil with fossils found in sancerre
|
|
|
What is Caillottes?
|
Little stones found in the soil of Sancerre
|
|
|
What is Silex?
|
Flint found in the soil of Sancerre
|
|
|
What varietal are the wines of Quincy made from?
|
Sauvignon Blanc
|
|
|
What varietals are the wines of Reuilly made from?
|
Sauvingon Blanc and Pinot Noir
|
|
|
Who initially pioneered the blending of grapes from different vineyards in Champagne?
|
Dom Perignon
|
|
|
Who is Chaptal?
|
One of the scientist/winemakers who created the process of making champagne
|
|
|
When did Liquer de Tirage appear?
|
The 19th century
|
|
|
Who is credited with the invention of Liquer de Tirage?
|
Brother Jean Oudart
|
|
|
Who developed the A shaped rack used for riddling?
|
The widow (veuve) Clicquot
|
|
|
Who is credited with the shifting of wine production to the dry style of Champagne that we know today?
|
Madame Louise Pommery
|
|
|
How many acres make up the vineyards of champagne?
|
77,000
|
|
|
What are the wine districts of Champagne?
|
Vallee de la Marne
Montagne de Reims Cotes de Blanc Cotes de Bar |
|
|
What is the soil type of Champagne?
|
Kimmeridgian Chalk (aside from Cote de Bar which is Jurassic marl)
|
|
|
What are crayeres?
|
Large excavations made by the Romans in Champagne that are now used as wine cellars
|
|
|
Where is most of the Chardonnay in champagne grown?
|
Cote de Blancs
Montagnie de Reims Cotes de Sezanne |
|
|
Where is most of the Pinot Noir grown in Champagne?
|
Cotes de Bar
Montagnie de Reims Vallee de la Marne |
|
|
Where is most of the Pinot Meunier grown in Champagne?
|
Vallee de la Marne
|
|
|
What are the traditional winemaking properties of champagne known as?
|
Houses
|
|
|
How many Champagne houses are their in Champagne?
|
284
|
|
|
What percent of the vineyards do the houses own in Champagne?
|
10%
|
|
|
How many cooperatives are there in Champagne?
|
140
|
|
|
What percent of the market of Champagne do the cooperatives represent?
|
10%
|
|
|
How many independent growers are there in Champagne and how much of the market do they represent?
|
Roughly 19,000
90% |
|
|
It is illegal to place the term Champagne or Methode de Champennoisse on the label of a wine not produced in Champagne anywhere except what country?
|
United States
|
|
|
What are the styles of Champagne?
|
Nonvintage
Vintage Prestige cuvee or cuvee speciale Blanc de blanc Blanc de Noir Rose |
|
|
What type of Champagne represents the "house style"?
|
Nonvintage
|
|
|
What style of champagne accounts for 3/4 of production?
|
Nonvintage
|
|
|
What are the aging requirements for Nonvintage Champagne?
|
Minimum 15 months in the bottle and wines cannot be bottled until the January following harvest
|
|
|
When is Vintage Champagne produced?
|
Only in the best years
|
|
|
What are the requirements of Vintage Champagne?
|
All of the wine must be from the year indicated on the bottle and it cannot be released until the January three years after harvest
|
|
|
What are the highest quality Champagnes produced called?
|
Prestige Cuvee or Cuvee Speciale
|
|
|
What Champagne styles have the longest aging potential?
|
Prestige Cuvee or Cuvee Speciale
|
|
|
What style of Champagne is typically the most expensive?
|
Prestige Cuvee or Cuvee Speciale
|
|
|
How is Rose Champagne produced?
|
By blending in a little red wine or allowing the black grapes to draw some coler from the skins before pressing
|
|
|
What was the term cremant initially used for?
|
To describe a Champagne with half the atmospheric pressure
|
|
|
What is the only sparkling AOC in Champagne?
|
Champagne
|
|
|
What are the AOC's for still wine in Champagne?
|
Coteaux Champenois
Rose des Riceys |
|
|
How is a Grand Cru of Champagne classified as such?
|
Each village is rated for the quality of its grapes. A score of 100% earns Grand Cru status
|
|
|
How many Grand Crus are there in Champagne?
|
17
|
|
|
What are the premier cru villages of Champagne?
|
Villages that recieved a score of 90-99 when their grapes were rated
|
|
|
How many premier cru are there in Champagne?
|
44
|
|
|
What percent of AOC production do the Grand Crus of Champagne account for?
|
14%
|
|
|
What percent of AOC production do the Premier Crus of Champagne account for?
|
19%
|
|
|
What two countries has Alsace changed hands with repeatedly?
|
France and Germany
|
|
|
What is the only region of France where it is legal to grow the German grape Riesling?
|
Alsace
|
|
|
Where is Alsace located?
|
the Northeast corner of france in the Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin departements
|
|
|
What geographical landmarks is Alsace sandwiched between?
|
The Vosges mountains and the Rhine River
|
|
|
What is the soil type of Alsace?
|
A variety of granite, limestone, gneiss, schist and sandstone
|
|
|
What is the elevation range of Alsace?
|
650-1300 feet
|
|
|
What is the climate of alsace?
|
Cold, continental
|
|
|
Why is Alsace one of the driest regions of France?
|
Due to the rainshadow from the Vosges mountains
|
|
|
How many acres of vineyards are there in Alsace?
|
38,000
|
|
|
How many growers are there for the 38,000 acres of vine in Alsace?
|
5,150
|
|
|
How many producers account for 90% of the annual sales of Alsace?
|
220
|
|
|
What year did Alsace become an AOC?
|
1962
|
|
|
What AOC does most of the wines of Alsace fall under?
|
Alsace AOC
|
|
|
What percentage of Alsace production is attributed to Cremant d'Alsace?
|
20%
|
|
|
What are the grapes used for Cremant d'Alsace?
|
Auxerrois
Chardonnay Pinot Blanc Pinto Gris Pinot Noir Riesling |
|
|
What is the soil type of the Northern Rhone?
|
Granitic sands with calcerous patches or alluvial clays sometimes mixed with polished stones (galets)
|
|
|
Where is 95% of the Rhones production produced?
|
Southern Rhone
|
|
|
What is the climate of the Southern Rhone?
|
Mediterranean
|
|
|
What is the soil type of the Southern Rhone?
|
diverse sand
sandstone red sandy clay galet terraces |
|
|
How are the vines typically trained in the Rhone and why?
|
En Gobelet -as small bush vines close to the ground
To protect them from drying out in the mistral wind |
|
|
What varietals is the Northern Rhone noted for?
|
Burgundian in its simplicity:
reds-Syrah Whites-Viogner, Marsanne, Roussane |
|
|
Where is Syrah indigenous to?
|
The southeast of France
|
|
|
What is Syrah a cross of?
|
Mondeuse Blanche and Dureza
|
|
|
What grape accounts for 2/3 of Southern Rhones red grape production?
|
Grenache
|
|
|
What are the red varietals of the Southern Rhone?
|
Grenache
Syrah Mouvedre Carignan Counoise Muscardin Vaccarese Cinsault Terret Noir |
|
|
What are the white varietals of the Southern Rhone?
|
Grenache Blanc
Clairette Viogner Bourboulenc Ugni Blanc Marsanne Roussane |
|
|
Why is it difficult to grow grapes in many parts of the Northern Rhone?
|
Because of the steep terrain
|
|
|
What does Cote Rotie translate to in English?
|
Roasted Slope
|
|
|
What are the two portions of the Cote Rotie?
|
Northern-Cote Brune
Southern-Cote Blonde |
|
|
What are the two white appelations just south of Cote Rotie?
|
Condrieu and Chateau Grillet
|
|
|
What varietal are Condrieu and Chateau Grillet known for?
|
Viogner
|
|
|
What type of wine is produced in St. Joseph?
|
90% of it is red from syrah, with up to 10% marsanne or roussanne.
|
|
|
What percent of white grapes are allowed in the production of Crozes Hermitage?
|
15%
|
|
|
What is the largest AOC in the Northern Rhone?
|
Croze Hermitage
|
|
|
What percent of Marsanne/Roussanne is allowed in the production of red Hermitage?
|
15%
|
|
|
What percent of Hermitage production is white?
|
25%
|
|
|
What type of wine does Cornas produce?
|
100% syrah
|
|
|
What types of wine does St. Peray produce?
|
Still and sparkling whites from Marsanne and Roussanne
|
|
|
What are the 2 sparkling AOC's of the Northern Rhone?
|
Cremant de Die
Clairette de Die Methode Doise Ancestral |
|
|
What is the Cremant de Die?
|
A sparkling AOC of Northern Rhone made from 100% Clairette and vinfied as a brut
|
|
|
What is the Clairette de Die Methode Diose Ancestral?
|
A sparkling AOC of the Northern Rhone made from primarily Muscat grapes with a maximum of 25% Clairette. Itg is 7-8% alcohol with low pressure
|
|
|
What percent of the Cote du Rhone production is red?
|
95%
|
|
|
What region accounts for over half of the entire Rhones production?
|
Cote du Rhone
|
|
|
What is the Cotes du Rhone-Villages appellation?
|
Comprised of 16 communes that are allowed to append their names to "Cotes du Rhone-"
|
|
|
What is the largest of the Rhone Crus?
|
Chateauneuf du Pape
|
|
|
What soil type is Chateauneuf du Pape famous for?
|
Stony-comprised of football size stones or galets that soak up the heat during the day and radiate it back to the vines and roots at night
|
|
|
What varietal does most Chateauneuf du pape contain 2/3 of in its blend?
|
Grenache
|
|
|
What is Muscat de Baumes Venice?
|
a sweet white (or gold or pink) vin doux natural made from Muscat
|
|
|
What Aoc of the Southern Rhone is rose only wines?
|
Tavel
|
|
|
What are the appellations of the Southern Rhone?
|
Cotes du Rhone
Cotes du Rhone Villages Chateauneuf du Pape Gigondas Vacqueyras Muscat de Baumes-de-Venise Rasteau Lirac Tavel Cotes du Ventoux Cotes du Luberon Coteaux du Tricastin Costieres de Nimes Cotes du Vivarais |
|
|
What are the appellations of the Northern Rhone?
|
Cote Rotie
Condrieu Chateau Grillet St. Joseph Crozes Hermitage Hermitage Cornas St Peray Cremant de Die Clairette de Die Methode Diose Ancestrale |
|
|
What three areas is the South of France divided into?
|
Provence
Languedoc-Roussillon Southwest |
|
|
What is the worlds larghest vineyard area?
|
Languedoc Roussillon
700,000 acres |
|
|
What are the primary grape varietals of the Languedoc Roussillon?
|
Carignan
Grenache Syrah Merlot Cabernet Sauvignon Chardonnay Sauvignon Blanc Muscat Grenache Blanc |
|
|
What is the climate of the Languedoc Roussillon?
|
Mediteranean
|
|
|
What are the AOC's of the Languedoc Roussillon?
|
Languedoc
Fitou Minervois St. Chinean Cotes du Roussillon Cotes du Roussillon Villages Banyuls Rivesaltes Maury Muscat de Frontignan Muscat de Lunel Muscat de Mireval Muscat de Rivesaltes Muscat de St-Jean-de-Minervois Blanquette de Limoux Cremant de Limoux |
|
|
What is the umbrella vin de Pay's that covers the entire region of Languedoc Roussillon?
|
Vin de Pays d'Oc
|
|
|
What percent of production do the AOCs account for in the languedoc Roussillon?
|
less than 30%
|
|
|
What new appelation was the Coteaux du Languedoc phased out for?
|
Languedoc (2007)
|
|
|
What types of wines are made in Fitou, Minervois, and St. Chinian?
|
red wines only from Carignan, Grenache, Mouvedre, Syrah, and other grapes
|
|
|
What Vin doux Naturel of the Languedoc Roussillon is vinified largely from Grenache Noir?
|
Banyuls and Maury
|
|
|
What are the Vin Doux Naturel of Languedoc Roussillon made from exclusively Muscat?
|
Musat de Frontignan
Muscat de Lunel Muscat de Mireval Muscat de Rivesaltes Muscat de St-Jean-de-Minervois |
|
|
What are the two sparkling AOC's of the languedoc Roussillon?
|
Blanquette de Limoux
Cremant de Limoux |
|
|
What is the main grape of Blanquette de Limoux?
|
Mauzac
aka Blanquette |
|
|
What varietals are used in Cremant de Limoux?
|
80% Chardonnay and Chenin Blanc with Mauzac and/or Pinot Noir added to the blend
|
|
|
What style of wine accounts for half of the production in Provence?
|
Rose
|
|
|
What are the two large appelations of Provence?
|
Coteaux d'Aix-en-Provence
Cotes de Provence |
|
|
What two small AOC's of Provence are located between Marseilles and Toulon?
|
Bandol and Cassis
|
|
|
What types of wine is Bandol, Provence known for?
|
dry rose and the finest red wine of Provence made from Mouvedre with Grenache and Cinsault added to the blend
|
|
|
What is the largest of the Southwest AOC's?
|
Bergerac
|
|
|
What types of wine are made in Bergerac AOC?
|
reds and roses from Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot cabernet Franc Whites from Sauvignon Blanc and Semillon |
|
|
What are the AOC's of the Southwest known for their sauternes like sweet wines from Semillon and Sauvignon Blanc?
|
Montbazillac
Saussignac |
|
|
What are the "black wines" of Cahors made from?
|
At least 70% Malbec (Cot)
|
|
|
What are the wines of Madiran made from?
|
red only featuring tannat and other Bordeaux varieties
|
|
|
What are the wines of Jurancon?
|
White only
Dry or sweet |
|
|
What are the wines of Iroleguy?
|
red
white rose |
|
|
Where are the vineyards of Germany typically planted?
|
Along river valleys and on southfacing slopes using only grapes that can handle the cold
|
|
|
Where does Germany rank worldwide as a producer?
|
Ninth
|
|
|
What are the 13 Ambaugebiete of Germany?
|
Ahr
Baden Franken Nahe Hessische Bergstrasse Rheinhessen Rheinghau Wurtemburg Saale Unstrutt Sachsen Mosel Saar Ruwer Pfalz Mittelrhein |
|
|
How many beriech are there within the 13 ambaugabiete?
|
39
|
|
|
What is a grosslage?
|
A large site, or a collection of vineyards
|
|
|
How many grosslagen are there in Germany?
|
167
|
|
|
What always precedes the name of the grosslage on a German label?
|
The closest village name that is well known. Not necessarily where the grapes are from
|
|
|
What is an einzellage?
|
an individial site or a single vineyard
|
|
|
Approximately how many einzellage are there in Germany?
|
More than 2,600
|
|
|
What precedes the name of an einzellage on a German wine label?
|
The village name where the grapes actually came from
|
|
|
What are Erzeugerabfullung or Gutsabfullung?
|
Wines that are made by the grapegrowers.
Gutsabfullung is the same as estate bottled Erzeugerabfullung is the same as producer bottled |
|
|
What does Abfuller indicate in Germany?
|
A wine produced at a comercial winery where the grapes are bought from other sources
|
|
|
How is quality of grapes determined in Germany?
|
The higher the sugar level the higher the quality
|
|
|
How is sugar measured in Germany?
|
Oeschle
|
|
|
What percentage of German wine produced in trocken?
|
(Dry) 1/3
|
|
|
What is the difference between tafelwein and landwein in Germany?
|
Tafewein (tablewine)
Landwein (Country wine) Landwein has at least 0.5% more alcohol and are grown within the 19 designated wine districts |
|
|
What percentage of German wine falls within the Tafelwein or Landwein category?
|
4%
|
|
|
What does it mean if Deutscher precedes tafelwein or landwein on a German wine label?
|
All of the grapes came from within Germany
|
|
|
What percentage of German wine qualifies as Qualitatswein?
|
96%
|
|
|
What are the two levels of Qualitatswein?
|
Qualitatswein bestimmte Anbaugabiete (QbA)
Qualitatswein mit Pradikat (QmP) |
|
|
What are the requirements of a QbA wine?
|
Must be from one of the 13 specified wine growing regions
Made from one of the approved grape varieties Must reach sufficient ripeness Must submit to chemical analysis and a tasting panel May be chaptalized |
|
|
What is a Amtliche Prufungsnummer (AP number)?
|
The certification number than must appear on the label of a QbA wine in Germany
|
|
|
What is the top level of the German wine quality pyramid?
|
QpA Qualitatswein mit Pradikat
|
|
|
What attributes must a wine have to qualify as a QpA in germany?
|
Graduated ripeness levels that are naturally acheived in the vineyard
Chaptalization is Not permitted Submitted for chemical analysis and approval from a tasting panel |
|
|
What are the Pradikat levels of QpA German Wines?
|
Kabinett
Spatlese Auslese Beerenauslese Eiswein Trockenbeerenauslese |
|
|
What defines a Kabinett QpA?
|
Light to medium bodied
can be finished dry, medium dry, or sweet Average 7-10% alcohol |
|
|
What defines a Spatlese QpA?
|
Grapes are picked after a specific harvest date
More intense in flavor and concentration than Kabinett wines Can be finished dry, medium dry, or sweet |
|
|
What defines an Auslese QpA?
|
Wines made from select, very ripe bunches
Intense bouquet and taste Often sweet but can be finished dry or medium dry Dry wines can have an alcohol level exceeding 14% |
|
|
What defines a Beerenauslese QpA?
|
Selected berries-individually harvested and overipe
Sweet rich dessert wine |
|
|
What defines an Eiswein QpA?
|
At least a BA level of ripeness
Grapes are harvested and pressed while frozen Intensely flavored Sometimes possess the honeyed flavor of botrytis |
|
|
What defines a Trockenbeerenauslese QpA?
|
"selected dried berries" TBA
individually selected overripe berries affected by edelfaule (Noble Rot) Considered the worlds greatest dessert wines |
|
|
Where are the majority of rthe wine growing regions of Germany located?
|
Within 20 miles of the Rhine River with the exception of saachsen and Saale Unstrut
|
|
|
What is the most widely grown grape in Germany?
|
Riesling
|
|
|
What is the second most widely planted grape in Germany?
|
Muller Thurgau
|
|
|
What percent of Germanys vineyards are devoted to Riesling?
|
21%
|
|
|
What percent of Germanys vineyards are devoted to Spatburgunder (Pinot Noir)?
|
11.5%
|
|
|
What is Weissherbst?
|
A rose made from Spatburgunder (Pinot Noir) in Germany
|
|
|
What does halbtrocken or feinherb signify on a German wine label?
|
Off dry wine
|
|
|
What does "trocken", "classic", or "selection" on a German wine label signify?
|
A dry wine
|
|
|
What qualifies a German wine as a "classic"?
|
Must be made from a traditional grape
Has a potential alcohol level one degree higher than the minimum for that variety and region Has an actual alcohol of at least 12% (11.5% in the Mosel) Has a maximum residual sugar level of twice the acidity. No more than 1.5% total |
|
|
What qualifies a German wine as "Selection"?
|
Originate from an einzellage
Has reduced yields Hand harvested at Auslese levels Has less than 0.9% residual sugar (except Riesling) Rieslings have a maximum of 1.5% times the acidity |
|
|
What is sekt?
|
German sparkling wine
|
|
|
What method is typically used for the production of Sekt?
|
Charmat Method
|
|
|
What is Germanys most northern wine region?
|
Ahr
|
|
|
What is Germanys smallest wine region?
|
Ahr
|
|
|
What are the Bereich of Ahr?
|
Walporzheim-Ahrtal
|
|
|
What varietal are 3/4 of the vines planted in Mittelrhein?
|
Riesling
|
|
|
What are the bereiche of Mittelrhein?
|
Lorely
Siebengebirge |
|
|
Which ambaugebeite is known for bottling their wines in tall slender green bottles?
|
Mosel
|
|
|
What are the beireiche of Mosel?
|
Burg Cochem
Bernkastel Saar Ruwertal Obermosel Moseltor |
|
|
Where is Rheinghau located geographically?
|
It is a long hillside that flanks the Rhine River as it takes a sharp westerly bend
|
|
|
What types of wine is the Rheinghau known for producing?
|
Rieslings and Spatburgunder
|
|
|
What are the Bereiche of Rheinghau?
|
Johannisberg
|
|
|
What ambaugebeite is known as "The tasting room of Germany"?
|
Nahe
The diversity of soil and site produces a broad range of wines |
|
|
What is unique of the climate of Nahe?
|
Spring arrives early and autumn arrives late
|
|
|
What is the Bereiche of Nahe?
|
Nahetal
|
|
|
What is the largest wine growing region of Germany?
|
Rheinhessen
|
|
|
Geographically speaking, which German wine region forms the Mainz basin And was once an inland sea?
|
Rheinhessen
|
|
|
What are the bereiche of Rheinhessen?
|
Bingen
Nierstein Wonnegau |
|
|
What region is the second largest producer in Germany?
|
Pfalz
|
|
|
What does Pfalz produce other than grapes?
|
Chestnuts
Figs Lemons Almonds |
|
|
What are the bereiche of Pfalz?
|
Mittelhardt-Deutsche Weinstrasse
Sudiche Weinstrasse |
|
|
What German wine region is known for bottling its wines in a Bocksbeutel?
|
Franken
|
|
|
What is a Bocksbeutel?
|
A distinctive squat green flagon used to bottle the wines of Franken
|
|
|
What are the bereiche of Franken?
|
Steigerwald
Maindreieck Mainviereck |
|
|
In Which German wine region are the majority of wines consumed locally?
|
Hessische Bergstrasse
|
|
|
What are the Bereiche of Hessische Bergstrasse?
|
Starkenburg
Umstadt |
|
|
What is the largest red wine producing region in Germany?
|
Wurttemberg
|
|
|
What percent of Wurttembergs vineyards are devoted to red wine?
|
70%
|
|
|
What are the beireiche of Wurttemberg?
|
Remstal Stuttgart
Wurttembergisch Unterland Kocher-Jagst-Tauber Oberer Neckar Wurtembergisch Bodensee Bayerischer Bodensee |
|
|
What is the German wine level referred to as a "Super QbA"?
|
Hochgewachs
|
|
|
What is Hochgewachs?
|
A high growth declassified QmP Kabinett or a "super QbA"
Can be chaptalized |
|
|
What German wine region covers the most ground?
|
Baden
|
|
|
What is the third largest anbaugebeite?
|
Baden
|
|
|
What district is considered the warmest winegrowing area of Germany?
|
Kaiserstuhl
|
|
|
What is the most widely planted grape varietal of Baden?
|
Spatburgunder
|
|
|
What is Weissherbst?
|
A Pinot Noir Rose out of Baden Germany
|
|
|
What are the bereiche of Baden?
|
Tauberfranken
Badische Bergstrasse-Kraichgau Ortenau Breisgau Kaiserstuhl Tuniberg Markgraflerland Bodensee |
|
|
What are most of the vineyards of Saale-Unstrut and Sachsen devoted to?
|
Muller Thurgau and Weissburgunder (Pinot Blanc)
|
|
|
What are the bereich for Saale-Unstrut and Sachsen?
|
Schloss Neuenburg
Thuringen Meisen Dresden Elstertal |
|
|
How long has Greece been producing wine?
|
Over 2000 years
|
|
|
Where are Europes oldest vines found?
|
Eastern Crete
|
|
|
What was the Turk influence on Greek winemaking?
|
They occupied Greece and in response to the Greek resistance they burned the vineyards. By the 1800's the wine industry was completely shut down
|
|
|
After the Turk devastation, when did the Greeks begin their revival of wine production?
|
After their independence in 1832
|
|
|
What thwarted attempts of Greek wine revival following the Turkish devastation?
|
Internal political dissent
The Asia minor war of 1919-1922 the world depression Two world wars The Greek Civil War 1945-47 |
|
|
Why was the majority of Greek wine oxidized in the early 20th century?
|
Their was little capital to modernize with stainless steel or refrigeration
|
|
|
When did the Greek government begin to prepare for entry into the EU with their wine industry?
|
The 1960's
|
|
|
What were the Greek wine industries major ailments in the early 20th century?
|
Lacked a quality control system
Winemaking practices were not sound Much falsification and dubious trade practices Phylloxera invaded Northern Greece Mass emigration had left the country without a labor force to replant the ravaged vineyards |
|
|
When did Greece adopt the French appellation controllee system?
|
1970
|
|
|
What are hyma in Greece?
|
Family country wines
|
|
|
What is the soil type of Greece?
|
alkaline and volcanic
|
|
|
How many acres of vineyards are there in Greece?
|
280,000
|
|
|
What percent of the vineyards of Greece are planted with wine grapes?
|
Half. The rest are table grapes or raisins
|
|
|
Why did winemakers begin moving their vineyards from the coastal plains of Greece?
|
To escape the scorching summer heat. They are now moving to the hillsides at higher altitudes
|
|
|
What percent of Greek vineyards are planted on the coastal plains today?
|
20% The rest are "semi mountainous"
|
|
|
What direction do Greek vineyards typically face?
|
North (contrary to other winegrowing areas) to avoid overripening
|
|
|
Why is the cost of wine production so high in Greece?
|
The vineyards are among the smallest in Europe, averaging less than an acre in size and in most cases split into quarter acre sizes
|
|
|
What are the 6 geographic wine regions of Greece?
|
Macedonia
Ipiros Thessaly Central Greece Peloponnesus The Greek Islands |
|
|
What is the primary wine region of Greece?
|
Macedonia
|
|
|
What is the home of Dionysus?
|
Mt Olympus
|
|
|
What mountainous wine region of Greece possesses a rugged terrain and produces unique, rare wines?
|
Ipiros
|
|
|
What Greek wine region encompasses the area up to and including the slopes of Mt. Olympus?
|
Thessaly
|
|
|
What style of wineries are developing on the southern slopes of Mt. Olympus?
|
Boutique wineries
|
|
|
Where is bulk wine prominent in Greece?
|
Thessaly
|
|
|
What is Greeces retsina capital?
|
Central Greece
|
|
|
Where is the epicenter of the quality revolution that is taking place within the Greek wine industry?
|
Central Greece
|
|
|
What types of wine are produced in Peloponnesus?
|
Warm red wines and flowery whites
|
|
|
What style of wine production is taking place in Nemea and Patras?
|
New vintners are crafting wines from international varieties or new wines that blend international varieties with Greek grapes
|
|
|
What region does Mavrodaphne of Patras come from?
|
Peloponnesus
|
|
|
What is Mavrodaphne of Patras?
|
A dark, sweet dessert wine out of Peloponessus
|
|
|
What percent of Greek wine production do the islands account for?
|
1/4
|
|
|
What islands of Greece are the major producers of wine?
|
Crete
Santorini Samos Limnos Rhodes Kefalonia |
|
|
What agency governs Greek wine production?
|
The Greek Ministry of Agriculture
|
|
|
What are the quality assessment tiers of Greek wine?
|
Quality wines
Regional WInes Table Wines Retsina |
|
|
What are the factors that determine a Greek wines category or status?
|
Place of origin
Method of Production Grape varieties |
|
|
What is the Greek category for sweet fortified wines?
|
OPE Onomasia Proelefseos Eleghomeni
Wines of Controlled appellation of origin |
|
|
What is the Greek category for nonfortified wines?
|
OPAP Onomasia Proelefseos Anoteras Piotitos
Wines of appellation of origin of superior quality |
|
|
How many OPAP are there in Greece?
|
25
|
|
|
How many OPE are there in Greece?
|
8
|
|
|
What percent of Greek wine production is comprised of OPE and OPAP?
|
15%
|
|
|
What are Topikos Oinos (TO)?
|
Regional wines in Greece
|
|
|
How many Topikos Oinos were classified in 1989?
|
35 areas
|
|
|
How many Topikos Oinos are there currently in Greece?
|
140
|
|
|
What is the Greek equivalent to the French vin de pays, or Italian IGT?
|
Topikos Oinos
|
|
|
What is permitted in TO wines that is not permitted in AO wines?
|
Foreign grapes (i.e. Chardonnay and Cabernet) are allowed for blending with Greek varieties
Lower finished alcohol levels More generous yields |
|
|
What level of Greek wines have an international taste appeal?
|
TO Topikos Oinos
|
|
|
What are Epitrapezios Oinos?
|
Table Wines in Greece
|
|
|
What percent of Greek wine production are EO's?
|
half
|
|
|
What are the restrictions placed on EO's in Greece?
|
No restrictions and no geographic designation
|
|
|
What is the majority of wine that falls into the EO category in Greece?
|
Bulk production white wine
|
|
|
What is Greece's best known wine product?
|
Retsina
|
|
|
Where is the traditional zone of Retsina production?
|
Surrounding Athens
|
|
|
What did the EU grant Greece in honor of their tradition for making resinated wines?
|
A special Traditional Appellation (TA) or OKP (Onomasia kata Paradosi) for retsina
|
|
|
What does the TA or OKP for retsina ensure?
|
Only Greece can name a wine retsina
|
|
|
What area does the Retsina appellation cover?
|
All of Greece
|
|
|
What six grapes account for 90% of Greek dry wine production?
|
Asyrtiko
Roditis Savatiano Agiorgitiko Xynomavro Mandilaria |
|
|
What three grapes account for 97% of Greek dessert wine production?
|
Mavrodaphne
Muscat Asyrtiko |
|
|
What are the top three grapes used for dry white wine production in Greece?
|
Asyrtiko
Roditis Savatiano |
|
|
What are the top three grapes used for dry red wine production in Greece?
|
Agiorgitiko
Xynomavro Mandilaria |
|
|
What 5 international varieties are well known in Greek vineyards?
|
Chardonnay
Sauvignon Blanc Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Syrah |
|
|
What international variety has proven to perform quite well in Greece?
|
Syrah
|
|
|
How many miles long is Italy?
|
760 miles
|
|
|
Where does Italy rank as a producer of wine?
|
2nd
|
|
|
Where does France rank as a wine producer?
|
1st
|
|
|
Where are grapevines cultivated in Italy?
|
Every region
|
|
|
What are contadini in Italy?
|
small farmers
|
|
|
What is the practice of Agricolturo promiscuo in Italy?
|
Promiscuous agriculture- growing their grapevines amongst their other food
|
|
|
What six regions is the northwest sector of Italy divided into?
|
Valle d'Aosta
Piedmont Liguria Lombardy Emilia-Romagna Tuscany |
|
|
What is the industrial triangle of Italy?
|
Milan
Turin Genoa |
|
|
What percent of Italys wine is produced in the Northwestern sector?
|
28%
|
|
|
What are the three regions of Northwestern Italy referred to as?
|
Tre-Venezie
|
|
|
What are the regions of the Tre-Venezie?
|
Veneto
Trentino-Alto-Adige Friuli-Venezia Giulia |
|
|
What region of Italy is the biggest producer of DOC wines?
|
Veneto
|
|
|
What region of Italy has been referred to as the crucible for the rebirth of Italy's white wines?
|
Friuli-Venezia Giulia
|
|
|
What percent of Italy's wine is produced in the Tre Venezie?
|
17%
|
|
|
What are the five regions within Central Italy?
|
Marches
Umbria Latium Abruzzo Molise |
|
|
What percent of Italys wine production comes from Central Italy?
|
20%
|
|
|
What six regions make up Southern Italy?
|
Campania
Apulia Calabria Basilicata Sicily Sardinia |
|
|
What percent of Italy's wine production comes from Southern Italy?
|
35%
|
|
|
What country was the first to initiate laws to protect the names and origins of wine?
|
Italy
|
|
|
Who designed the official formula for Chianti in the 1800's?
|
Baron Ricasoli of Brolio
|
|
|
When did the modern Italian system of wine classification begin?
|
1963
|
|
|
What was the Italian system of wine classification modeled after?
|
The French Appellation Controllee system
|
|
|
How many wine areas had DOCG status in 1980?
|
five
|
|
|
What were the first five wine areas to recieve DOCG status?
|
Barolo
Barbaresco Chianti Brunello di Montalcino Vino Nobile di Montalcino |
|
|
As of today, how many DOCG are there in Italy?
|
50
|
|
|
What are the DOCG's of Piedmont?
|
Asti
Barbaresco Barollo Barbera d'Asti Barbera del Monferrato Superiore Brachetto d'Acqui Dolcetto Superiore di Dogliani Dolcetto di Ovada Superiore Gattinara Ghemme Gavi (Cortese di Gavi) Roero |
|
|
What are the DOCG's of Lombardy?
|
Franciocorta
Oltrepo Pavese Metodo Classico Sforzato di Valtellina Valtellina Superiore Moscato di Scanzo |
|
|
What are the DOCG's of Veneto?
|
Bardolino Superiore
Recioto di Gambellara Conegliano Valdobbiadene Colli Asolani Recioto di Soave Soave Superiore Amarone della Valpolicella and Reccioto della Valpolicella Asolo Prosecco Superiore |
|
|
What are the DOCG's of Friuli-Venezie Giulia?
|
Colli Orientalli del Friulu Picolit
Ramandolo |
|
|
What are the DOCG's of Emilia Romagna?
|
Albana di Romagna
|
|
|
What are the DOCG's of Tuscany?
|
Brunello di Montalcino
Carmignano Chianti Chianti Classico Morellino di Scansano Vernaccia di san Gimignano Vino Nobile di Montepulciano Elba Aleatico Passito |
|
|
What are the DOCG's of Umbria?
|
Montefalco Sagrantino
Torgiano Riserva |
|
|
What are the DOCG's of Abruzzo?
|
Montepulciano di Abruzzo
Colline Teramane |
|
|
What are the DOCG's of Marches?
|
Conero
Vernaccia di Serrapetrona |
|
|
What ae the DOCG's of Campania?
|
Fiano di Avellino
Greco di Tufo Taurasi |
|
|
What are the DOCG's of Sardinia?
|
Vermentino di Gallura
|
|
|
What are the DOCG's of Sicily?
|
Cersuolo di Vittoria
|
|
|
How long must a wine hold a DOC status before it can become a DOCG?
|
At least five years
|
|
|
How many DOC zones have been established in Italy?
|
Around 320
|
|
|
What was the first wine given a DOC status?
|
Vernaccia di San Gimignano in 1966 (now a DOCG)
|
|
|
What do DOCG wines undergo prior to being made available to the public?
|
A strct examination from a tasting panel
|
|
|
What is the largest container a DOCG wine may be sold in?
|
5L
|
|
|
What regions DOC wines must undergo a chemical and taste analysis?
|
Piedmont
|
|
|
How many "Super Tuscans" are currently available on the market today?
|
Over 600
|
|
|
What new Italian wine category was implemented in 1992?
|
IGT
|
|
|
What Italian wine category is equivalent to the French Vin de Pays?
|
IGT
|
|
|
What Italian wine category encourages regions to produce varietal wines where local blends once dominated?
|
IGT
|
|
|
How are blends within the IGT category labeled?
|
Rosso
Bianco Rosato |
|
|
What tier of Italys wine quality pyramid contains the majority of Italian wine?
|
Vino da Tavola
|
|
|
What does the law require Vino da Tavola wines NOT include on their label?
|
Varietal designation
Geographical Indication Vintage Date |
|
|
What is the smallest wine region of Italy?
|
Valle d'Aosta
|
|
|
What river cuts through Valle d'Aosta?
|
Dora Baltea
|
|
|
What Italian region has the lowest level of rainfall?
|
Valle d'Aosta
|
|
|
Where are vineyards planted in Valle d'Aosta?
|
On terraces carved out of the steep mountain slopes, often at considerable elevations
|
|
|
Where are the highest vineyards of Europe located?
|
Valle d'Aosta
|
|
|
What is Nebbiolo known as in Valle d'Aosta?
|
Picoutener
|
|
|
What does Piedmont translate to?
|
Foot of the Mountains
|
|
|
What is the 2nd largest region of Italy?
|
Piedmont
|
|
|
What wine region of Italy has the most DOC's and DOCG's?
|
Piedmont
|
|
|
What two towns does most of the production of Piedmont center around?
|
Alba and Asti
|
|
|
What grape is the white Roero made from?
|
Arneis
|
|
|
What Italian wine region produces Erbaluce di Caluso and Arneis?
|
Piedmont
|
|
|
What are the requirements of Barolo?
|
100% Nebbiolo
Minimum aging of 3 years (2 in cask) Riserva must be aged five years |
|
|
What are the requirements for Barbaresco?
|
100% Nebbiolo
Minimum aging of 2 years (one in cask) Riserva must be four years |
|
|
What are the requirements for Gattinara?
|
90% min. Nebbiolo plus Bonarda and Vespolina to soften the wine
Minimum aging of 3 years (one in oak or chestnut casks) Must reach 12% alc before it can be sold Riserva must age 4 years (two in wood) and reach 12.5%alc |
|
|
What is Nebbiolo called in Northern Piedmont?
|
Spanna
|
|
|
What are the requirements for Ghemme?
|
75% Nebbiolo plus Vespolina and Bonarda
Three years aging (4 for riserva) |
|
|
What region of Italy produces vermouth?
|
Piedmont
|
|
|
What percent wine by volume is required for vermouth?
|
70% followed by fortification and flavoring with roots, herbs, spices, woods etc.
|
|
|
What river disects the region of Lombardy?
|
Po
|
|
|
In which three areas is the wine production of Lombardy concentrated?
|
Valtellina
Franciocorta Oltrepo Pavese |
|
|
What is Nebbiolo called in Valtellina, Lombardy?
|
Chiavennasca
|
|
|
What are the subzones of Valtellina Superiore?
|
Grumello
Inferno Maroggia sassella Stagafassli Valgella |
|
|
What are the requirements for Valtellina Superiore?
|
90% Chiavennasca (Nebbiolo)
Min. 2 years aging (1 in oak) 3 years plus 1 in oak is riserva |
|
|
What is the version of Valtellina Superiore made from late harvest Nebbiolo called?
|
Sforzato di Valtellina
|
|
|
What DOCG out of Lombardy is similar to Venetos Amarone?
|
Sforzato di Valtellina
|
|
|
What region in Lombardy is noted for extremely fine white wines, sparkling wines, and Pinot Nero (sparkling)?
|
Lombardy
|
|
|
What DOCG of Lombardy undergoes a fermentation similar to that of Champagne?
|
Franciocorta
|
|
|
What three grapes are permitted in Franciocorta?
|
Chardonnay
Pinot Bianco Pinot Nero |
|
|
What two grapes are permitted in the cremant version of Franciocorta?
|
Chardonnay and Pinot Bianco
|
|
|
What is required for a Franciocorta wine to be vintage dated?
|
min. 30 months on the lees in the bottle
Cannot be sold to the public until at least 37 months after harvest |
|
|
What are the requirements for non-vintage Franciocorta?
|
18 months on the lees in the bottle
Cannot be sold until 25 months following harvest |
|
|
What is the Northernmost region of Italy?
|
Trentino-Alto Adige
|
|
|
What is the longest river in Italy?
|
The Po
|
|
|
What is the second longest river in Italy?
|
The Adige
|
|
|
Where does Alto Adige derive its name from?
|
The river Adige that flows from the Austrian Alps
|
|
|
What is the predominant language of Alto Adige?
|
German
|
|
|
What is a great deal of the wine from Trentino labeled as?
|
varietal
|
|
|
What percent of Trentino-Alto Adige's output is of DOC status?
|
Almost half
|
|
|
How many DOC's are there in Trentino-Alto Adige?
|
8
|
|
|
How many DOCG's are there in Trentino-Alto Adige?
|
none
|
|
|
What are the principal white varietals of Trentino-Alto Adige?
|
Sauvignon Blanc
Moscato Giallo Muller-Thurgau Pinot Bianco Pinot Grigio Riesling Italico Riesling Renano Sylvaner Verde Chardonnay Traminer |
|
|
What are the principal red varietals of Trentino-Alto Adige?
|
Cabernet Franc
Cabernet Sauvignon Lagrein Malvasia Merlot Pinot Nero Marzemino Teroldego |
|
|
What is the easternmost of Italys wine regions?
|
Friuli-Venezia Giulia
|
|
|
When were modern techniques and practices instilled in Friuli-Venezia Giulia?
|
The 1960's
|
|
|
How many DOC's does Friuli-Venezia Griulia have?
|
9
|
|
|
What are the DOC's of Friuli-Venezia Griulia?
|
Carso
Collio Goriziano Friuli Annia Friuli Aquileia Friuli Grave Friuli Isonzo Friuli Latisana Colli Orientali del Friuli Lison Pramaggiore |
|
|
What is Italy's largest source of DOC wine?
|
Veneto
|
|
|
What two distict sections can the Veneto be divided into topographically?
|
A flat delta-like lagoon area
A mountainous area including the Alpine foothills and slopes |
|
|
What are the most cultivated white grapes of the Veneto?
|
Garganega
Prosecco Tocai Verduzzo Trebbiano di Soave Pinot Grigio Chardonnay Pinot Bianco |
|
|
WHat are the most cultivated red grapes of the Veneto?
|
Corvina
Molinara Rondinella Raboso Negrara Merlot Pinot Nero Cabernet Sauvignon |
|
|
How many DOC's does the Veneto have?
|
25
|
|
|
What are the DOC's of Veneto?
|
Valpolicella
Bianco di Custoza Gambellara Lugana Bardolino Soave Arcole Bagnoli di Sopra Breganze Colli Berici Colli di Conegliano Colli Euganei Corti Benedettine del Padovano Garda Lison-Pramaggiore Merlara Montello e Colli Asolani Monti Lessini Riviera del Brenta San Martino della Battaglia Valdadige Valdadige Terradeiforti Vicenza Vini del Piave |
|
|
What are the requirements for Valpolicella?
|
Corvina (40-80%)
Rondinella (5-30%) up to 15% of other varieties including Molinara, Barbera, or Sangiovese |
|
|
What are the additional requirements for a Valpolicella Superiore?
|
The wine has been aged at least one year and the alcohol percent must exceed 12%
|
|
|
How long are the grapes of Amarone and Recioto della Valpolicella typically left out to dry before being turned?
|
15-30 days
|
|
|
What is the difference between Amarone and Recioto della Valpolicella?
|
In Amarone all of the sugar is turned into alcohol. In Reccioto fermentation is arrested by chilling the must before all of the sugar has converted. Reccioto has reamining residual sugar and natural carbonation
|
|
|
Where is the name Recioto taken from?
|
A dialect word "rece" which refers to the "ear-like" protrusions found at the top of the bunches of Corvina grapes
|
|
|
What is Ripasso?
|
A tradtitional production technique of Valpolicella where a second fermentation takes place on Amarone lees
|
|
|
What does the word Ripasso translate to?
|
Passing again
|
|
|
What tier of Italian quality wine does Ripasso fall under?
|
IGT
|
|
|
How does Bardolino differ from a Valpolicella?
|
It is made with the same grapes in different proportions and grown in a different zone
|
|
|
What is a Bardolino that has been vinified as a rose?
|
Chiaretto
|
|
|
What are the requirements for Soave?
|
Based on Garganega and may contain up to 30% Chardonnay, Trebbiano di Soave, or Pinot Bianco
|
|
|
How is Recioto di Soave produced?
|
same as Recioto della Valpolicella but using the same grapes as standard Soave
|
|
|
What are Bianco di Custoza and Lugana?
|
Light white wines out of Veneto based on the Trebbiano grape
|
|
|
What is Gambellara?
|
A white wine made from the Garganega grape out of Veneto. May be dry or sweet
|
|
|
What region is also known as the Italian Riviera?
|
Liguria
|
|
|
What are the most widely cultivated red grapes in Liguria?
|
Cillegiolo
Dolcetto Barbera Sangiovese Canaiolo Merlot Cabernet Franc Rossese Alicante |
|
|
What are the most widely cultivated white grapes in Liguria?
|
Albarolo
Blanchetta Bosco Pigato Vermentino Moscato Bianco Albana Greco Malvasia Trebbiano |
|
|
How many DOC wines does Liguria have?
|
8
|
|
|
What are the DOC wines of Liguria?
|
Rossese di Dolceacqua
Riviera Ligure di Poneta Colli di Luni Colline di Levanto Golfo del Tigulio Cinque Terra Pornassio Val Polcevera |
|
|
What province is Cinque Terra produced in?
|
La Spezia
|
|
|
What two sections is Emilia-Romagna divided into?
|
Western Emilia and Eastern Romagna
|
|
|
What is Emilia home to?
|
Three Lambrusco DOC's
|
|
|
What is Romagna home to?
|
The DOCG Albana di Romagna and the grape Pagadebit (the same grape as Apulias Bombino Bianco)
|
|
|
How many clones of Sangiovese are there in Tuscany?
|
Hundreds
|
|
|
What is Italys most widely sold classified wine?
|
Chianti DOCG
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What are the zones of Chianti?
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Chianti Classico
Colli Aretini Colli Fiorentini Colli Senesi Colline Pisani Montelbano Montespertoli Rufina |
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What are the requirements of Chianti?
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Must be 75% Sangiovese and no other individual grape can make up more than 10%
Red or white grapes can be used to make up the 25% |
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What are the requirements for Chianti Classico?
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Must be 80% Sangiovese
Remaining 20% must be from red grapes |
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What is Chianti Normale?
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A wine labeled simply as Chianti without an identifying region. It is meant for immediete consumption
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When is the earliest that Chianti Normale can be sold?
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As early as the March following harvest
*except Rufina and Colli Fiorentini Chiantis which cannot be released until June |
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What does Superiore signify on Chianti?
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Lower yields and a minimum alcohol of 12%
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What are the aging requirements for Brunello di Montalcino?
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100% Sangiovese (Brunello)
Aged for four years # years in Oak At least four months in the bottle Riservas require 5 years of aging and 6 months in the bottle |
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What is the varietal of Rosso di Montalcino?
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Brunello
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What is the DOC of Tuscany for Muscat wines?
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Moscadello di Montalcino
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What are the requirements for Vino Nobile di Montepulciano?
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Min. 70% Prugnolo Gentile (Sangiovese)
Other varietals blended can not exceed 20% of a specific grape Min. 2 years of aging in wood Riserve after 3 years |
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What is the DOC that is a lesser version of Vino Nobile di Montepulciano?
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Rosso di Montepulciano
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What are the requirements for Carmignano?
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Up to 70% Sangiovese
Up to 20% Canaiolo Nero Up to 15% Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon A max of 5% of other varieties min aging 2 years (1 in oak or chestnut) Riserva after 3 years (2 in wood) |
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What is the coastal area of Tuscany known as?
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Maremma
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What was the first vintage of Sassicaia?
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1968
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What are the requirements for Morellino di Scansano?
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At least 85% Morellino (Sangiovese)
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How is Vin Santo produced?
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White Malvasia,Grechetto, and Trebbiano grapes are harvested and hung in attic rafters to dry. When barrelled the juice is placed on tops of the vin santo lees of a previous vintage.
Kept in attic barrells for 2-6 years |
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What percentage of Le Marche is covered with rolling hills?
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One third
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What percentage of le Marche is mountainous?
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2/3
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How many DOC's are there in Le Marche?
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14
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What is the primary varietal of Conero DOCG?
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Montepulciano with up to 15% Sangiovese
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What is the DOCG made from red sparkling Vernaccia?
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Vernaccia di Serrapetrona
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What are the requirements of Rosso Piceno?
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35-70% Montepulciano
30-50% Sangiovese |
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What DOC's of Le Marche are made from the Verdichio grape and are available in still or sparkling?
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Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi
Verdicchio di Matelica |
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What hilly region is best known for Orvieto?
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Umbria
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What is Orvieto DOC made from?
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Grechetto and Trebbiano
-It can have up to 40% other grapes such as Malvasia, Drupeggio, and Verdello |
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What is the requirement for Torgiano Riserva?
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min. 70% Sangiovese and other non-aromatic grapes to fill our the blend
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What is the soil of Latium?
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Volcanic
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What region is famous for Frascati and Est!Est!Est! di Montefiascone?
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Latium
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Where does Abruzzo rank as a wine production region in Italy?
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6th
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What seperates Abruzzo from Latium and Umbria in the west?
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The Apennines
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What forms the border between Abruzzo and Le Marche in the North?
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The Tronto river
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What is Bombino Bianco?
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A local variety of Abruzzo
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What are the requirements of Trebbiano d'Abruzzo?
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A min of 85% Trebbiano with the addition of up to 15% of grapes such as Malvasia, Cococciola, and Passerina
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What are the requirements of Montepulciano d'Abruzzo?
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Min. 85% Montepulciano and up to 15% of other grapes
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What is the requirement for Montepulciano d'Abruzzo Colline Teramane?
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At least 90% Montepulciano and the remainder Sangiovese
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What are the customary red grapes of Molise?
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Montepulciano
Sangiovese Barbera Bombino Rosso Aglianico |
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What are the customary white grapes of Molise?
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Bombino Bianco
Malvasia Bianca Falanghina Greco Fiano |
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What region rivals Emilia-Romagna as Italys largest wine producing region?
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Apulia
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What are the traditional red grapes grown in Apulia?
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Primitivo
Negroamaro Uva di Troia Bombino Nero Sangiovese Barbera Aleatico Malvasia Nero |
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Where is Salice Salentino from?
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Apulia
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Where is Castel del Monte Rosso from?
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Apulia
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Where is Primitive di Manduria from?
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Apulia
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Where is San Severo from?
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Apulia
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Where is the white Locorotondo, Martina and Castel del Monte Bianco from?
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Apulia
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What wine region is the Amalfi coast in?
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Campania
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What are the red principal grapes of Campania?
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Aglianico
Aleatico Barbera Piedirosso Sciascinoso |
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What are the traditional white varietals of Campania?
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Biancotella
Coda di Volpe Falanghina Fiano Greco malvasia Verdeca Trebbiano |
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Where is Taurasi from?
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Campania
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What are the requirements for Taurasi?
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Min 85% aglianico
Up to 15% Piedirosso, Sangiovese, and Barbera Aged 3 years (1 in wood) Riserva ages 4 years (18 mths in wood) |
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What wine is referred to as the "Barolo of the South"?
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Taurasi from Campania because of its great aging potential
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What wine was created to attempt to remake the Roman Falernian made 3500 years ago?
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Falerno del Massico
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Where are the wines Fiano di Avellino, Greco di Tufo, and Vesuvio from?
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Campania
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What wine region do the isles of Capri and Ischia reside in?
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Campania
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What is the most intensely cultivated vine in Basilicata?
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The red Aglianico
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What are the DOC's of Basilicata?
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Aglianico del Vulture
Matera Terra dell'Alta Val d'Agri |
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What wine region is at the southernmost tip of the Italian Peninsula?
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Calabria
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What seperates Calabria from Sicily geographically?
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The narrow straight of Messina
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Why is the climate of Calabria unique?
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It is a Penninsula so the coastal areas are Mediteranean and the inland areas are Continental
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What are the principal red varietals of Calabria?
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Gaglioppo
Greco Nero Magliocco Canino Nerello Mascalese Nerello Capuccio Sangiovese |
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What are the principal red varietals of Calabria?
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Guarnaccia
Greco Bianco Trebbiano Toscano Malvasia Bianco Moscato Montonico |
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What is Ciro?
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A DOC of Calabria that produces a rosso from Gaglioppo. It has been produced for thousands of years
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What percent of Sicilys wine production qualifies as DOC?
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2%
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What are the popular red varietals of Sicily?
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Nero d'Avola
Nerello Mascalese Perricone |
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What are the popular white varietals of Siciliy?
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Cataratto Bianco
Damaschino Grecianico Verdello Inzolia |
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What is Cerasuolo di Vittoria?
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A DOCG of Sicily
A light colored red made from Nero d'Avola and Frappato |
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What are the main grapes of Marsala?
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Cataratto
Grillo Inzolia |
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What are the inportant red varietals of Sardinia?
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Cannonau
Monica Carignan |
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What are the important white varietals of Sardinia?
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Nuragus
Vermintino Vernaccia Moscato Malvasia |
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Why are the vines of Sardinia trained low to the ground?
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To protect them from wind damage
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How many DOC's are there in Sardinia?
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19
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How many DOCG's are there in Sardinia?
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1
Vermentino di Gallura |
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What are the requirements of Vermentino di Gallura?
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Vermentino grapes and up to 5% other authorized grapes of Sardinia. With an alcohol level of 14% it can be classified as superiore
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What is a cantine sociale or cantine cooperative?
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Wine cooperative or wineries owned by a group of members
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What is Capitolare in Italy?
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A title of merit in Tuscany for wines that are produced by members of the private Capitolare (formerly Predicato) group. This use and group was disbanded in 1997
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What is casa vinicola in Italy?
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Privately owned winery, negociant
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What is the difference between cerasuolo and chiaretto in Italy?
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cerasuolo is a light red (cherry colored) rose
chiaretto is a pale red rose |
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What is a consorzio in Italy?
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A group of producers of a specific wine
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What is vendemmia in Italy?
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Harvest or vintage
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What is the climate of New Zealand?
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Maritime
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Where are most of the wineries of New Zealand situated geographically?
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Within 20 miles of the east coast
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What year were the first grapevines planted in New Zealand?
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1819 by Reverend Samual Marsden
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Where were the first vines planted in New Zealand?
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in the Bay of Islands at the top of the North Island
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Who was the first winemaker in New Zealand?
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James Busby
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What promoted wine culture in New Zealand at the turn of the 20th century?
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Dalmatian immigrants by establishing vineyards in Auckland and Northland
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When did phylloxera first arrive in New Zealand?
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In the 1920's
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When were commercial plantings first planted in Marlborough?
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1973
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Where in New Zealand was Sauvignon Blanc first pioneered?
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Auckland
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What happened to New Zealand wine production between 1997 and 2007?
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It doubled from 262 wineries to 543
Vineyard land more than tripled from 18,300 acres to 62,600 acres |
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What are the top three varietals planted in New Zealand?
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Sauvignon Blanc
Pinot Noir Chardonnay |
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When was Sauvignon Blanc first bottled for commercial use in New Zealand?
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1980
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What percentage of vines planted in New Zealand are Suavignon Blanc?
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Over a third
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What are the two regional styles of Sauvignon Blanc in New Zealand?
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Northern and Southern
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What are the characteristics of a Northern Sauvignon Blanc from New Zealand?
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Riper and richer with melon, nectarine, and stone fruit qualities
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What are the characteristics of a Southern Sauvignon Blanc in New Zealand?
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Lighter and crisper with passionfruit, gooseberry, herbal and red pepper characteristics
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What percent of Sauvignon Blanc is found in Marlborough on the South Island?
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85%
The majority of the rest is found in North Island Hawkes Bay and South Island Nelson |
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When did Pinot Noir first appear in Auckland?
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The mid 1970's
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What is the most widely planted red grape in New Zealand?
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Pinot Noir
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What region has earned the highest accolades for its New Zealand Pinot Noir?
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Marlborough
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What is the soil type of Marlborough?
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Deep stony and silt loams over gravel
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What were the first Pinot Noir clones imported to New Zealand?
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AM 10/5 and 2/10
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When was Chardonnay first introduced to New Zealand?
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1830's but dissapeared when phylloxera struck
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When did Chardonnay first appear in commercial quantities in New Zealand?
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In the early 1970's
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What is the third most planted grape variety in New Zealand?
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Chardonnay
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What region is referred to as the "Chardonnay Capital of New Zealand"?
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Gisborne
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What region of New Zealand is the largest producer of Chardonnay?
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Hawkes Bay
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What Chardonnay clone is the most widely planted in New Zealand?
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The Mendoza (or McRae)
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When was Cabernet Sauvignon first planted in New Zealand?
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1832 by James Busby but was later destroyed by phylloxera
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When was the revival of Cabernet Sauvignon in New Zealand?
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In Hawkes Bay in the 1960's
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When did Merlot appear in New Zealand?
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In the 1980's
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Where are three quarters of the vines for Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot planted in New Zealand?
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Hawkes bay
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What happened to the Pinot Gris/Grigio plantings in New Zealand between 2004 and 2007?
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They tripled in acreage
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What are the main growing regions of New Zealand?
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Northland
Auckland Waikato/Bay of Plenty Gisborne Hawkes Bay Wairarapa Wellington Nelson Martinborough Canterbury Waipara Otago |
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When were the first vines planted in Northland New Zealand?
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1819
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What are the three grape growing districts of Northland?
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Kaitaia
Around the Bay of Islands Near Whangarei |
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Which New Zealand wine region experiences the warmest ripening conditions?
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Northland
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What are the three most widely planted grape varieties of Northland New Zealand?
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Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot Chardonnay |
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What are three principle grape growing districts of Auckland New Zealand?
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Henderson
Kumeu Huapai |
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What are the most popular varieties of Auckland New Zealand?
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Chardonnay
Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot |
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What are the soils of Auckland New Zealand?
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Shallow clays over hard silty clay subsoils or sandy loams
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What percent of New Zealand wine production comes from Northland/Auckland?
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2%
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What is the soil type of Waikato/Bay of Plenty New Zealand?
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Free-draining friable brown orange soils
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What are the most prominent varieties grown in Waikato/Bay of Plenty?
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Chardonnay
Cabernet Sauvignon Sauvignon Blanc |
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What percent of New Zealand wine production hails from Waikato/Bay of Plenty?
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1%
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What is the soil type of Gisborne, New Zealand?
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Gray brown from recent river silts
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What percent of New Zealand wine production hails from Gisborne?
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9%
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What are the main varieties of Gisborne, New Zealand?
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Chardonnay
Pinot Gris Merlot |
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What is the soil type of Hawkes Bay?
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Brown hill soils and river silts
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What percent of New Zealand wine production hails from Hawkes Bay?
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19%
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What are the main varieties of Hawkes Bay?
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Chardonnay
Merlot Sauvignon Blanc |
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What is the soil type of Wairarapa/Wellington?
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Light gray brown loess from wind blown sediments
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What percent of New Zealand wine production hails from Wairarapa/Wellington?
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3%
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What are the main varieties of Wairarapa/Wellington, New Zealand?
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Pinot Noir
Sauvignon Blanc Chardonnay |
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What is the soil type of Nelson, New Zealand?
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River basin types, yellow gray river silts
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What percent of New Zealand wine production hails from Nelson?
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3%
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What are the main varieties of Nelson, New Zealand?
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Sauvignon Blanc
Pinot Noir Chardonnay |
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What is the soil type of Marlborough, New Zealand?
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Stony, yellow gray river silts
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What percent of New Zealand wine production hails from Marborough?
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53%
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What are the main varieties of Marlborough, New Zealand?
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Sauvignon Blanc
Pinot Noir Chardonnay |
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What is the soil type of canterbury/Waipara?
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Grayish alluviiums, stony yellow-gray sediments
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What percent of New Zealand wine production hails from Canterbury/Wairapa?
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4%
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What are the main varieties of Canterbury/Wairapa, New Zealand?
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Pinot Noir
Riesling Chardonnay |
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What is the soil type of Otago, New Zealand?
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Shallow, yellow brown from alpine terrain
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What percent of New Zealand wine production hails from Otago?
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6%
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What are the main varieties of Otago, New Zealand?
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Pinot Noir
Pinot Gris Chardonnay |
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What New Zealand wine region is located closest to the International Date Line?
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Gisborne
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What regions boasts the worlds most easternly vineyards and the first to see the sun each day?
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Gisborne
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What is the soil type of Otago, New Zealand?
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Shallow, yellow brown from alpine terrain
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What percent of New Zealand wine production hails from Otago?
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6%
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What are the main varieties of Otago, New Zealand?
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Pinot Noir
Pinot Gris Chardonnay |
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What New Zealand wine region is located closest to the International Date Line?
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Gisborne
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What regions boasts the worlds most easternly vineyards and the first to see the sun each day?
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Gisborne
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What grape occupies over half of the vineyards of Gisborne, New Zealand?
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Chardonnay
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What percent of Gisbornes vineyards are planted with red grapes?
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12%
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What is New Zealands second largest wine region?
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hawkes Bay
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What is the most widely planted grape in Hawkes Bay?
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Chardonnay
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What is the official name for the large region that occupies the Southern section of the North Island in New Zealand?
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Wellington
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What is the only wine district of Wellington, New Zealand?
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Wairarapa
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What is the oldest and best known wine area within the Wairarapa region of New Zealand?
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Martinborough
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What is the most widely planted grape in Wellington, New Zealand?
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Pinot Noir
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What grape is Martinborough, New Zealand known for?
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Pinot Noir
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What is New Zealands sixth largest wine region?
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Wellington
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What is New Zealands largest wine growing region?
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Marlborough
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What is the largest and most acclaimed sparkling wine region in New Zealand?
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Marlborough
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What is the 8th largest wine region in New Zealand?
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Nelson
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What is unusual about the geographic location of Nelson, New Zealand?
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It is on the west side of the country where the mountains in the west offer a protective rainshadow and the coastline helps to moderate temperatures
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What are the two major wine areas of Canterbury, New Zealand?
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The plains around the city of Christchurch
the valley area of Waipara |
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What is New Zealands fifth largest wine region?
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Canterbury
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What is the worlds most southerly wine region?
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Central Otago
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What is New Zealands highest wine region?
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Central Otago
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What wine region posseses the only continental climate in New Zealand?
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Central Otago
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What is New Zealands 4th largest wine region?
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Central Otago
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How far is New Zealand from Australia?
|
1200 miles
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Who was responsible for introducing viticulture to Portugal?
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The Romans
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Who is responsible for the majority of Portugals table wine produced?
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By cooperatives
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Who is responsible for the majority of Portugals table wine bought, blended, and marketed?
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By Negotiants
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When did Portugal gain entry into the EU?
|
1986
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How many miles is the width of Portugal?
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120
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How many miles is the length of Portugal?
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360
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What happens to the climate of Portugal as one travels south or inland?
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It becomes hotter and drier
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What is the climate of Portugal?
|
The majority is maritime, and the south is mediteranean
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What are the most important zones of production in the North of Portugal?
|
Vinho Verde
Porto Duor Terrs Durienses Tras-os-Montes |
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Why is Vinho Verde named the "green wine"?
|
It is a young wine meant for immediete comsumption
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What percent of vinho verde is white?
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70%
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What is Portugals largest DOC?
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Vinho Verde
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How are the vines of Vinho Verde trained?
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High in a pergola fashion and a wide overhead canopy
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How are the vines of Vinho Verde trained to avoid the effects of the warm, damp humid growing season?
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In a pergola fashion
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Why is Vinho Verde named the "green wine"?
|
It is a young wine meant for immediete comsumption
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What percent of vinho verde is white?
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70%
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What is Portugals largest DOC?
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Vinho Verde
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How are the vines of Vinho Verde trained?
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High in a pergola fashion and a wide overhead canopy
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How are the vines of Vinho Verde trained to avoid the effects of the warm, damp humid growing season?
|
In a pergola fashion
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|
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Why is Vinho Verde named the "green wine"?
|
It is a young wine meant for immediete comsumption
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|
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What percent of vinho verde is white?
|
70%
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What is Portugals largest DOC?
|
Vinho Verde
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|
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How are the vines of Vinho Verde trained?
|
High in a pergola fashion and a wide overhead canopy
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How are the vines of Vinho Verde trained to avoid the effects of the warm, damp humid growing season?
|
In a pergola fashion
|
|
|
Why is Vinho Verde named the "green wine"?
|
It is a young wine meant for immediete comsumption
|
|
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What percent of vinho verde is white?
|
70%
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|
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What is Portugals largest DOC?
|
Vinho Verde
|
|
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How are the vines of Vinho Verde trained?
|
High in a pergola fashion and a wide overhead canopy
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|
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How are the vines of Vinho Verde trained to avoid the effects of the warm, damp humid growing season?
|
In a pergola fashion
|
|
|
Why is Vinho Verde named the "green wine"?
|
It is a young wine meant for immediete comsumption
|
|
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What percent of vinho verde is white?
|
70%
|
|
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What is Portugals largest DOC?
|
Vinho Verde
|
|
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How are the vines of Vinho Verde trained?
|
High in a pergola fashion and a wide overhead canopy
|
|
|
How are the vines of Vinho Verde trained to avoid the effects of the warm, damp humid growing season?
|
In a pergola fashion
|
|
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How are the vines of Vinho Verde trained to avoid rot and mildew?
|
Spread out on a wide overhead canopy
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|
What are the four primary grapes of Vinho Verde?
|
Alvarinho (aka Albarino)
Arinto (aka Perderna) Loureiro Trajadura |
|
|
What grape is considered the finest of Vinho Verde?
|
Alvarinho
|
|
|
What is typical of the alcohol level of Vinho Verde?
|
Very low, the minimum is just 8.5%
|
|
|
Where does the fortified wine Port come from in Portugal?
|
Duoro Valley
|
|
|
Where does the Duoro Valley take its name from?
|
The Duoro River
|
|
|
What does the Duoro River translate to?
|
"River of Gold"
|
|
|
What are the three regions of the Duoro valley?
|
Baixo Corgo
Cima Corgo Duoro Superiore |
|
|
How many acres are under vine in the Duoro Valley?
|
More than 95,000
|
|
|
How many acres of vine are approved for Port production in the Duoro Valley?
|
64,000
|
|
|
When did phylloxera invade the Duoro Valley of Spain?
|
1870's
|
|
|
What took place regarding the terraces of the Duoro Valley in the early 1970's?
|
Terraces known as patamares, comprised of one or two rows of vines were created by bulldozers allowing a small tractor to plow, spray, trim, and fertilize
|
|
|
What are vinhos ao alto?
|
Vertical planted slopes that allow the up and down vineyards to be worked mechanically
|
|
|
What is the soil type of the Duoro Valley?
|
Pre-Cambrian schist and decomposed schist with outcroppings of granite and small areas of clay, sand, and quartz
|
|
|
What is the optimal soil for port growing areas?
|
Those with the highest concentration of schist
|
|
|
What percent of vineyard coverage does Baixo Corgo provide the Duoro Valley?
|
18%
|
|
|
What style of Port comes out of Baixo Corgo?
|
Fatter and softer at higher yields. Mostly basic ruby and tawny Ports
|
|
|
What percent of the Duoro Valleys vineyards suface lays within Cima Corgo?
|
38%
|
|
|
What style of Port comes out of Cima Corgo?
|
Concentrated wines and many of the finest tawny and vintage ports
|
|
|
What percent of the Duoro Valleys vineyard surface lays within Duoro Superior?
|
44%
|
|
|
What style of wine comes out of Duoro Superior?
|
A range of quality including some fine ports
|
|
|
What is the cadastro?
|
A vineyard ranking system of Port
|
|
|
What are the factors evaluated by the Cadastro System?
|
Soil Composition
Production Slope Stoniness Locality Altitude Shelter Sun/exposure aspect Grape Varieties Training Method Age of Vines Density |
|
|
How are vineyards classified by the results of the cadastro system?
|
They are ranked lowest to highest using A through F
|
|
|
What does the Cadastro ranking determine?
|
The beneficio, or volumef rt a vneyard is allowed to produce
|
|
|
What is the Cadastro criteria for soil composition?
|
Soils with a high schist are awarded points.
Granite and fertile lowlands recieve demerits |
|
|
What is the cadastro requirement for Production?
|
Low yielding vineyards are the best because the grapes have more concentrated flavors
|
|
|
What is the Cadastro criteria for Slope?
|
Steep slopes are good-vine is denied water so it struggles to produce crop
|
|
|
What is the Cadastro criteria for Stoniness?
|
Rocky soils are good. The vine must struggle for water
|
|
|
What is the Cadastro criteria for Locality?
|
The Duoro is divided into five mesoclimates, most favorable are those with the best combination of shelter, warmth, southfacing aspect and low/middle altitude
|
|
|
What is the Cadastro criteria for Altitude?
|
Lower or middle is best because they are spared the winds
|
|
|
What is the Cadastro criteria for Shelter?
|
Vineyards sheltered from cold winds are best
|
|
|
What is the Cadastro criteria for Sun exposure/aspect?
|
South facing slopes are the best because they recieve the most sunshine.
Certain locations of Duoro reiceive plus points for north to avoid the heat |
|
|
What is the Cadastro criteria for Grape Varieties?
|
The reccomended eight varieties are best
|
|
|
What is the Cadastro criteria for Training Method?
|
Low trained are best, vines capture heat reflected from rocky soil
|
|
|
What is the Cadastro criteria for Ages of Vines?
|
More than 25 years are best.
|
|
|
What is the Cadastro criteria for Density?
|
Wide spacings are best. Causes competition between vines for the little water available
|
|
|
What are the governing bodies of Port?
|
The Casa do Duoro and the CIRDD
|
|
|
What do the Casa do Duoro and CIDD control?
|
The growers, vineyards plantings, and vinification practices
|
|
|
What institute has overall control of Port production?
|
The Port Wine Institute
|
|
|
What are the responsibilities of the Port Wine Institute?
|
IVP inspectors may enter any lodge to assess Port stocks. Approves each shipper before release and determines the amount of Port each farmer may produce each year
|
|
|
When and by whom was the Duoro DOC demarcated as an official zone of production?
|
1756 by Portugals prime minister, the Marquis de Pombal
|
|
|
What percentage of the wine made in the Duoro is Port?
|
About half
|
|
|
What do wines from the Duoro made with non-traditional grapes use instead of the DOC?
|
Duriense VR
|
|
|
How many grape varieties are officially allowed for Port production?
|
Around 80
|
|
|
What are the five red grape varieties reccomended by the Case do Duoro for port production?
|
Touriga Nacional
Touriga Franca Tinta Barrocca Tinta Roriz Tinta cao |
|
|
What are the three white grape varieties reccomended by the Casa do Duoro for Port production?
|
Gouveio (Verdelho)
Malvasia Fina Viosinho |
|
|
What is the most widely planted grape of the Duoro region?
|
Touriga Franca
|
|
|
Which of the five reccomended red grapes for Port has the highest anthocyanin content?
|
Touriga Nacional
|
|
|
What is significant of the town Vila Nova de Gaia?
|
It was traditionaly the only area from which it was legal to mature and ship port
|
|
|
What is Duoro Bake?
|
Wines that have matured in the heat of the Duoro Valley can acquire a unique carmelized flavor
|
|
|
What does Tras-os-Montes translate to?
|
Across the Mountains
|
|
|
What are the important zones of production in Central Portugal?
|
Bairrada and Dao in the Beiras region
Bucelas, Colares, and Carcavelos in Estremadura Ribatejo |
|
|
What are the DOC's of Beiras, Portugal?
|
Bairrada
Dao |
|
|
What are the DOC's of Estremadura, Portugal?
|
Bucelas
Colares Carcavelos |
|
|
What percent of the wine from Bairrada is red or rose?
|
70%
|
|
|
What grape makes up at least 50% of the reds from Bairrada?
|
Baga - a tannic, astringent grape
|
|
|
Why were the vineyards of Bairrada destroyed in 1756?
|
The prime minister, Marquis de Pombal, ordered they be destroyed to protect the integrity of Port
|
|
|
What percent of wine from the Dao DOC is red?
|
90%
|
|
|
What is the principal red grape of the Dao?
|
Touriga Nacional
|
|
|
What is the principal white grape of the Dao?
|
Encruzado
|
|
|
What is Portugals largest wine producing area?
|
The Duoro
|
|
|
What is Portugals second largest wine producing area?
|
Estremadura
|
|
|
Which wine region of Portugal is famous for a wine made popular by Shakespeare?
|
Bucelas
|
|
|
What is Bucelas made from?
|
Mostly Arinto and some Esgana Cao (Sercial)
|
|
|
What does Esgana Cao translate to?
|
Dog Strangler
|
|
|
Which DOC of Portugal has never been affected by phylloxera?
|
Calores
|
|
|
What is the principal red grape of Calores DOC?
|
Ramisco
|
|
|
What is significant of the Ramisco grape of Calores DOC?
|
It has never been grafted
|
|
|
What is the dominant white grape of Calores DOC?
|
Malvasia
|
|
|
What wine region within Estremadura is known for its fortified wine?
|
Carcavelos
|
|
|
What are the primary red grapes of Carcavelos DOC?
|
Castelao
Preto Martinho |
|
|
What are the primary white grapes of Carcavelos DOC?
|
Galego Dourado
Ratinho Arinto |
|
|
What is the longest river on the Iberian peninsula?
|
The Tagus
|
|
|
What are the primary white grapes of the Ribatejo DOC?
|
Fernao Pires
Arinto Talia |
|
|
What is the primary red grape of the Ribatejo DOC?
|
Castelao
|
|
|
What are the wine zones of the South of Portugal?
|
Setubal
Terras de Sado Alentejo |
|
|
What DOC of Portugal is best known for its fortified Muscats?
|
Setubal
|
|
|
What are the three types of Muscat permitted in Setubal?
|
Moscatel Graudo or Moscatel de Setubal (Muscat of Alexandria)
Moscatel do Duoro Moscatel Roxo (red) |
|
|
What percent of wine production in Terras do Sado is red?
|
3/4
|
|
|
What region of Portugal supplies half of the worlds cork supply?
|
Alentejo DOC
|
|
|
Where is Madeira located?
|
390 miles off the coast of Moracco and 290 miles north of Spains Canary Islands
|
|
|
What is the soil type of Madeira?
|
Rich volcanic basalt soils
|
|
|
How are the vines trained in Madeira?
|
Most are trained on trellises up to six feet high
|
|
|
What is the wine quality pyramid for Portugal?
|
DOC
IPR VR (Vinho Regional) Vinho de Mesa |
|
|
How many DOC's are there in Portugal (including Porto and Madeira)?
|
25
|
|
|
How many IPR's are there in Portugal?
|
4
|
|
|
How many VR's are there in Portugal?
|
8
|
|
|
How far back to records of vine plantings date back to in South Africa?
|
1655
|
|
|
What expensive and sought after wine of the 18th century came from South Africa?
|
Vin de Constance (Constantia)
|
|
|
What caused most of the world to boycott trade with South Africa from 1960-1980?
|
The Apaetheid, a segregational political system of South Africa
|
|
|
What year did Apartheid end in South Africa?
|
1994
|
|
|
What is the name of the Wine University centered in South Africa?
|
Stellenbosch
|
|
|
How many acres of vineyards are there in South Africa today?
|
310,000
|
|
|
What percent of South African wine harvest is handled by cooperatives?
|
85%
|
|
|
Where does South Africa rank in the world as a wine producer?
|
8th
|
|
|
What percent of the wine production of South Africa is distilled into Brandy or turned into grape spirit or concentrate?
|
30%
|
|
|
Where are the main winegrowing regions of South Africa clustered?
|
The southwestern part near Cape Town
|
|
|
Why is the climate cooler than expected for most of the wine regions of South africa?
|
The Benguela Current
|
|
|
What is the Benguela Current?
|
A cold current that flows up the West Coast of Africa from Antartica, and cool winds from the Atlantic and Indian Ocean
|
|
|
What year was the first wine made in South Africa?
|
1659
|
|
|
Who can be attributed with bringing viticulture to South Africa?
|
Jan Van Riebeeck through the commission of the Dutch East India Company
|
|
|
What is the Cape Doctor?
|
A relentless Atlantic wind that would blow in from the southeast during the summer months, wreaking havoc on South African vineyards
|
|
|
What did Simon Van Der Stel do to combat the Cape Doctor of South Africa?
|
Planted thousands of non-indigenous oak trees along the Cape to serve as a wind break
|
|
|
What is Vin de Constance or Constantia?
|
A sweet muscat that was a prized dessert wine out of South Africa in the 18th century
|
|
|
What wine estate did Simon Van Der Stel establish in South Africa?
|
Constantia
|
|
|
When did the cooperative movement begin in South Africa?
|
1905
|
|
|
What prompted the start of the KWV in South Africa?
|
The economic downturn of the early 1900's
|
|
|
What role did the KWV initially serve in South Africa?
|
An organization similar to a grape growers trade union
|
|
|
Between the 1940's-1990's what role did the KWV serve in South Africa?
|
A Price Cartel
Established the price for all wine Approved and conducted all transactions between grower and producer issued grape growing permits determined areas of production Limited the number of vines per producer Determined the annual grape yield per producer |
|
|
What powers did the KWV return to the grape growers in 1992?
|
Farmers could plant as many vines as they wanted and wherever they wanted
|
|
|
In what year was the KWV officially converted from a cooperative to a company?
|
1997
|
|
|
What established the South African Wine Industry Trust?
|
The KWV conversion and the financial settlement involved
|
|
|
What is the South African Wine Industry Trust?
|
A foundation that invests in wine marketing, viticultural research, and wine education
|
|
|
What percent of plantings in South Africa are devoted to white grape varieties?
|
55%
|
|
|
What is the most widely planted grape in South Africa?
|
Chenin Blanc (Steen)
|
|
|
What are the main white grapes of South Africa?
|
Chenin Blanc
Sauvignon Blanc Colombard Chardonnay Palomino Hanepoot (Muscat d'Alexandria) Cape Riesling (Crouchen Blanc) Semillon Weisser Riesling (true Rielsing) |
|
|
Lexapro
|
Escitalopram
antidepressant in a group of drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It affects chemicals in the brain that may become unbalanced and cause depression or anxiety |
|
|
What is Pinotage?
|
A grape variety unique to Saouth Africa
A cross of Pinot Noir and Cinsault |
|
|
Where, when, and by whom was Pinotage created?
|
In 1925 at the Stellenbosch University by Professor Abraham Izak Perold
|
|
|
What are the wine districts of the Coastal Region of South Africa?
|
Constantia
Stellenbosch Paarl Swartland Tulbagh Boberg Region Olifants River Region Breede River Valley Klein Karoo |
|
|
What is the original home of the vine in South Africa?
|
Constantia
|
|
|
What is the soil type of Constantia/Durbanville?
|
Sandstone and decomposed granite
|
|
|
What is the second oldest wine region in South Africa?
|
Stellenbosch
|
|
|
What cluster of mountain ranges dominates Stellenbosch?
|
The Hottentots-Holland Mountains
The Helderberg The Stellenbosch Mountains The Simonsberg |
|
|
What is the soil type of Stellenbosch?
|
granite
sandstone alluvial types |
|
|
Where is South Africas most important wine area (reds inparticular)?
|
Stellenbosch
|
|
|
What mountain ranges flank the south, southeast, and east of Paarl?
|
Groot Drakenstein
Franschhoek Klein Drakenstein |
|
|
What district of South Africa is home to the KWV?
|
Paarl
|
|
|
Where is Franschhoek and what is its significance?
|
In Paarl, South Africa
Was settled by the French Huguenots in the 17th century, and they brought winemaking with them |
|
|
What does Swartland translate to?
|
Black land
|
|
|
What is the dominant agricultural crop of Swartland?
|
Wheat
|
|
|
What is the main soil type of Swartland?
|
Malmesbury Shale
|
|
|
What mountains surround Tulbagh?
|
The Witzenberg
The Winterhoek Range Oukloof and Elandskloof |
|
|
What is the soil type of Tulbagh?
|
Largely rock
|
|
|
What is the northernmost wine region in South Africa?
|
Olifants River
|
|
|
What region of South Africa was centered around Brandy production for a little more than 70 years?
|
Olifants River region
|
|
|
What two major wine districts are in the Breede River Valley?
|
Worcester
Robertson |
|
|
What percent of South Africas grapes are grown in Robertson and Worcester?
|
40%
|
|
|
What is the largest wine region in South Africa?
|
Breede River Valley
|
|
|
What type of wine is the majority of what comes out of Breede River Valley?
|
Distilled and fortified
|
|
|
What is the soil type of Breede River Valley?
|
Lime rich and sandy
|
|
|
What mountain ranges is Klein Karoo sandwiched between?
|
The Swartberg
Langeberg and Outeniqua |
|
|
What South African wine region was known as the epicenter of the ostrich feather boom of the late 1800's?
|
Klein Karoo
|
|
|
What are the notable wine districts in Southern South Africa?
|
Bot River
Cape Agulhas Overberg Walker Bay |
|
|
What varietals is Walker Bay having success with?
|
Pinot Noir
Chardonnay |
|
|
What varietal is Overberg producing successfully?
|
Sauvignon Blanc
|
|
|
When was the South African Wine of Origin system adopted?
|
1973
|
|
|
What is the percentage requirement for a varietal labeling in South Africa?
|
85%
|
|
|
What is the percentage requirement for vintage on a South African label?
|
85%
|
|
|
What is the percentage requirement for place of origin on a South African label?
|
100%
|
|
|
How is the term "estate" defined in South Africa?
|
One or more neighboring vineyards that are collectively managed as a unit
|
|
|
T or F
Chaptalization is forbidden in South Africa? |
True
|
|
|
Is acidification allowed in South Africa?
|
Yes
|
|
|
What signifies certification from the Wine and Spirit Board in South Africa?
|
A white paper banderole atop the wine capsule that bears a certification number
|
|
|
Where does Spain rank in the world as a producer of wine?
|
Third
|
|
|
What country has the largest grape acreage under vine
|
Spain
|
|
|
Where are nearly half of Spains vineyards located?
|
Castile-La Mancha
|
|
|
When were grapes first planted in Spain?
|
In the Sherry region by the Pheonicians in 1100BC
|
|
|
What prompted a surgence in winemaking in Spain in the 19th century?
|
Phylloxera struck the vineyards of France prompting the winemakers of Bordeaux to leave their vineyards for new grape sources found in Spain
|
|
|
What are consejos reguladores?
|
Regional regulating councils of Spain
|
|
|
What is the INDO?
|
The Instituto Nacional de Denominaciones de Origen of Spain that sets policy of wine similar to that of the French AOC
|
|
|
How does Spanish wine law differ from that of the French?
|
Aging requirements, both in barrel and bottle are set by law
|
|
|
What two categories does Spain divide its wines into to mirror other European countries?
|
Table wine(vine de la mesa and vinos de la tierra)
Quality Wines (VCPRD and QWPSR) |
|
|
What are the classifications for wine within the umbrella designation of VCPRD and QWPSR?
|
Vinos de Pagos
Denominaciones de Origen Calificado (DOCa) Denominaciones de Origin (DO) Vinos de Calidad con Indicacion Geografica |
|
|
What does Vinos de Pagos in Spain translate to?
|
Estate Wines
|
|
|
What are the requirements for a Vinos de Pagos in Spain?
|
A single vineyard production
Must be made and bottled at the winery or within the municipal area of the vineyard |
|
|
How many Vinos de Pagos are there in Spain?
|
Five (all in La Mancha)
|
|
|
What are the requirements for a DOCa wine in Spain?
|
Must have DO status for at least 10 years
|
|
|
How many DOCa are there in Spain?
|
Three
|
|
|
What are the DOCa of Spain?
|
Rioja
Priorat Ribero del Duero |
|
|
What level does almost all quality of wine sit within?
|
DO
|
|
|
How many DO's are there in Spain?
|
About 60
|
|
|
How many wines are at the Vinos de Calidad con Indicacion Geografica level in Spain?
|
4
|
|
|
What percent of Spanish wine falls into the Table Wine category?
|
2/3
|
|
|
What percent of Spanish wine falls into the Quality Wine category?
|
1/3
|
|
|
What region are all of the Vinos de Pagos in?
|
La Mancha
|
|
|
What are the restrictions for Vino de la Tierra?
|
Must be from a specific area within Spain from grapes that possess local characteristics, and of a minimum alcohol content
|
|
|
What does Vino Noble mean in Spain?
|
A wine that has spent a minimum of 18 months aging in wood or bottle
|
|
|
What does Vino Anejo mean in Spain?
|
"aged wine"
A minimum aging of 24 months in wood or bottle |
|
|
What does Vino Viejo mean in Spain?
|
"old wine"
A minimum of 36 months in an oxidative environment |
|
|
What does Vino de Crianza mean in Spain?
|
red wine that has aged a minimum of 24 months, 6 in wood
white/rose wine that has aged 18months |
|
|
What does Reserva mean in Spain?
|
red wine aged for minimum of 36 months, 12 in wood
white/rose wine aged 18 months, 6 in wood |
|
|
What does Gran Reserva mean in Spain?
|
red wine aged a minimum 60 months, 18 in wood
white/rose wines 48 months, 6 in wood sparkling (cava) aged on the lees for 30 months before disgorgement |
|
|
When was the first commercial winery (bodega) found in Rioja?
|
1850
|
|
|
What did the Bordeaux wine merchants bring to Rioja that became a staple in red wine production?
|
225L oak barrels, although today American oak is typically used
|
|
|
How far is Rioja from Bordeaux?
|
200 miles
|
|
|
What are the three subregions of Rioja?
|
Rioja Alta
Rioja Alavesa Rioja Baja |
|
|
What is the westernmost subregion of Rioja?
|
Rioja Alta
|
|
|
What is the northern subregions of Rioja?
|
Rioja Alavesa
|
|
|
What percent of the vineyard area in Rioja is devoted to red wine?
|
92%
|
|
|
What is the most prevalent variety in Rioja?
|
Tempranillo
|
|
|
What is the second most prevelant variety in Rioja?
|
Grenache (Garnacha)
|
|
|
What are the four main varietals of Red Rioja?
|
Tempranillo
Grenache Mazuelo Graciano |
|
|
What is the most important white grape of Rioja?
|
Viura (aka Macabeo)
|
|
|
How do Rioja grape prices compare to those of other parts of Spain?
|
They are nearly doubled
|
|
|
If a label states "Rioja" or "Rioja joven" what does it signify?
|
A wine was made and bottled for sale in the first or second year
|
|
|
When can a Rioja crianza be released for consumption?
|
Its third year
|
|
|
When can a Rioja Reserva be released for consumption?
|
Its 4th year
|
|
|
When can a Rioja Gran Reserva be released for consumption?
|
Its 6th year
|
|
|
Where is Cava mainly produced in Spain?
|
Catelonia, Penedes
|
|
|
What type of grapes is Cava made from most of the time?
|
White (blanc de blanc)
|
|
|
How many municipalities are legally authorized to make sparkling wine under the name Cava in Spain?
|
160
|
|
|
What is San Sadurni de Noya?
|
The heart of Cava designation just west of Barcelona
|
|
|
When can Pinot Noir and Trepat be allowed into cava?
|
Only when making rose cavas
|
|
|
What towns form the Sherry Triangle?
|
Jerez de la Frontera
Sanlucar de Barrameda Puerto de Santa Maria |
|
|
What are the three grapes authorized for Sherry production?
|
Palomino
Pedro Ximenez (PX) Moscatel (main coloring agent aka Muscat de Alexandria) |
|
|
What type of soil does Palomino prefer?
|
Chalky white Albarriza soil
|
|
|
What type of soil does PX prefer?
|
barro, a clay soil with iron oxide and a little chalk and sand
|
|
|
What type of soil does Moscatel prefer?
|
arena, sandy soil that has a modicum of clay and 10% chalk
|
|
|
What type of wines are produced in the Rueda?
|
White-primarily from Verdejo
Red/rosado-Tempranillo, Cabernet Sauvignon, Garnacha, Merlot |
|
|
What is the principal red grape of Ribera del Duero?
|
Tempranillo (Tinta del Pais)
|
|
|
How many weeks of the year can growers ensure that there isn't any frost in Ribera del Duero?
|
16
|
|
|
What is Navarras principal grape variety?
|
Tempranillo
|
|
|
What is Priorat principal grape variety?
|
Garnacha
|
|
|
What is the most widely planted grape variety in the world?
|
Airen
|
|
|
What is Tempranillo called in La Mancha?
|
Cencibel
|
|
|
What are Malaga and Montilla-Moriles?
|
fortified wines produced in the South of Spain in Andalusia
|
|
|
Where does the US rank in world wine production?
|
4th
|
|
|
What percent of the worlds total of wine does the US produce?
|
10%
|
|
|
Where does the US rank in worldwide consumption by volume?
|
Third (American consume more than they produce)
|
|
|
What percent of the national total of wine does California produce?
|
90%
|
|
|
When was the earliest wine made in the US?
|
The 1560's in Florida
|
|
|
When were vines first planted in California?
|
1770's
|
|
|
What are some examples of Vitis Labrusca in the US?
|
Catawba
Deleware Niagara Concord |
|
|
What are some examples of V. Aestivalis in the US?
|
Norton
Cynthiana |
|
|
When did Vitis Vinifera winegrapes become a significant factor in US winemaking?
|
Well into the 1900's
|
|
|
What was the initial primary reason for winemaking in the Western US?
|
Sacramental wine by the catholic missionairies
|
|
|
What was the first grape planted in the Western US by Catholic priests and missionaries?
|
The Mission Grape
|
|
|
What occurred in the western US in 1849 that increased a demand for wine dramatically?
|
The Gold Rush
|
|
|
When was the 18th ammendment for Prohibition passed?
|
1919
|
|
|
When was the 18th ammedment for prohibition put into effect?
|
1920
|
|
|
When was the repeal of Prohibition (21st ammendment) passed?
|
1933
|
|
|
Following prohibition, what occurance made it difficult for a wine resurgence in the US?
|
The Great depression
|
|
|
When did the American system for "place of origin" start?
|
1978
|
|
|
What governing agency of the US administers the laws over wine production, consumption, and trade?
|
The TTB
The Alcohol and Tobacco Trade and Tax Bureau |
|
|
What seven items must be included on a US wine label?
|
A brand name
The class of type of wine The name and address of the bottler or the importer The alcohol content A sulfite statement A health warning The volume of the bottle contents |
|
|
What additional information must be included on the label of a foreign or imported wine in the US?
|
The country of origin and "imported by.."
|
|
|
What are the two types of generic wine recognized by US wine law?
|
sake and Vermouth
|
|
|
What are some examples of semi-generic wines in the US?
|
Chablis
Burgundy Port Champagne Chianti Madeira |
|
|
What are the varietal percentage requirements for labeling in the US?
|
75% (except Oregon which is 90%)
|
|
|
What is the varietal percentage requirements for labeling in Oregon?
|
90%
|
|
|
If two or more varietals are listed on a US bottle of wine, what percent of those varietals must be in the wine?
|
100%
|
|
|
What was the varietal percentage requirement for labeling in the US prior to 1983?
|
51%
|
|
|
What is required for a US wine label to state "Produced" or "Made by"?
|
The bottling winery crusged 75% of the grapes
|
|
|
When is "cellared, blended, prepared, or vinted by" used on a US wine label?
|
If the bottling winery crushed less than 75% of the fruit
|
|
|
When do the terms "grown, produced and bottled by" or "Estate bottled" appear on a US label?
|
When the bottling winery also grew the grapes
|
|
|
What variation does the TTB allow on alcohol content labeling in the US?
|
1.5%
If it exceeds 14% only a 1% leeway is given |
|
|
What is the labeling requirement for sulphites on a US wine label?
|
If it contains more than 10 parts per million it must state it on the label
|
|
|
What labeling law in the US went into effect on November 18th 1989?
|
A government warning for expectant mothers and a warning for those about to operate machinery
|
|
|
What is an AVA?
|
American Viticultural Area-A delimited grape growing region that has been registered with and approved by the TTB
Is not limited by political boundries |
|
|
What are the requirements for an AVA to be established?
|
-The name is known locally or nationally
-The boundries are established by historical or current evidence -The geographical features distinguish it viticulturally -The specific boundaries are based on features on US Geologic topographic maps |
|
|
What is the percentage requirement for place of origin on a US label?
|
75%
Exception is California must be 100% to state "California" |
|
|
What is the percentage requirement for AVA labeling on a US label?
|
85%
|
|
|
What is the percentage requirement for a specific vineyard on a US label?
|
95%
|
|
|
How many AVA's are there in the US?
|
189
|
|
|
How many of the AVA's in the US are in California?
|
107
|
|
|
What requirements must a US winery meet in order to use the term "estate bottled" on a label?
|
Must have an AVA
Winery must be located in AVA Winery must have grown 100% of grapes Winery must have crushed the grapes, fermented the must, finished, aged, and bottled the wine |
|
|
What is the percentage requirement for vintage on AVA US wines?
|
95%
|
|
|
What is the percentage requirement for non-AVA vintage on US wines?
|
85%
|
|
|
What are some examples of unregulated information that may appear on a US wine label?
|
Dry, Sweet, Reccomended pairings, Reserve, Special Selection, Old Vines, etc
|
|
|
How are sparkling wines made in the US using the Methode Champennoise labeled?
|
"Naturally fermented in THIS bottle"
|
|
|
How are sparkling wines made in the US using the Transfer Method labeled?
|
"Naturally fermented in THE bottle"
|
|
|
How is sparkling wine labeled in the US if it is produced in by tank fermentation?
|
"Naturally fermented Charmat Bulk Process"
|
|
|
What is the difference in sweetness for sparkling wines made in the Methode Champenoise and the Charmat method?
|
The Charmat method wine will be recognizably sweeter
|
|
|
What are the sparkling wine label designation for sweetness in the US?
|
Extra Brut
Brut Extra Dry Sec Demi Sec Doux |
|
|
How many counties within California are grapes grown?
|
48 (out of 58)
|
|
|
What are the regional AVA's of California?
|
North Coast
Sierra Foothills San Francisco Bay Central Coast South Coast |
|
|
What area does the North Coast AVA of the US cover?
|
Napa
Sonoma Mendocino Lake Counties north of San Francisco Bay |
|
|
What area does the Sierra Foothills AVA of the US cover?
|
Yuba
Nevada Placer El Dorado Amador Calaveras Tuolumne Mariposa (Counties in the Sierra Nevada mountains east of Sacramento) |
|
|
What area does the Central Coast AVA of the US cover?
|
Contra Costa
Alameda Santa Clara Santa Cruz San Benito Monterey San Luis Obispo Santa Barbara |
|
|
What area does the South Coast AVA of the US cover?
|
Santa Ana and parts of Riverside and San Diego counties
|
|
|
What are three AVA's in California completely isolated from the Super AVA's?
|
Willow Creek
Trinity Lakes Seiad Valley |
|
|
What are the primary red varietys of California?
|
Cabernet Sauvignon
Zinfandel Merlot Pinot Noir Syrah Rubired Barbera Grenach Petite Syrah Ruby Cabernet Carignane Cabernet Franc Sangiovese Petit Verdot Malbec |
|
|
What are the primary white varietals of California?
|
Chardonnay
French Columbard Sauvignon Blanc Chenin Blanc Pinot Gris/Grigio Muscat of Alexandria Riesling Viognier Muscat Blanc Gewurtztraminer |
|
|
What is the criteria for being labeled as a Meritage wine in California?
|
It must be a blend of any of the classic Bordeaux grapes for both reds and whites
|
|
|
What two main roads traverse through Napa County lengthwise?
|
Route 29 and the Silverado Trail
|
|
|
How many different soil types are there in Napa?
|
33
|
|
|
What is the elevation range for vineyards in Napa?
|
25-3,000 feet
|
|
|
What is the climate of Napa?
|
Mediteranean
|
|
|
What are the Napa AVA's south of Napa City?
|
Los Carneros
Oak Knoll District Wild Horse Valley |
|
|
What are the Napa AVA's North of Napa City and along Route 29?
|
Yountville
Oakville Rutherford St. Helena Napa Valley (all of these lay within the Napa Valley AVA as well) |
|
|
What are the Napa AVA's that are in the Mayacamas Mountains?
|
Mt. Veeder
Spring Mountain District Diamond Mountain |
|
|
What are the 4 Napa AVA's that are east of the valley, in the Mountains?
|
Howell Mountain
Chiles Valley Stags Leap District Atlas Peak |
|
|
What percentage of California wine comes out of the Napa Valley AVA?
|
4%
|
|
|
What is the coolest part of Napa County?
|
Carneros
|
|
|
What county is the birthplace of wine in Northern California?
|
Sonoma County
|
|
|
Who introduced French varieties to Sonoma in 1857?
|
Agoston Haraszthy
|
|
|
How many AVA's are there in Sonoma County?
|
13
|
|
|
Where is Sonoma County located geographically?
|
One hour north of San Francisco between the Pacific Ocean and the Mayacamas Mountains
|
|
|
What highway allows access to all of the AVA's within Sonoma County?
|
Highway 101
|
|
|
What is the climate of Sonoma County?
|
Mediteranean
|
|
|
What are the AVA's of Sonoma County?
|
Sonoma Coast
Los Carneros Sonoma Valley Sonoma Mountain Russian River Valley Green Valley Bennett Valley Chalk Hill Alexander Valley Knights Valley Dry Creek Valley Rockpile |
|
|
What are the AVA's within the AVA of Northern Sonoma?
|
Russian River
Dry Creek Alexander Knights Valley |
|
|
Where are the warmest AVA's of Sonoma County?
|
The northern and Eastern parts of the county
|
|
|
What grapes do well in Northern and Eastern Sonoma County?
|
Cabernet Sauvignon
Zinfandel Sauvignon Blanc |
|
|
What grapes do well in Southern and Western Sonoma County?
|
Pinot Noir
Chardonnay Cool Climate Merlot and Syrah |
|
|
What varietals is Chalk Hill known for?
|
Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon
|
|
|
What varietals is Rockpile known for?
|
Zinfandel
Petite Syrah Classic Borddeaux varietals |
|
|
What varietals is Dry Creek Valley known for?
|
Zinfandel and Sauvignon Blanc
|
|
|
Why is Mendocino County generally unsuitable for grape growing?
|
It is rough country
Too cool Too steep Too rocky |
|
|
What are two new AVAs in the far Northern reaches of Mendocino County?
|
Dos Rios
Coveto |
|
|
What are the AVA's of Mendocino County?
|
Dos Rios
Coveto Anderson Valley Yorkville Highlands Mendocino Ridge Redwood Valley Potter Valley McDowell Valley Cole |
|
|
What two rivers form the Anderson Valley?
|
The Anderson and Navarro rivers
|
|
|
What types of wine is ideal for Anderson Valley?
|
Sparkling wines
Riesling Gewurtztraminer |
|
|
What varietals are grown in Yorkville Highlands?
|
Bordeaux Varietals
|
|
|
What AVA has earned the nickname "Islands in the Sky" and why?
|
Mendocino Ridge because all of its vineyards are at an elevation of 1200 feet or higher
|
|
|
What is the primary varietal of Mendocino Ridge?
|
Chardonnay
|
|
|
Wh?at AVA is the hottest in the North Coast of California?
|
The Redwood Valley
|
|
|
What are the AVA's of Lake County?
|
Clear Lake
Red Hills Lake County High Valley Guenoc Valley Benmore Valley |
|
|
What are the majority of the grapes grown in Lake County used for?
|
They are sold to wineries outside of the county
|
|
|
What are the AVA's of San Francisco Bay and The Central Coast?
|
Livermore Valley
Santa Clara Valley San Ysidro District |
|
|
How many miles of Pacific coastline does Monterey County have?
|
80
|
|
|
What are the AVA's of Monterey County?
|
Monterey
Arroyo Seco Carmel Valley Chalone Hames Valley San Antonio Valley San Bernabe San Lucas Santa Lucia Highlands |
|
|
What are the AVA's of San Benito County?
|
Mt Harlan
Pacheco Pass Cienega Valley Lime Kiln Valley Paicines San Benito |
|
|
What varietal does well in Monterey?
|
Chardonnay
|
|
|
What is the largest AVA within San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara Counties?
|
Paso Robles
|
|
|
What AVA is the hottest part of the Central coast?
|
Paso Robles
|
|
|
What varietals is Paso Robles known for?
|
Zinfandel and Cabernet Sauvignon
|
|
|
What are the AVA's of San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara Counties?
|
Paso Robles
York Mountain Edna Valley Arroyo Grande Valley Santa Maria Valley Santa Ynez Valley Sta. Rita Hills |
|
|
What are the varietals of Californias Central Valley?
|
Chenin Blanc
French Colombard Muscat Chardonnay Zinfandel Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot |
|
|
What are the AVA's of the Central Valley?
|
Lodi
Clarksburg Merritt Island River Junction Dunnigan Hills Capay Valley Solano County Green Valley Suisum Valley Madera Diablo Grande Salado Creek Tracy Hills |
|
|
What are the sub-AVA's of Lodi?
|
Alta Mesa
Borden ranch Clements Hill Cosumnes River Jahant Mokelumne River Soughhouse |
|
|
When did the Lodi AVA spawn sub-AVA's?
|
2006
|
|
|
What are the AVA's of the Sierra Foothills?
|
Fiddletown
Shenandoah Valley El Dorado Fair Play North Yuba |
|
|
What percent of California wine comes from the Sierra Foothills?
|
1%
|
|
|
What varietal are the AVA's of Sierra Foothills known for?
|
Zinfandel
|
|
|
What Highway, famous from the old Rush, cuts through the Sierra Foothills?
|
Highway 49
|
|
|
What are the AVA's of the South Coast California?
|
Temecula Valley
San Pasqual Valley Ramona Valley Cucamonga Valley Malibu-Newton canyon Saddle rock-Malibu |
|
|
How many acres of vines are there in the South Coast of California?
|
Less than 2000
|
|
|
What varietals grow best in the South Coast of California?
|
Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc
|
|
|
What is inhibiting vineyard expansion in the South Coast of California?
|
Suburbia and Pierces Disease
|
|
|
What divide Washington into two distinct climactic zones?
|
The Cascade Mountains
|
|
|
What is the climactic difference between West and East Washington?
|
The west is hilly and evergreen with an abundance of rainfall
The east is in the rainshadow of the Cascades and is warm, dry, and sunny |
|
|
What percent of Washingtons vineyards lie on the east side of the state?
|
98%
|
|
|
Where are the majorit of the wineries and tasting rooms of Washington located?
|
On the west side
|
|
|
What is the soil type of Washington?
|
Sandy
|
|
|
Why are they able to avoid using many spray materials on the vines in Washington?
|
Because of low humidity
|
|
|
How much rain does east Washington recieve each year?
|
Around six inches
|
|
|
What provides irrigation water to east Washington?
|
The Columbia River
|
|
|
What varietals are successful in Washington?
|
Riesling
Gewurtztraminer Merlot Cabernet Sauvignon Syrah Chardonnay |
|
|
What are the AVA's of Washington?
|
Columbia Valley
Walla Walla Wahluke Slope Yakima Valley Horse Heaven Hills Red Mountain Rattlesnake Hills Columbia George Puget Sound |
|
|
What is the only AVA in Washington west of the cascades?
|
Puget Sound
|
|
|
When did the Washington Wine Quality Alliance form?
|
1999
|
|
|
Why was the WWQA formed?
|
To spearhead the development of industry standards in winemaking and labeling
|
|
|
What are the requirements for reserve labeling in Washington?
|
It must represent no more than 3000 cases or 10% of a winerys production and must be of higher quality than most wines made by that winery
|
|
|
When did the modern Oregon wine industry begin?
|
The mid-1960's
|
|
|
How many acres of vine does Oregon have?
|
17,000
|
|
|
Where does Oregon rank in the country in terms of the number of wineries?
|
Third
|
|
|
Where does Oregon rank as a producer in the country?
|
4th
|
|
|
What are the top two varietals of Oregon?
|
Pinot Noir
Pinot Gris |
|
|
What are the AVA's of Oregon?
|
Willamette Valley
Chehalem Mountains Dundee Hills Eola-Amity Hills McMinnville Ribbon Ridge Yamhill Carlton Snake River Valley Southern Oregon Rogue Valley Umpqua Valley Red Hill Douglas County Applegate Valley Columbia Valley Walla Walla Columbia Gorge |
|
|
What three AVA's are shared by Washington and Oregon?
|
Columbia Valley
Walla Walla Columbia Gorge |
|
|
What AVA does Oregon and Idaho share?
|
Snake River Valley
|
|
|
What is the largest AVA in Oregon?
|
Southern Oregon
|
|
|
What type of climate are the majority of Oregons vineyards?
|
Maritime
|
|
|
Where do most of the vineyards grow in Oregon?
|
West of the Cascade mountains
|
|
|
Why is it difficult for vines to grow in East Oregon?
|
It is too high in elevation, too cold, and too dry for grapes to grow well
|
|
|
What are the Willamette Valley, Umpqua Valley, and Rogue Valley all named for?
|
The rivers that flow through them
|
|
|
What varietals is Willamette Valley know for?
|
Pinot Noir
Pinot Gris Chardonnay |
|
|
What varietal does the Umpqua Valley grow?
|
Pinot Noir
Pinot Gris Riesling Merlot Cabernet Sauvignon Chardonnay Sauvignon Blanc |
|
|
What are the grape varieties of the Rogue Valley?
|
Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot Riesling Syrah Viognier Pinot Noir Pinot Gris |
|
|
Which varietal is excluded from the 90% law in Oregon?
|
Cabernet sauvignon
|
|
|
What state ranks second in wine production for the US?
|
New York
|
|
|
What percent of New Yorks total wine production does the Finger Lakes account for?
|
85%
|
|
|
As of 2006 how many wine operations were present in New York?
|
271
|
|
|
What are the AVA's of New York?
|
Lake Erie
Niagara Escarpment Cayuga Lake Seneca Lake Finger Lakes Hudson River Region Long Island North Fork of Long Island The Hamptons |
|
|
How many states in the US have wineries?
|
All 50
|
|
|
What are the three types of molecular components found in wine?
|
Those present in the grapes that remain intact during fermentation and aging
Those produced or created during fermentation or aging Those that come out during the aging process as a result of adding compounds |
|
|
What percent of wine is water?
|
80-90%
|
|
|
What are the organic compounds found in wine?
|
sugars
acids alcohol phenolic compounds aldehydes esters |
|
|
What percent of a grape is sugar at the time of harvest?
|
18-25%
|
|
|
What are the fermentable six carbon sugars of grapes?
|
glucose and fructose
|
|
|
What are the unfermentable five carbon sugars of grapes?
|
arabinose
xylose rhamnose |
|
|
When a wine is fermented to dryness what will the technical data list the residual sugar at?
|
0.2 because of the unfermentable sugars
|
|
|
How do the sweetness levels of glucose and fructose compare?
|
Fructose is twice as sweet as glucose
yeast ferments glucose at a faster rate |
|
|
What are the two ways to intentionally end up with residual sugar in a wine?
|
Arrest a fermentation or ferment to dryness then add unfermented grape juice
|
|
|
What would be sweeter, a wine sweetened with sussreserve or a wine whose fermentation was halted?
|
The wine whose fermentation was halted because the glucose is the first to ferment, leaving an abundance of fructose (the sweeter sugar) behind
|
|
|
What sugar present in wine is a sign of fraudulent sugar addition?
|
Sucrose. It should always ferment completely
|
|
|
What is the purpose of Chaptalization?
|
A means of boosting alcohol levels in a finished wine
|
|
|
What is Chaptalization?
|
Addition of sucrose to the grape must which is then completely metabolized into alcohol by the yeast
|
|
|
Who invented the technique of Chaptalization?
|
Napoleans minister of Agriculture, Jean Antoine Chaptal
|
|
|
What is the average recognition threshold for sugar?
|
1%
|
|
|
Where do the majority of people have a sugar recognition threshold at?
|
0.5-2.5%
|
|
|
What is used as a substitute for flavor in many low end wines?
|
Sugar
|
|
|
What are the principal acids found in a grape?
|
Tartaric (0.2-1%)
Malic (0.1-0.8%) Citric (0.1-0.5%) |
|
|
What does it mean to be a "fixed acid" in wine production?
|
Tartaric, malic, and citric acids will not pass into wine spirits in the process of distillation but will remain in the residue
|
|
|
What is the strongest acid in wine?
|
Tartaric
|
|
|
What does tartaric acid taste like?
|
Harsh and hard with a sour-salt character
|
|
|
Why does a finished wine only contain a third to a half of the tartaric acid it started with?
|
The acid falls out of the solution in a salt form known as cream of tartar.
|
|
|
What is the second most abundant acid in grapes?
|
Malic
|
|
|
What is capable of breaking down malic acid?
|
Heat, the vine, yeast and lactic bacteria
|
|
|
What does malic acid taste like?
|
Green apples. It is very sharp to the pallatte
|
|
|
What is the primary acid in the plant kingdon?
|
Citric Acid
|
|
|
What does citric acid taste like?
|
reminiscent of citrus fruits
|
|
|
How is citric acid very easily metabolized?
|
By lactic bacteria
|
|
|
What are the principal fermentation acids?
|
Lactic
Succinic Acetic |
|
|
What are principal fermentation acids?
|
The acids formed during fermentation
|
|
|
Which of the principal fermentation acids are fixed acids?
|
Lactic and succinic
|
|
|
Which of the principal fermentation acids is volatile?
|
Acetic
|
|
|
What does a volatile acid do during distillation?
|
In the course of distillation it is found in the distillate
|
|
|
How is lactic acid formed in wine?
|
Some by yeasts during the primary alcoholic fermentation
Mostly from the malolactic or secondary fermentation |
|
|
What does lactic acid taste like?
|
Milky
|
|
|
How is succinic acid formed in wine?
|
By yeasts during fermentation
|
|
|
What does succinic acid taste like?
|
A bitter, sour, salty tang
Like stale beer lines |
|
|
What does acetic acid taste like?
|
Hard and bitter
|
|
|
What is acetic acid a result of?
|
A small amount is produced in the course of fermentation
Mostly it is the primary result of oxidation of ethyl alcohol |
|
|
What does acetic acid smell like?
|
vinegar
|
|
|
What is the sum of all acids in wine known as?
|
TA Total Acidity
|
|
|
What is used to calculate the strength of the acids present?
|
PH-lower the acid, the higher the PH
higher the acid, the lower the PH |
|
|
What does each single digit increase or decrease in Ph levels of wine signify in acid?
|
A tenfold increase or decrease of the acid
|
|
|
What is the PH of water?
|
7
|
|
|
What is the average PH of wine?
|
2.9-3.8
|
|
|
How does a PH level affect the aging capability of a wine?
|
The higher the PH the less likely a wine will age long
|
|
|
What are two notable bacterias that can survive in wine?
|
Acetobactar
Lactic |
|
|
What does acetobactar do to wine?
|
It produces vinegar by converting ethanol (alcohol) into acetic acid
|
|
|
What does lactic bacteria do to wine?
|
It converts sugars to lactic acid and malic acid into lactic acid
|
|
|
What does malolactic fermentation do to a wines acidity?
|
It decreases it because lactic acid is weaker than malic
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What compound is created by Malolactic fermentation that adds a buttery note to wine?
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Diacetyl
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What is the main product of fermentation?
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Ethyl Alcohol (aka Ethanol)
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|
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What is the alcohol range of most table wines?
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Between 10-15%
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What alcohol that appears in small concentrations in grape wine, is lethal to humans?
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Methyl
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What types of alcohol, other than ethanol, are created during fermentation?
|
Methanol
Glycerol Fusel oils |
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What is another name for wood alcohol?
|
Methanol or Methyl alcohol
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What alcohol has a sweetness level equivalent to glucose sugar?
|
Glycerol
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Why is glycerol less volatile and have a higher viscosity than ethanol?
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Because it has three carbons and three alcohol groups
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When does glycerol form in greater concentrations in a wine?
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When there are high sugar levels and a high yeast level in the must
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In normal table wine what percent of the alcohol does glycerol represent?
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7-10% of the total alcohol content
0.5-1.2% total wine content |
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In dessert wines what percent of the alcohol does glycerol represent?
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up to 2.5% of the total wine components
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What percent of total wine volume is fusel oils?
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Less than 0.1%
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How are fusel oils created?
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As yeasts metabolize sugars and as yeasts break down amino acids in a nitrogen poor must in order to release the nitrogen that they need to thrive and multiply
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How is alcohol referred to subjectively in wines?
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Body
Light bodied wines have less alcohol than full bodied wines |
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What happens to the surface tension of water when you add alcohol?
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It decreases
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What forms the tears or legs in wine?
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When a wine is swirled the alcohol evaporates and the water molecules rush back together thus forming the "tears" or "legs"
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What are tears or legs indicative of in a wine?
|
An indicator of ethanol content and surface tension differences.
The slower the tears are to form and slide down, the higher the ethanol content |
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What percent of wine is comprised of phenolic compounds?
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0.1-0.3%
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|
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What types of grapes have a higher phenolic count?
|
Red grape skins have twice as many as white
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Where are phenolic compounds extracted from?
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The skins of grapes and the oak used to age the wine
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How much more phenolic compounds will be present in a red wine than a white wine?
|
5-10 times more
|
|
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Why are more phenolic compounds present in red wine than white wine?
|
Red wine is aged on the skins of the grapes and aged longer in oak
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|
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What style of white wine would most likely have a higher phenolic compound content?
|
A white that has been aged on the skins and in oak
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|
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How do rose wines compare to white wines in terms of phenolic compound content?
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They have about twice as much
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Other than the skins of grapes, where are phenolic compounds drawn from?
|
The stems and seeds
|
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What are the major roles phenolic compounds can play in wine?
|
-Pigment
-Astringency and bitterness -Antioxidants -Provide longevity -Anti-carcinogenic -Sediment -Anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, and anti-viral -odiferous -Increase HDL and lower LDL |
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What are the principal pigments occurring in red wine?
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anthocyanins
|
|
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What flowers also have anthocyanins?
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Petunias and Delphinias
|
|
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What is a grape with pigmented juice?
|
Alicante Bouche
|
|
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How does PH level affect the anthocyanin content of a wine?
|
The lower the PH the redder the wine
The higher the PH the more blue |
|
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What is present in white wine instead of anthocyanin?
|
Flavones and flavonal
|
|
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How does PH affect the flavones in white wine?
|
The higher the PH the darker the color
|
|
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Where are tannins derived fom?
|
The seeds, stems and seeds of grapes and oak barrels
|
|
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What happens to tannin in a wine as it ages?
|
The precipitate out thus softening the wine and link up with pigment molecules to lessen the intensity of color
|
|
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What four grapes have the highest tannin?
|
Cabernet sauvignon
Syrah Nebbiolo Tannat |
|
|
How does the tannic content of Pinot Noir compare to that of Cabernet Sauvignon?
|
PN has about half that of CS
|
|
|
How does barrel type affect tannin in a wine?
|
Tight grain imparts less tannin
Toasted barrels impart less tannin |
|
|
How can tannin levels in a wine be lowered?
|
Fining
|
|
|
What are the protective qualities of tannin?
|
They protect a wine from oxidation and browning (similar to sulfur dioxide)
|
|
|
Why do red wines need less sulfur dioxide than white wines?
|
Because they have tannin to act as an inhibitor from oxidation
|
|
|
How does eugenol affect a wines flavor and aroma profile?
|
It imparts a spicy, clove component
|
|
|
How does guaiacol affect a wines flavor and armona profile?
|
It imparts a smokey element
|
|
|
How does vanillan affect a wines flavor and aroma profile?
|
It imparts a vanilla flavor
|
|
|
What types of phenolic compounds are derived from oak aging and affect a wines flavor or aroma profile?
|
Eugenol
Guaiacol Vanillan |
|
|
What are the benefits of reservatrol in wine?
|
It increases HDL, lowers LDL and is believed to have other beneficial health related properties
|
|
|
What is Brettanomyces?
|
Yeast
|
|
|
How does barrel type affect tannin in a wine?
|
Tight grain imparts less tannin
Toasted barrels impart less tannin |
|
|
How can tannin levels in a wine be lowered?
|
Fining
|
|
|
What are the protective qualities of tannin?
|
They protect a wine from oxidation and browning (similar to sulfur dioxide)
|
|
|
Why do red wines need less sulfur dioxide than white wines?
|
Because they have tannin to act as an inhibitor from oxidation
|
|
|
How does eugenol affect a wines flavor and aroma profile?
|
It imparts a spicy, clove component
|
|
|
How are esters formed in wine?
|
When alcohol bonds with a carboxylic acid
|
|
|
What are Biochemical esters?
|
Esters formed by chemical reactions during fermentation and require the action of yeast
|
|
|
What happens to biochemical esters if the fermentation and bottle storage temperatures are not cold?
|
They dissipate
|
|
|
What determines the esterification of wine?
|
The wines acidity and alcohol level because the acid and alcohol are linking up
|
|
|
What affect do esters have on the perception of acidity in a wine?
|
They can lessen it
|
|
|
What do short chain esters impart on a wine?
|
Fruity or floral notes
|
|
|
What do long chain esters impart on a wine?
|
Sweaty or soapy notes
|
|
|
What type of sulfites are important to winemakers to prevent browning and oxidation?
|
Free or unbound SO2
|
|
|
What is the proper serving temperature for Sparkling and sweet wines?
|
45-50F
|
|
|
What is the proper serving temperature for Dry white and rose table wines?
|
50-60F
|
|
|
What is the proper serving temperature for Light bodied red table wines?
|
55-65F
|
|
|
What is the proper serving temperature for full bodied red table wines?
|
62-68F
|
|
|
What signifies that a wine has been affected by TCA or cork taint?
|
A musty, moldy, dank odor
|
|
|
What percent of wines are affected by cork taint or TCA?
|
3-5% of all wine bottled
|
|
|
Other than cork, what can contribute to TCA in wines?
|
Chlorine (used to anitize or clean) reacting with the phenol in wood
|
|
|
What odor does Hydrogen Sulfide impart in a wine?
|
Rotten eggs
|
|
|
What odor does Mercaptan impart in a wine?
|
Garlic or onion
|
|
|
What odors signify a bacterial flaw in a wine?
|
Mousy (mouse or wet wool)
Butyric Acid (spoiled cheese) Lactic Acid (Sauerkraut or goat like Acetic acid (vinegar) Ethyl Acetate (nail polish remover) Geranium (Geranium flower) |
|
|
What is the sensory organ for the sense of smell?
|
Olfactory Epitheluem
|
|
|
How many olfactory epitheleum do humans have?
|
Two
|
|
|
Where are the olfactory epitheleum located in a human body?
|
One in the nasal cavity and one in the brain
|
|
|
How large ar the olfactory epitheleum?
|
The size of a dime but have millions of nerve cells
|
|
|
How many odors is the sense of smell able to recognize?
|
Over 10,000
|
|
|
How many odors can humans typically recognize?
|
Around 1,000
|
|
|
Approximately how many tastebuds do we have?
|
10,000
|
