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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cephalosporins
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beta-lactam group structurally similar to the penicillins.
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What makes the Cephalosporin different than penicillin?
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Substitution on the parent compound, 7-aminocephalosporanic acid, produce compounds with different pharmacokinetic properties and spectra of activity.
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Cephalosporins are divided into?
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Generations based on their antimicrobial spectrum of activity.
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What does the progression from first to third generation reflect?
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increase in gram-negative coverage and loss of gram-positive activity.
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Where is the Cephalosporins absorbed?
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Well from the GI tract
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What enhances absorption of Cephalosporins?
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Food
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What body systems do the Cephalosporins penetrate into?
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Tissues and body fluids
Acheive high concentrations in the urinary tract. |
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What generations of Cephalosporins penetrate the CSF and play a role in treating bacterial meningitis?
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Non-Cephamycin 2nd generation agents
3rd generation 4th generation |
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Where are Cephalosporins eliminated?
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Excreted by the kidney.
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Which Cephalosporins are not eliminated by the kidney? Where are they eliminated?
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Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
Cefoperazone (Cefobid) Liver |
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Do the Cephalosporins exhibit a time-dependent or a dose-dependent bactericidal effect?
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Time-dependent
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What is the post-antibiotic effect of the Cephalosporins?
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Prolonged against staphylococcus
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What is the mechanism of action of Cephalosporins?
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Interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to and inactivating penicillin binding proteins.
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Mechanisms of resistance to Cephalosporins?
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1. production of beta-lactamases that hydrolyze the beta-lactam ring and destroy the antibacterial activity.
2. Alterations in PBPs 3. Change in porin size, resulting in decreased entry of the drug. |
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What are the clinical uses of the first generation cephalosporins?
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gram-positive skin infections
pneumococcal respiratory infections urinary tract infections surgical prophylaxis |
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What are the clinical uses of second-generation Cephalosporins?
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community-acquired pneum.
Other respiratory tract infections in some settings, Meningitis |
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What may be treated with second-generation cephamycins?
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Mixed aerobic and anaerobic infections
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What are ceftriaxone or ceftaxime typically treat?
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community acquired bacterial meningitis
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Which Cephalosporins are usually used to treat nosocomial infections?
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ceftazidime (Fortaz)
cefepime (Maxipime) |
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What is the broad spectrum activity of ceftazidime and cefepime?
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gram-negative organisms especial P. aeruginosa.
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What are the adverse events noted when using Cephalosporins?
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Hypersensitivity reactions
N/V/D Coombs' positivity Hemolytic reactions (rare) |
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What are the symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions with Cephalosporin use?
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maculopapular rash
urticaria |
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What are the adverse events noted when using Cephalosporins?
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Hypersensitivity reactions
N/V/D Coombs' positivity Hemolytic reactions (rare) |
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What are the symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions with Cephalosporin use?
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maculopapular rash
urticaria |
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What are the First Generation Cephalosporins?
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cefazolin
cephalothin cephapirin cephalexin cephradine cefadroxil |
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Adult Cefazolin dosage
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500 mg - 1 g IV q 8 hours
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Pediatric Cefazolin dosage
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50 - 100 mg/kg/d q 8 hours
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Adult Cephalothin dosage
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0.5 - 2 g IV q 6 hours
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Pediatric Cephalothin dosage
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80 - 150 mg/kg/d
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Adult cephapirin dosage
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500 mg - 1 g IV q 6 hours
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Pediatric Cephapirin dosage
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40 - 80 mg/kg/d, q 4 - 6 hours
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Adult Cephalexin dosage
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250 - 500 mg PO q 6 hours
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Pediatric Cephalexin dosage
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25 - 100 mg/kg/d, q 6 hours
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Adult Cephradine dosage
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250 - 500 mg PO q6 - 12 hours
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Pediatric Cephradine dosage
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25 - 100 mg/kg/d q 6 - 12 hours
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Adult Cefadroxil dosage
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500 mg - 1 g PO q 12 hours
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Pediatric Cefadroxil dosage
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30 mg/kg/d q 12 hours
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What are the Second Generation Cephalosporins?
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cefotetan
cefoxitin cefuroxime cefuroxime axetil loracarbef cefaclor |
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Adult Cefotetan dosage
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1 - 2 g IV q 12 hours
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Pediatric Cefotetan dosage
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40 - 80 mg/kg/d q 12 hours
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Adult Cefoxitin dosage
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1 - 2 g IV q 6 - 8 hours
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Pediatric Cefoxitin dosage
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80 - 160 mg/kg/d q 4 - 8 hours
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Adult Cefuroxime dosage
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750 - 1.5 g IV q 8 hours
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Pediatric Cefuroxime dosage
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75 - 150 mg/kg/d q 8 hours
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Adult Cefuroxime axetil dosage
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250 - 500 mg PO q 12 hours
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Pediatric Cefuroxime axetil dosage
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20 - 30 mg/kg/d q 12 hours
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Adult Loracarbef dosage
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200 - 400 mg PO q 12 - 24 hours
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Pediatric Loracarbef dosage
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15 - 30 mg/kg/d q 12 hours
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Adult Cefaclor dosage
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250 - 500 mg PO q 8 hours
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Pediatric Cefaclor dosage
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20 - 40 mg/kg/d q 8 - 12 hours
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What are the Third Generation Cephalosporins?
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cefoperazone
cefotaxime ceftazidime ceftizoxime ceftriaxone ceftibuten cefpodomie proxetil cefprozil cefdinir |
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Adult Cefoperazone dosage
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1 - 2 g IV q 12 hours
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Pediatric Cefoperazone dosage
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100 - 150 mg/kg/d q 8 - 12 hours
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Adult Cefotaxime dosage
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1 - 2 g IV q 8 hours
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Pediatric Cefotaxime dosage
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100 - 300 mg/kg/d q 6 - 8 hours
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Adult Ceftazidime dosage
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1 - 2 g IV q 8 hours
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Pediatric Ceftazidime dosage
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100 - 150 mg/kg/d q 8 hours
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Adult Ceftizoxime dosage
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1 - 2 g IV q 8 hours
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Pediatric Cetizoxime dosage
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150 - 200 mg/kg/d q 6 - 8 hours
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Adult Ceftriaxone dosage
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1 - 2 g IV q 24 hours
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Pediatric Ceftriaxone dosage
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50 - 100 mg/kg/d q 12 - 24 hours
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Adult Ceftibuten dosage
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400 mg PO q 24 hours
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Pediatric Ceftibuten dosage
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9 mg/kg/d q 24 hours
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Adult Cefpodoxime proxetil dosage
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200 - 400 mg PO q 12 hours
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Pediatric Cefpodoxime proxetil dosage
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10 mg/kg/d q 12 hours
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Adult Cefprozil dosage
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250 - 500 mg PO q 12 hours
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Pediatric Cefprozil dosage
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15 - 30 mg/kg/d q 12 hours
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Adult Cefdinir dosage
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300 mg PO q 12 hours or
600 mg PO q 24 hours |
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Pediatric Cefdinir dosage
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7 - 14 mg/kg/d q 12 - 24 hours
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What is the Fourth Generation Cephalosporin?
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Cefepime
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Adult Cefepime dosage
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1 - 2 g IV q 8 - 12 hours
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Pediatric Cefepime dosage
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50 mg/kg/d q 8 hours
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