Gen Bio 4Th Quarter

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It is the basic underlying principle in the field of genetics

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Central dogma of molecular biology

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Topic natin

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Is the process in which the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to make functional product protein

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Central dogma

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Example: Central Dogma's function

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Layout

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It's the genetic material within the nucleus

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DNA

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Create new copies of DNA

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Replication

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Creates an RNA using DNA information

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Transcription

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Creates protein using RNA information

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Translation

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Genetic material pass on from parents to offspring

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

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In prokaryotes, DNA is in the nucleoid region in the cytoplasm

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

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Eukaryotes Found nucleus but some may be found in the mitochondria

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

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DNA was proposed by biologist named?

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Francis Crick and James Watson in 1953

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Describe the characteristic of DNA

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Double helix structure that twists spirally and twisted ladder

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What does dna backbone or building block called

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Nucleotide

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Compose of a phosphate group sugar and nitrogenous base

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Nucleotide

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Also known as the genetic material

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DNA

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The instructions for inherited that traits are called?

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Genes

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In (?) scientist determined that gene were made of DNA

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1950's

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The primary material that causes recognizable inheritable characteristics in related group of organisms.

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DNA

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Two types of nitrogenous bases

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Purine

Pyrimidines

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5 Nitrogenous Bases

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Guanine

Adenine

Cytosine

Thymine

Uracil

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Have Double ringed structure

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Purines

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Like Guanine and Adenine

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Contain only one ring in their structure

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Pyrimidines

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Like Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

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Uracil can only be found on?

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RNA

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Each pair should contain what?

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Both purine and pyrimidine

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Each nucleotide is paired together by?

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Hydrogen bond

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Uracil replaces thymine in?

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RNA

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Complementary base pairing look like.

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Is a single stranded molecule that is also composed of nucleotides

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RNA

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The sugar backbone of ribonucleic acid is called?

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Ribose

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Dna serve as the?

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Manual

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This helps the cell get the instructions needed to produce proteins while keeping the dna information intact

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RNA

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Ribonucleic look like

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The basic unit of all living tissue

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Cell

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What are the three major forms of RNA

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Messenger RNA

Transfer RNA

Ribosomal RNA

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Carries instruction for polypeptides synthesis from nucleus to ribosomes into the cytoplasm

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Messenger RNA

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Forms an important part of both subunits of the ribosome

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Ribosomal RNA

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Location of mRNA?

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Nucleus and cytoplasm

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Location of tRNA?

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Cytoplasm

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Location of rRNA?

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Ribosome

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How it Central Dogma works with RNA.

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1. mRNA "messenger" made from DNA in nucleus travels out of nucleus and finds a ribosome.

2. tRNA "transfer" brings amino acids to the ribosomes; found in cytoplasm.

3. rRNA "ribosomal" part of the ribosome; this is where proteins are made.

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Transcribes the genetic code from DNA into a form that can be read and used to make proteins.

Carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell.

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mRNA or Messenger RNA

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Carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins.

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Messenger RNA

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Brings or transfers amino acids to the ribosome

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tRNA or Transfer RNA

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During protein construction (?) transfers each amino acid to the

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tRNA or Transfer RNA

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transcribes the genetic code from DNA into a form that can be read and used to make proteins.

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rRNA or Ribosomal RNA

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acts as enzymes that speed up the chemical reactions

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IMPORTANCE OF RNA

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Helps in regulating various cell processes, ranging from cell division, growth to cell aging and death

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IMPORTANCE OF RNA

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It was also discovered that certain (?) defects can result inhuman diseases

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RNA

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CONCEPT MAP

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composed of polymers of numerous amino acids known as polypeptides

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PROTEINS

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HOW MANY AMINO ACIDS IN HUMAN BODY?

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20 AMINO ACIDS

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The properties of the proteins are determined?

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by the order of the amino acids in a polypeptide

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are those that cannot beproduced by our bodies, which is why they should be present in our daily diet

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Essential Amino Acids

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Give me all the essential Amino Acids

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are those that can be produced by our bodies

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Nonessential Amino Acids

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Give me all the nonessential Amino Acids

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are not vital but may become urgent during health crisis or stress

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Conditionally nonessential Amino Acids

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Give me all the conditionally nonessential AminoAcids

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The language of instruction in the mRNA is called?

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Genetic code

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It is a triplet of adjacent nucleotides in the messenger RNA chain that codes for a specific amino acid in the synthesis of a protein molecule.

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CODON

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The 3 letter combination in the mRNa is known as?

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CODON

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Are used to find the Amino Acid that corresponds to DNA and RNA to produce a chain of amino acids called a polypeptide, or protein

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Codon charts

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Codon charts are used to find the (?) that corresponds to DNA and RNA to produce a chain of amino acids called a polypeptide, or protein

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Amino Acid

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Codon charts are used to find the Amino Acid that corresponds to DNA and RNA to produce a chain of amino acids called a?

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polypeptide, or protein

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REMEMBER!!!

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REMEMBER!!!

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Most codons specify an?

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AMINO ACIDS

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Three "stop" codons mark the end of a protein.

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(UAG,UGA,UAA)

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One "start" codon, (?) , marks the beginning of aprotein and also encodes the amino acid methionine.

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AUG

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MEMORIZE THIS!!!

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Hint 70

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the DNA sequence of a gene is "rewritten" in RNA. In eukaryotes, the RNA must go through additional processing steps to become a messenger RNA, or mRNA.

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TRANSCRIPTION

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the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA is "translated" into a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide (protein chain)

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TRANSLATION

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is the direct manipulation of an organism’s genes using biotechnology

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GENETIC ENGINEERING

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It is artificial manipulation or alteration of genes.

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GENETIC ENGINEERING

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(3) GE involves?

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1. Removing a gene (target gene) from one organism

2. Inserting target gene into DNA of another organism

3. ‘cut and paste’ process

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(3) Examples of cross-species transfer of genes?

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a human gene inserted into a bacterium

a human gene inserted into another animal

a bacteria gene placed in a plant

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(3) DNA TECHNOLOGY

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specialized area of biotechnology.

focuses on the ability to analyze , manipulate and “cut and paste” DNA pieces.

used in medical diagnostic tests , PCR.

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is made by mixing DNA from two different sources

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RECOMBINANT DNA

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were discovered in 1968 by Swiss microbiologist Werner Arber?

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Restriction enzymes

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Restrictionenzymes were discovered in (?) by Swiss microbiologist Werner Arber.

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1968

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Restriction enzymes were discovered in 1968 by (?)

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Swiss microbiologist Werner Arber.

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What Is the organism with the altered DNA

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Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

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Can we alter DNA?

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You might think that DNA is stable and unchangeable. For the most part you are right. However, there are new technologies that allow us to alter the DNA of humans and other organisms.

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READ AND UNDERSTAND!!!

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is the combination of DNA from two different sources. For example, it is possible to place a human gene into bacterial DNA

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RECOMBINANT DNA

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Recombinant DNA is the combination of DNA from two different sources. For example, it is possible to place a human (?) into bacterial DNA

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gene

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Recombinant DNA technology is useful in gene (?) and in identifying the function of a gene.

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cloning

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is an exact genetic copy?

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CLONE

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Genes are cloned for many reasons, including?

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use in medicine and in agriculture

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UNDERSTAND THIS!!!

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UNDERSTAND THIS!!!

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Recombinant DNA technology can also be used to produce useful proteins, such as?

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INSULIN

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To treat diabetes, many people need this.Previously, it had been taken from animals.

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Through recombinant DNA technology, (?) were created that carry the human gene which codes for the production of insulin

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bacteria

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These bacteria become (?) that produce this protein.

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tiny factories

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Recombinant DNA technology helps (?) so it can be used by humans

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create insulin

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READ THIS

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Recombinant DNA technology can also be used to produce useful proteins, such as insulin.

To treat diabetes, many people need insulin.

Previously, insulin had been taken from animals.

Through recombinant DNA technology, bacteria were created that carry the human gene which codes for the production of insulin.

These bacteria become tiny factories that produce this protein.

Recombinant DNA technology helps create insulin so it can be used by humans.

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AGAIN UNDERSTAND THIS

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refersto those techniques used to modify the genotype of an organism to change its phenotype.

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GENETIC ENGINEERING

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Refers to the methods used to modify, measure, manipulate and manufacture within the DNA molecule

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rDNA technology

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TECHNOLOGY USAGE

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Dna serve as the?

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Manual

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Rna serve as the?

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Photocopy

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Carries instruction for polypeptides synthesis from nucleus to ribosomes into the cytoplasm

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Messenger RNA

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Carries amino acid to the ribosome and match them to the coded mRNA message

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Transfer RNA

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Is in the cytoplasm of a cell where ribosomes are found. It directs the translation of mRNA into proteins

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rRNA or Ribosomal RNA

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Are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA

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Ribosomes

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3 Importance of RNA

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Acts as enzymes that speed up the chemical reactions.

Helps in regulating various cells processes, ranging from cell division, growth to cell aging and death.

It was also discovered that certain RNA defects can result of human diseases.

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Protiens

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Compose of polymers of numerous amino acids known as polypeptides.

There are 20 amino.

Amino acids can potentially be configured into more unique information- carrying structures.

The properties of the proteins are determined by the order of the amino acids in a polypeptides.