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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gross anatomy of nervous system: 2 main parts? |
-Brain -Spinal cord |
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Name the 3 major levels of the brain |
-Cerebrum -Cerebellum -Brainstem |
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Features/functions of cerebrum (3) |
-Largest, most complex region -Controls thought, learning, sensory information -Divided into 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal) |
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Features/functions of cerebellum (4) |
-Aka "little brain" -Has 2 hemispheres -Is a major control center -Coordinates movement, posture, balance, muscle coordination |
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Features/functions of brainstem |
-Connects cerebrum with spinal cord -Responsible for motor and automatic functions -Made of midbrain, pons, and medulla |
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In what lobe does final processing of sound happen? |
Temporal lobe |
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What do we call the outermost layer of the cerebrum? |
Cortex (aka cerebral cortex) |
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Gross Anatomy of CNS: name the parts (slide 5) |
-Cortex (aka cerebral cortex) -Parietal lobe -Occipital lobe -Cerebellum -Inferior colliculus -Hippocampal regions -Hypothalamus -Thalamus -Frontal lobe |
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Form & function of cortex?
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-Folded, with ridges & depressions -Final processing of acoustic stimuli |
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What do we all the ridges on our cortex? How about the depressions? |
-Gyri (singular gyrus) are the ridges -Sucli (singular sulcus) are the depressions |
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Other features of cortex? |
-Lateral Sulcus (aka Sylvain fissure) -Superior Temoral Gyrus |
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Auditory Pathway: major landmarks/stations? (5) |
From the cochlea: -Cochlear nucleus -Superior olivary complex -Inferior colliculus -Medial geniculate body (in thalamus) -Auditory cortex (in superior temporal gyrus) |
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What do we mean when we say "auditory pathway"? |
-The path of CN VIII as it carries messages from the cochlea to the auditory cortex |
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In auditory pathway, what tract connects the superior olivary complex to the inferior colliculus? |
-Lateral lemniscus |
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In auditory pathway, what tracts connect the medial geniculate body to the auditory cortex? |
-Auditory radiations |
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Broad characteristics of auditory pathway? (3) |
The pathway is: -short (only 3 to 4 relays), -fast (with large myelinated fibers) -each relay nucleus does a specific work of decoding and integration (Info from http://www.cochlea.eu/en/auditory-brain) |
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What is one great thing about the structures of our auditory pathway? |
-They maintain the tonotopic organization of our auditory system |
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In auditory pathway, minimum # of synapses needed to get from cochlea to primary auditory cortex? |
Four: Cochlea --> cochlear nucleus --> contralateralinferior colliculus --> medial geniculate body -->auditory cortex 4 synapses minimum have to occur in order to hear a sound |
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Some tracts in the audiotry pathway ascend _________, some ascend __________, and some projections _____________. |
ipsilaterally contralaterally skip levels |
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Auditory Cortex: characteristics/roles (4) |
-Well-organized tonotopically -Responds very well to speech stimuli -Vital for understanding speech in noise (degraded speech) -Necessary for localization and lateralization |
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What do we know about the auditory cortex's response to speech stimuli? (3) |
-Plays important (and final?) role in the processing of speech -Especially speech that is dichotically presented (two different stimuli presented, one in each ear) -Stronger responses to speech stimuli in left hemisphere in most patients |
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How can we evaluate integrity of auditory cortex? |
-Evoked potentials (e.g., MLR, P300) -PET and fMRI (specifics about potentials not on exam) |
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What are the connections from primary auditory cortex (PAC)? PAC receives most of its info from... |
-Ipsilateral medial geniculate body -Projections from PAC on one side to PAC on the other via corpus callosum |
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Corpus callosum plays a role in auditory _________ function. If corpus callosum is compromised, deficits in ________ are likely. |
interhemispheric dichotic listening |
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What's one way to think of Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD)? |
"What happens when the brain can't hear"
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True or false: there is consensus regarding what aspects of CAP fall under the umbrella of audiology |
False. CAP and CAPD have become an integral part of clinical practice... but still a lack of consensus of what underlies CAP, and what aspects of it fall under umbrella of audiology. |
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CAPD: does it actually exist? Is it an actual disorder in ______, or merely a reflection ofa ___________ that is manifested whenstimuli are presented ________________? |
AP (auditory perception) language disorder auditorily |
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Jerger: 3 points of evidence for existence of pure auditory perceptual disorders |
• Audiologic evidence from children and adults withknown lesions of the CANS • Unique listening problems of elderly in some cases associated with age-related changes inthe CANS • Children/adults whose only symptom is cannot hear well in difficultsituations, yet have no concomitant speech/language deficits |
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When did ASHA issue its consensus statement on CAP and what did they agree on? |
1995 -definition of and best practice related to dx and management of children with CAPD |
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Central auditory processes: definition (6) (according to ASHA taskforce CAP consensus statement) |
The auditory system mechanisms and functions resposible for these behavioral phenomena: – Sound localization and lateralization – Auditory discrimination – Auditory pattern recognition – Temporal aspects of audition – Auditory performance decrements with competingacoustic signals – Auditory performance decrements with degradedacoustic signals |
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True or false: central auditory processes apply apply only to verbal stimuli (according to ASHA taskforce CAP consensus statement) |
False: apply to both verbal and nonverbal stimuli (Need to test verbal & non-verbal stimuli to make sure you are not just testing language centers) |
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Central Auditory Processing Disorder: definition (according to ASHA taskforce CAP consensus statement) |
-An observed deficiency in one or more of the behaviors of central auditory processing (there are six) |
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Per Jerger and others, what was wrong with ASHA taskforce definition of CAPD? |
– Simply listed all of the deficits among the literature – Doesn’t provide much of a conceptual framework forunderstanding the phenomenon |
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Auditory Processing Disorder (APD): definition |
Jerger and colleagues proposed CAPD --> APD -A deficit in the processing of information specific to the auditory modality (Broader defintion than CAPD) |
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What could be symptoms of APD? (4) |
daydreams, fidgety, does not seem to be listening, has difficulty sustaining attention |
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Recommendations for management of APD (4) |
-Consider AP & APD from a multidisciplinary perspective -Assessment should focus on describing functional auditory performance deficits -Assessment should be individualized -Use team approach |
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Assessment of APD should focus on describing: _________________ and should be _________. |
functional auditory performance deficits individualized |
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Why do we use test battery approach for diagnosing APD? |
-No gold standard defintion for APD -So there is no single test -Clinicians really need to make their own decisions about testing & diagnosis |
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Test battery approach for APD? (2) |
-Incorporate tests that allow the identification of a child or adult with APD in timely, cost-effective manner -Derive a composite profile for that individual |
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Management of APD: what could be used? (5) |
-Behavioral intervention -Augementative listening devices (e.g. FM system) or classroom amplification -Specific listening strategies -Strategy teaching -Counseling (need interdisciplinary team) |
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Interdisciplinary team members for management of APD? |
Parents, teachers, audiologists, SLPs, academic counselors, reading specialists, etc. |
