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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
CNS
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1)Brain
2)Spinal Cord |
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PNS
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1)Nerves
2)Ganglia |
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Brain main structures (10)
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1)Cerebral Cortex
2)Basal ganglia 3)Thalamus 4)Hypothalamus 5)Pituitary gland 6)Midbrain (Brainstem) 7)Pons (Brainstem) 8)Medulla Oblongata (Brainstem) 9)Cerebellum 10)Ventricles |
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Cerebral Cortex
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-Largest portion of the brain
-Performs higher functions -2 hemispheres connected by corpus callosum -5 lobes: Frontal (precentral gyrus)- Primary motor Parietal (postcentral gyrus)- Primary somato-sensory Temporal-auditory Occipital-Vision Insula (inside) |
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Association areas
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Regions of cortex not primary sensory or motor
They produce perceptions and plan our actions 75% of the cerebral cortex |
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Broca:association area
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the motor part of speech
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Wernicke:association area
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Language comprehension
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Prefrontal Cortex:association area
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-Higher functions:planning and judgement
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Memory-association area
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Hippocampus-deep in temporal lobe
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Basal ganglia
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Curcuit for motor control and behavioral reward
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Thalamus
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-Paired masses of gray matter
-Relay center for all sensory information -Can inhibit relay of information during sleep |
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Hypothalamus
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-Paired masses of gray matter
-Neural center for hunger, thirst, body temp, hormone secretion, sleep, sex, emotions |
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Pituitary gland
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Posterior and anterior lobes release hormones
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Midbrain
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-Contains nuclei of cranial nerves
-Contains substantia nigra:cell bodies of dopaminergic neurons -Dopaminergic axons travel to: -basal ganglia, motor control -forebrain, reward behavior |
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Parkinson's disease (midbrain)
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-Progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons substantia nigra
-Symptoms: difficulty initiating movement, resisting tremor, rigidity -Idiopathic (no known cause) Treatment:Levodopa, MAO inhibitors, deep brain stimulation, gene therapy |
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Addiction (midbrain)
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-In addiction to direct effects, nicotine, heroin, morphine, cocaine and amphetamines inhibit dopamine reuptake
-stimulate reward circuitry -Some also stimulate excessive movements |
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Pons
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-Contains nuclei of cranial nerves
-Connects cerebellum with motor and sensory tracts -Contains respiratory control areas |
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Locked-in syndrome (Pons)
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-Caused by damage to ventral pons
-Damage to motor pathways -Paralysis of all voluntary muscles -Patient still aware and awake |
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Medulla Oblongata
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-Contains nuclei of cranial nerves
-Descending and ascending fiber tracts -Contains vital centers:Vasomotor (vessel control), cardiac (heart control), and respiratory (breathing control) |
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Cerebellum
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-Coordinates movement
-Fibers either travel to via thalamus to cortex, or to brainstem nuclei -Damage causes ataxia -Affected by alcohol |
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Ventricles
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-Bathe the brain in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
-Continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord |
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Hydrocephalus
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-Obstruction blocks CSF pathway
-Ventricles continuously make CSF -CSF builds up, puts pressure on brain |
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Stroke
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2 types
Ischemic-due to thrombus, embolus, or shock (blockage) Hemorrhagic stroke-due to aneurysm (burst of blood vessel) |
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Spinal Cord
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Foramen magnum to L1
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Ascending/afferent tracts
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sensory information from receptors throughout the body relayed to brain.
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Descending/efferent tracts
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motor instructions from the brain trek down spinal cord to peripheral nerves
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Medial Lemniscal Tract
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Ascending 3 neuron tract; travels on same side of spinal cord and crosses over at thalamus
Touch, vibration, proprioception |
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Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
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Ascending 3 neuron tract; travels on opposite side of spinal cord
Pain and temperature |
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Lateral Corticospinal Tract
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Descending 2 neuron tract
Motor |
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PNS
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-Nerves and ganglia outside the spinal cord
-Nerves arise from brain (cranial nerves) or specific spinal segment (spinal nerve) -Spinal nerves branch into peripheral nerves that travel through body. |
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Dermatome
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-Area of skin supplied by single spinal nerve
-Damage to specific spinal nerve results in sensory loss only in corresponding area |
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Myotome
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-All muscles innervated by nerves from a specific spinal segment
-Damage to specific spinal segment results in motor loss to the muscles it innervates |
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Cutaneous innervation
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-Area of skin supplied by peripheral nerve
-Damage to specific peripheral nerve results in sensory loss only in corresponding area |
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Muscular innervation
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-Muscles innervated by specific peripheral nerve
-Damage to specific peripheral nerve results in motor loss to the muscles it innervates |