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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cellular respiration occurs in and around the what?
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Mitochondria; produces energy
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Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy such as:
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Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
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What are Autotrophs?
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They are able to produce their own organic molecules through photosythesis.
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Are plants autotrophs or heterotrophs?
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They are autotrophs
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What are heterotrophs?
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Live on organic compounds produced by other organisms.
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Are humans autotrophs or heterotrophs?
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Heterotrophs
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All organism use what to extract energy from organic molecules?
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Cellular respiration
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Glucose to?
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ATP (energy)
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What is the equation for cellular respiration?
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP
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What gets broken up?
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Glucose
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What is ATP?
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Adenosine-tri-phosphate
The main source of energy for cellular work. |
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ATP releases what when a phosphate group is removed?
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Energy
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What can be turned back into ATP during cellular respiration?
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ADP
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What is the chemical process of the cellular respiration equation?
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e- and H+ are transferred from glucose to oxygen through a series of oxidations.
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What is a redox reaction?
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Is where one reactant is oxidized (losses e-) and the other reactant is reduced (gains e-).
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Oxygen is very electronegative so:
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It attracts electrons and is a strong oxidizer.
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What is NAD+?
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Is an electron carrier
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NAD+ accepts 2 electrons and 1 proton to become what?
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NADH
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What is aerobic respiration?
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Uses a lot of oxygen
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deltaG = ###kcal/mol of glucose
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686
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What is the complete oxidation of glucose proceeds in stages?
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1. Glycolysis (C6 -> 2 C3)
2. Pyruvate Oxidation 3. Krebs cycle (NAD+ H+ +e- -> NADH) 4. Electron Transport Chain 5. Chemiosmosis |
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Glycolsis is what?
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Occurs outsde the mitochondria. Splits the C6 sugar glucose into 2 C3 sugars called pyrubate. This is a ten step process and gives the following:
Glucose --> 2 pyruvate and 2H20, uses 2 ATP, Gives 4 ATP, and 2 NADH, Net: + 2 ATP and 2 NADH |
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Pyruvate s converted to what?
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Acetyl CoA
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The Krebs Cycle is also known as what?
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The Citrus Acid Cylce
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The acetyl CoA enters the cycle and results in....
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- 2 CO2 given off
- 3 NADH produced - 1 ATP produced - 1 FADH produced |
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Electron transport chain (ETC) has what?
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- The NADH and FADH give their electrons to the ETC
-The electrons "tumble" down it lsing energy as they go - This results in protons being pumped out of the inner mitochondrial membrane and creates a proton gradient - The electron is given to O2 at the end- thus "aerobic respiration" |
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For each NADH:
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3 protons are pumped out
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For each FADH:
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2 protons are pumped out
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Chemiosmosis also known as the Oxidative phosphorylation:
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-The protons accumulate and are passed back over the membrane through the ATP synthase protein.
-For each proton that comes through, ADP + P is changed into ATP |
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Theoretical energy yields:
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-38 ATP per glucose for bacteria
-36 ATP per glucose for eukaryotes |
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What is the actual energy yield?
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-30 ATP per glucose for eukaryotes
-reduced yield is due to "leaky" inner membrane and use of the proton gradient for purposes other than ATP Synthesis. |
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Without Oxygen?
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Respiration occurs without oxygen via either:
anaerobic respiration and fermentation. |
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What is anaerobic respiration?
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Use of inorganic molecules (other than oxygen) as final electron acceptor.
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What is fermentation?
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Use of organic molecules as final electron acceptor.
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What is the complete oxidation of glucose proceeds in stages?
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1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate oxidation 3. Krebs cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain 5. Chemiosmosis (ATP) |
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The equation is what again?
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H20 + 38ATP
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