Cellular Respiration

Front 1

What is Metabolism (aka cellular respiration) and how many steps does it involve?

Back 1

Metabolism is the breakdown of food for energy (ATP) and it involves 4 steps.

Front 2

What is a catalyst (def.)? And how does it work?

Back 2

A catalyst is an enzyme(in microorganisms) that speeds up a chemical reaction and remains unchanged in the process. It works by reducing the amount of energy required for the reaction. Like a booster for the reaction.

Front 3

How many enzymes catalyze how many reactions? What is a substrate?

Back 3

One enzyme catalyzes only one kind of reaction.
A substrate is the substance an enzyme reacts upon.

Front 4

What are enzymes composed of?

Back 4

All enzymes are composed of proteins.

Front 5

What is a denatured Enzyme?

Back 5

A denatured enzyme is one that is altered or damaged.

Front 6

How does an enzyme work with the substrate to speed up a reaction?

Back 6

Enzymes work by lock-and-key mechanisms. Each enzyme has an active site (lock) and it's substrate has a particular configuration (key) that fits into the enzymes active site which 'unlocks' the enzyme to speed up (catalyze) the reaction.

Front 7

What common spelling suffix do enzymes have?

Back 7

-ase

Front 8

The rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions depends on 4 things, what are those 4 things?

Back 8

1-the concentration of the substrate
2-the concentration of the enzyme
3-the temperature of the environment (~37 degreesC max)
4-the acidity of the environment (~7.5 PH Max)

Front 9

What is the definition of Catabolism?
What is ATP's role?
What are 3 examples?

Back 9

Catabolism is the breakdown or digestion of large complex (macro) molecules.
Energy released during Catabolist reactions is in the form of ATP.
EX: Hydrolysis, digestion, fermentation

Front 10

What is the definition of Anabolism?
What is ATP's role?
What are 3 examples?

Back 10

Anabolism is the synthesis or creation generally by joining together smaller micro molecules.
Energy trapped during the an Anabolist reaction is trapped in ATP.
Ex:synthesis of macromolecules, protein synthesis, photosynthesis

Front 11

What is the currency of energy in the microbial cell?

Back 11

ATP Adenosine Triphosphate

Front 12

What are the three parts of ATP?

Back 12

1 double ring of carbon and nitrogen called adenine
1 five carbon carbohydrate called ribose
3 phosphate groups

Front 13

How are the 3 phosphate groups linked?

Back 13

The three phosphate groups in ATP are linked by high energy covalent bonds.

Front 14

What happens when ATP is catabolized by an enzyme and how much energy is made available?

Back 14

The third phosphate group is released and 7.3 kilocalories of energy are made available to do the work on the microorganism.

Front 15

What are the products when ATP is broken down?

Back 15

ADP and a phosphate ion.

Front 16

What is a coenzyme and how does it relate to a cofactor?

Back 16

A coenzyme is an organic cofactor (a chemical substance which assists enzymes to catalyze a reaction.)

Front 17

Name 3 important coenzymes:

Back 17

NAD- Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
NADP- Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
FAD- Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

Front 18

How is energy generated during the chemical reaction of metabolism?

Back 18

during the chemical reaction of metabolism, coenzymes accept electrons then pass them on to other coenzymes or other molecules. The passing of electrons generates energy.

Front 19

What is the removal of electrons from a coenzyme called?
Loss of Electrons:

Back 19

Oxidation

Front 20

What is the addition of electrons to a coenzyme called?
Gain of Electrons:

Back 20

Reduction

Front 21

The reactions performed by coenzymes are called what?

Back 21

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Front 22

What molecules other than coenzymes also pass electrons to create energy?

Back 22

Cytochromes

Front 23

What is the system of reactions, in which coenzymes and cytochromes participate in passing of electrons to create energy, called?

Back 23

The Electron Transport System

Front 24

As high energy electrons (ADP and Phosphate ion) move through the ________ ________ _______, they are passed between _______ and ________,

Back 24

Electron Transport System
Cytochromes and Coenzymes

Front 25

What happens to Cytochromes and Coenzymes energy as they move through the Electron Transport System?
What is the energy turned into?

Back 25

Cytochomes and Coenzymes Energy is drained as they are moved along the Electron Transport System.
Energy is formed into ATP.

Front 26

ATP formation from the Electron Transport system occurs where in Prokaryotes and where in Eukaryotes?

Back 26

In Prokaryotes it occurs in the cell membranes.
In Eukaryotes it occurs in the mitochondria.

Front 27

For every molecule of Gluclose, How many molecules of ATP are generated in Prokayotes and Eukayotes? Is there a difference in the amount generated and why?

Back 27

Prokayotes generate 38 ATP molecules from every one molecule of ATP.
Eukaryotes generate 36 ATP molecules from every one molecule of gluclose.
Yes, mitochondria charge a fee of 2 ATP.

Front 28

What is the formula for Cellular Respiration?

Back 28

C6H1206 (glucose) + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36/38 ATPs

Front 29

What are the microorganisms called that can trap energy they need for metabolism through direct light(photosynthesis)?

Back 29

Autotrophs

Front 30

What are the microorganisms called that must rely on pre-formed carbohydrates found in their environment to obtain energy needed for metabolism?

Back 30

Heterotrophs

Front 31

What kind of process is cellular respiration?
(Aerobic or anaerobic)
Why?

Back 31

Cellular respiration is an aerobic process because the last step involves Oxygen Gas as the final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport system.

Front 32

What type of Cellular respiration does Heterotrophs perform and what type does Autotrophs perform?

Back 32

Heterotrophs perfom aerobic cellular respiration and Autotrophs perform anaerobic respiration.

Front 33

Name the 4 steps of cellular respiration in order.

Back 33

1-Glycolysis
2-Intermediate Step
3-Krebs Cycle
4-The Electron Transport System

Front 34

During Glycolysis, glucose molecule is broken down to form what?

Back 34

2 pyruvic acids and 8 ATP

Front 35

Glycolysis is an aerobic or anaerobic process?

Back 35

Anaerobic

Front 36

Why is glycolysis considered to be a somewhat inefficient process?

Back 36

Because much energy is left in the pyruvic acids which is why the process of cellular respiration must continue for most aerobic organisms to yield more energy.

Front 37

What is involved in the intermediate step in cellular respiration?

Back 37

The intermediate step in cellular respiration takes 2 pyruvic acids which are broken down to yield 2 acetyl-coA's and 6 ATP.(2 High energy molecules of NADH(yielding 3 ATP each)are also formed.)2x3=6ATP

Front 38

What is involved during Krebb's cycle?

Back 38

2 Acetyl-CoA's are wormed throuh to yield 12 ATP each for a total of 24 ATP.

Front 39

How is the energy yeild broken down in Krebb's cycle?

Back 39

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP
-----
per acetyl-CoA

Front 40

How many ATP are NADH, FADH2 and GTP worth?

Back 40

NADH=3 ATP
FADH2=2 ATP
GTP=1 ATP

Front 41

Electrons are transported along a series of coenzymes and cytochromes and the energy in the electrons is released.

Back 41

The Electron Transport System

Front 42

What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport system and what is formed?

Back 42

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor and water is formed.

Front 43

How does Oxygen work in the Electron Transport System?

Back 43

Oxygen is responsible for removing electrons from the system; without oxygen, electrons could not be released and ATP could not be produced.

Front 44

What does the reaction look like in the final step of the Electron Transport System?

Back 44

2H + ½ O2 = H2O

Front 45

Summarize the steps and how you get 38/36 ATP in Cellular Respiration?

Back 45

1. Glycolysis= Gluclose to 2 pyruvic Acid= 6 ATP
2. Intermediate Step=Pyruvic acid to 2 Acetyl-CoA= 8 ATP
3. Krebbs Cylcle= 2 Acetyl-CoA to
3 NADH x 3 ATP= 9 ATP
1 FADH2 x 2 ATP= 2 ATP
1 GTP x 1 ATP= 1 ATP
=12 x 2= 24 + 8 + 6=38ATP

Front 46

What kind of process is fermentation and where does it occur?
How many ATP does it yield?
What is it also known as?

Back 46

fermentation is an anaerobic process which occurs in yeast cells(to produce alcohol) or muscle or bacteria cells.
It yields 2 ATP.
A.K.A. Anaerobic Glycolysis

Front 47

What is photosynthesis?

Back 47

A light-dependent reaction requiring chlorophyll.

Front 48

What is Hill's reaction?

Back 48

A light dependent reaction: Chlorophyll absorbs light photons and excites molecules which release energy to split water molecules.

Front 49

What is Calvin Cycle?

Back 49

The Dark reaction: (carbon fixing reaction)The energy from the light reaction drives a series of reactions which ultimately yields glucose from CO2.

Front 50

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

Back 50

6 CO2 + 6 H2O = C6H1206 (glucose) + 6 O2 ↑ (gas)

Front 51

In the carbon fixing stage, where is CO2 obtained?

Back 51

From the atmosphere.

Front 52

How do photosynthesis and cellular respiration differ?

Back 52

They are opposites in that Cellular respiration starts with glucose and oxygen and ends with carbon dioxide and water, and Photosynthesis starts with water and carbon dioxide and ends in oxygen and glucose.