Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Water moves passively by ________?
|
Osmosis
|
|
|
Water has to move through special protein pores called ______?
|
aquaporins
|
|
|
Lipids are not charged or polar and will be pushed together by ____ molecules that prefer to interact with one another.
|
H20
|
|
|
Formation of lipid bilayers or lipid droplets is _______?
|
passive
|
|
|
H20 causes the lipids to push out of the way so it can interact with itself and the water causes the ________ and does this without _______ input due to ______ need to make bonds
|
bilayer
energy H20's |
|
|
__________ will bind to the ends of what is broken apart to stabilize
|
Water
|
|
|
This is the name of the process wehre water can ionize into a proton (H+) and Hydroxyl ( OH-) group which can be used by enzymes to break bonds between other molecules
|
Hydrolysis)
|
|
|
Water is polar and can form _______ bonds with other charged and polar molecules to keep them in solution to keep them solvent.
|
Hydrogen
|
|
|
ph ranges from 0 to 14 and when the number of H+ and OH- are equal the pH = ________
|
7
|
|
|
The pH reflects the concentration of ____ and _____ in solution
|
H+ and OH-
|
|
|
changes in pH alter the protein ______
|
functions
|
|
|
Altering of protein functions due to changes in pH can cause them to _______ and ______
|
denature and unfold
|
|
|
High H+ concentration = _______pH concentration
|
low pH
|
|
|
Low H+ concentration = ______ pH concentration
|
high
|
|
|
______ _____ bind and release H+ and each has a different pKA
|
amino acids
|
|
|
pKA is the pH at which protein is ____ % saturated with H+ ions
|
50 %
|
|
|
As the pH changes these amino acids bind and release ____ and this helps to maintain normal ____ structure and function
|
H+
3D |
|
|
Plasma membrane is__________ permeable
|
selectively
|
|
|
All cells are permeable to ______+
|
K+
|
|
|
Ions align to maintain ______ charge and concentration
|
NEUTRAL
|
|
|
The _______ of ________ _________ is that the number of negative and positive charges in a region must be equal separation of charged molecules and this sets up a ________ ________
|
Principle of electrical neutrality
voltage gradient |
|
|
The voltage gradient set up between two compartments equals _____ _______ ___________
|
Resting Membrane Potential.
|
|
|
The transmembrane are in contact with both ________ and _____ fluids.
|
intracellular and extracellular
|
|
|
This is where they can transport charged polar molecules_____ and ____ of the cells
|
into and out
|
|
|
The _______ of amino acids of membrane proteins determine the way they are arranged in the membrane
|
structure
|
|
|
The non polar inhabit the middle of the membrane because they are _______
|
hydrophobic ( afraid of water)
|
|
|
The charged and polar amino acids stick out into the _______ _______ or associate with polar lipid head groups
|
aqueous fluid
|
|
|
Membrane proteins are involved in ________ of specific molecules into and out of cells
|
transport
|
|
|
Membrane protiens function as enzymes or respond to _____signals
|
external
|
|
|
Some membrane proteins serve as _______ links that connect the plasma membrane to adjacent cells. `
|
stuctural
|
|
|
The ____ ______ protects internal cell contents from external environment
|
plasma membrane
|
|
|
The ____ _____ transports nutrients and waste products
|
plasma membrane
|
|
|
The plasma membrane is composed of a _____ bilayer
|
lipid
|
|
|
polar is the ____ and outer parts of the bilayer
|
inner
|
|
|
Non polar consists of the _____ and is the tails
|
middle
|
|
|
The plasma membrane generates ____ _______
|
membrane potentials
|
|
|
Plasma membrane provides _____ recognition, communication and _____ regulation
|
cell
growth |
|
|
What is made up of actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments?
|
cytoskeleton
|
|
|
The __________ helps to regulate cell movement, cell ______ and trafficking of intracellular molecules
|
cytoskeleton.
cell shape |
|
|
______ is responsible for movement of the cell membrane
|
cytoskeleton
|
|
|
__________ are responsible for organization and movement
|
microtubules
|
|
|
_______ contains the genomic DNA. This contains nuclear genes that code for the synthesis of _______
|
Nucleus
proteins |
|
|
The nucleus is made up of a ______membrane with pores
|
double
|
|
|
The ______ ______ and _____ _____
function together to synthesize proteins and lipids for transport to ______or the plasma membrane |
E R and Golgi Apparatus
|
|
|
_____ and ______ are membrane bound bags of digestive _______ that degrade intracellular debris and together are known as the clean up crew
|
lysosomes and peroxisomes
|
|
|
__________ are hydrolytic enzymes that use water when changing to products.
|
Lysosomes
|
|
|
__________ contain oxidative enzymes molecular oxygen or peroxide for redox reactions ( free radicles
|
peroxisomes
|
|
|
____ are the power house of the cell and contain enzymes necessary for _____ phosphorylation
|
Mitochondria
oxidative |
|
|
The Mitochondria has a _____ membrane and is the location of respiratory chain enzymes
_______is formed inside here |
double
ATP |
|
|
The mitochondria can maintain genetic material
Get mitochondria from _____ (egg) and if there are defects then this affects Metabolism |
mom
|
|
|
What are the three types of membrane lipids?
|
Cholesterol
Phospholipids and Glycolipids |
|
|
The lipid bilaryer is resistant to polar, charged ______ soluble molecules but permeable to ____ soluble substances.
|
water
lipid |
|
|
The lipid bilayer is _________
|
amphipathic
|
|
|
Hydrophilic
|
(water loving charged or polar end) (head group) outer layer)
|
|
|
Hydrophobic
|
end that is non polar Hydrophobic core is formed by the hydrocarbon tails
|
|
|
Large lipid insoluble molecules are transported across the plasma membrane by ______ and _______
|
endocytosis and exocytosis
|
|
|
______ occurs when proteins recognize the receptors, pinch off of the cell membrane for transport into the cell- this process takes increased energy to do.
|
Endocytosis
|
|
|
________ movement from inside of the cell to the outside of the cell
|
Exocytosis
|
|
|
Small lipid insoluble molecules are transported across the plasma membrane by what three kinds of membrane proteins
|
1. ATP driven pumps
2. Carries 3. Channels |
|
|
Example of an ATP driven pump is the
|
Na/K pump
|
|
|
__________ bind like a lock and key and will flip flop for movement
|
Carriers
|
|
|
Channels
|
For the channel to open the cap must be removed.
|
|
|
Active transport uses and requires _______
|
Energy
|
|
|
Passive Transport require no ________
|
Energy
|
|
|
__________ is the breakdown of glycogen and fat. This process is ________ and produces ____ ATP molecules
|
Glycolysis
anaerobic two |
|
|
Per one _____ molecule you receive two NADH molecules and ____ Pyruvate molecules.
|
glucose
two |
|
|
Pyruvate enters the _______ and is converted into Acetyl CoA with the release of a C02
If there is not an adequate supply of 02 then the pyruvate can be converted to ______ acid which can leak from cell into the circulation |
mitochondria
lactic |
|
|
What process's purpose is to break through oxidation the C-C and C-H bonds of the compounds produced in the second stage of catabolsim
|
Citric Acid Cycle
|
|
|
______ and _______ _____ go into the mitochondrial matrix and are converted to ________ _____
|
Pyruvate and Fatty acids
Acetyl CoA |
|
|
The Citric Acid Cycle or Kreb's cycle only produces _____ ATP in the form of GTP (Guanisine tri phosphate) but this process captures a great deal of energy in the form of ______ + ions
|
one
Hydride |
|
|
What is the name of the process in which as electrons pass from one complex to the next they transfer energy which is used to pump H+ ions out of the ______ matrix.
|
Oxidative phosphorylation and the Mitochondrial electron transport chain.
Mitochondrial |
|
|
Each transfer one electron provides enough energy to pump ____ or ____ protons across the membrane
|
one or two
|
|
|
At the end of the ETC the low energy electrons are transferred to ____ to form _____ ( the final waste product)
|
02 to form H20
|
|
|
______ _____ is considered aerobic due to its need for oxygen when forming the H20
|
Oxidative phosphorylation
|
|
|
ATP Synthase is an enzyme used in the inner mitochondrial membrane that allows protons to flow back into the _____ down their electrochemical gradient.
|
mitochondria
|
|
|
2 ATP come _________
2 ATP come from ______ Remainder of ATP come from _______ _________ |
Glycoloysis
Krebs cyle Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC) |
|
|
the complete oxidation of Glucose results into _____ and _____
|
C02 and H20
|
|
|
The ATP formed within the mitochondria is transported to the cytosol by _____ _____ in the mitochondrial membrane . ATP is then available to drive a variety of energy requiring reactions within the cell
|
Protein transporters
|
|
|
When is ATP used ?
|
functions such as Ion transport
Synthesis of Macromolecules |
|
|
Atp is used to drive ATP pumps to move ______ against a gradient Such as the ___ ___ pumps, ____ pumps and ____transporters
|
NaK
Ca2+ ABC |
|
|
Atp is used to make or break ______ bonds
|
chemical
|
|
|
What is the name of a specific amount of energy used to buy a specific amount of work?
|
Energy Currency
|
|
|
Energy using metabolic processes or pathways is called
|
Anabolism
|
|
|
Energy releasing breakdown of nutrient sources such as glucose to provide ATP to the cell is
|
Catabolism
|
|
|
There is s slight excess of ______ ions along the inner aspect of the membrane and extra _____ ions along the ______ membrane
|
negative ions ( inner aspect)
positive ions (outer aspect) |
|
|
Separation of charges creates a membrane potential that can be measured as a ___________
|
voltage
|
|
|
Positive and negative ions separated by the _______ _______ have a strong attraction to one another that can be used by the cell to perform ____
|
plasma membrane
work |
|
|
When there is no _____ _____ _________ across the plasma membrane electrical charge present inside the cell is called _____ ________ __________
|
net ion movement
resting membrane potential |
|
|
ATP Is not stored or shared amongst cells, it is made as needed , if there is no 02 then there is no ______
|
ATP
|
|
|
The major determinant in the resting membrane potential is _______ concentration across the membrane
|
potassium
|
|
|
The ____________ _______ is much greater than Extracellular ____
|
intracellular potassium concentration
potassium. |
|
|
At rest the membrane is permeable to _________+ but not other positively charged cations like ____ and _____
|
K+
Ca2+ and Na+ |
|
|
Potassium ions remain inside because of the _______ ______ that cannot diffuse out of the cell.
|
intracellular anions
|
|
|
Because the cell membrane is impermeable to Na+ and Ca2+ then only ____ is available to balance these negative intracellular ions.
|
K+
|
|
|
there are two opposing forces acting on the potassium ion. The ______ cell interior ______ K+ into the cell and the hug K+ concentration gradient favors movement _____ of the cell
|
negative
attracts out |
|
|
When the cell is at rest and not transmitting _______ . These forces are balanced and although the membrane is permeable to K+ there is no _____ ______
|
impulses
net movement |
|
|
If the K+ level ________ is _______ then K+ will stay inside the cell = reduced concentration gradient. These extra positive intracellular ions will ______ more of the negative cellular anions and the cell will __________ (become _____ ________)
|
extracellular increased
neutralize |
|
|
Concentration gradient will ______ ____ K from the cell
Electrical gradient will ____ ____ K this is how K moves |
push out
pull in |
|
|
If the ____ + extracellular level _______ then K+ will exit the cell and this will produce a ______ concentration gradient
Fewer intracellular anions will be neutralized and the cell interior will ___________ become more _______ |
K+
decreases greater Hyperpolarize negative |
|
|
Long term maintenance of K= concentration gradient across the cell membrane is accomplished primarily by the ____ _____ pump
|
Sodium potassium pump
|
|
|
The Na + K pump extrudes _____ _____ for every _____ K+ brought into the cell
|
three NA
two K+ |
|
|
how much negativity to offset the gradient?
|
Nernst equilibrium potential
|
|
|
What are rapid, self propagating electrical excitation of the membrane that are mediated by _____ _______ that open and close in response to changes in ____ across the membrane? (voltage gated ion channels
|
This is an action potential
ion channels voltage |
|
|
An action potential is triggered by ______ __________
|
membrane depolarization
|
|
|
Depolarization is caused by the ______ of _____ to cell surface receptors
|
binding of neurotransmitter
|
|
|
This binding of neurotransmitter to cell surface receptors causes the ____ or pores in membranes to _______ allowing ions like_____+ to enter the cell
|
channels
open Na+ |
|
|
This positive influx= a shift in the ______ = ________ negative value = depolarization
|
membrane
less |
|
|
Threshold is reached when a patch of membrane becomes significantly ______ to activate _______ ______ Na Channels in the membrane
|
depolarized
voltage gated |
|
|
Threshold channels open rapidly and transiently to all influx of ______ ions
continues on to next patch and causes membrane ________ and more voltage gated channels enter into the cell . This process repeats over and over until an ______ ____ proceeds along the cell |
Na
depolarization action potential |
|
|
What is the period when 3 Na voltage gated channels will not open again in response to another depolarizing stimulus. this limits the rate at which action potentials are generated.
|
Refractory period
|
|
|
What are the three types of Na voltage gated channels
|
open, closed, refractory
|
|
|
The two major factors in _________ ___________ are the Inflow of ____ is stopped by closing ____ ________/
K+ conductance (outflow) through voltage gated K+ channels _____ and take longer than Na channels K+ flows _____ of the cell and helps to return the cell back to _________ |
cellular repolarization
Na Na channels increases out negative |
|
|
In ______ and _______ cells_____ + plays a big role
|
muscle and skeletal
Calcium |
|
|
Ca2+ released from _______ stores when _________ occurs
Ca2+ entry through ________ ________channels in the membrane |
intracellular
depolarization voltage gated |
|
|
what is the name of the phase where Ca2+ comes into the cells and prolongs the action potential
|
Plateau
|
|
|
The plateau phase allows for the ______ ______ before another impulse is generated and prevents conditions of cardiac muscle ______
|
Muscular contraction
tetany |
|
|
What are two ways to block the action potential
|
Lidocaine or caine family drugs
change in temperature by cooling |
|
|
Voltage gated channels
with low resistance regenerate every _____ with high resistance regenerate every ______ |
3 mm
1 mm |
|
|
Large neurons= faster conduction and _____ resistance
|
low
|
|
|
Small Neurons = _____ conduction and ____ resistance
|
faster
high |
|
|
What are the three ways cells in multicellular organisms communicate with one another?
|
1. gap junction
2. Direct cell to cell contact of plasma membranes or the extracellular molecules associated with the cell( extracellular matrix) 3. secretion of chemical mediators ( ligands) that can influence cells some distance away |
|
|
1. gap junction ( directly connect to __________ of adjoining cells
2. Direct cell to cell contact of ______ ______ or the extracellular molecules associated with the cell( _______ ________) 3. secretion of chemical mediators ( ________ ) that can influence cells some distance away |
cytoplasm
plasma membrane extracellular matrix ligands |
|
|
what are the three types of chemical mediators or ligands
|
1. ion channel linked
2. enzyme linked 3. G protein linked |
|
|
Synaptic ( synapse ) used by nerves by ________________
|
neurotransmitters
|
|
|
________ uses the blood stream
|
Endocrine
|
|
|
_______ means local moving through the _________ tissues
|
Paracrine
|
|
|
________ = cell feeding information to self . Negative feedback at times
Response to immune and T cells is ________ _________ |
Autocrine
|
|
|
Somatic cells divide by ________ in which the daughter cells each receive an identical complete set of _____ chromosomes
|
MITOSIS
|
|
|
Germ cells such as eggs and sperm divide by ______
where significant chromosomal arrangements occur |
meiosis
|
|
|
Cell replication normally requires specific extracellular_______ that activate signaling systems within the cell.
|
mitogens
|
|
|
Cyclin proteins and cyclin dependent kinases alter function of _____ protein which cause it to release _______ factors that begin the process of replication.
|
Rb
transcription |
|
|
What are the names of the four nucleotide bases
|
Adenosine
Thymine Guanine Cytosine |
|
|
Adenosine is paired with
|
Thymine
|
|
|
Cytosine is paired with
|
Guanine
|
|
|
A series of ____ ______ (triplet) codon
is needed to code for each of the _____ amino acids |
three nucleotides
|
|
|
Since there are _____ different bases there are ______ different possible triplet combination.
|
four
64 |
|
|
Three of the nucleotide triplets ( codons) signal the end of the _____ ____ and do not code for ____ ____ while some amino acids are specified by more than one condon
|
protein code
amino acids |
|
|
______ ______ regulates the rate and timing of the gene transcription at each step of the pathway of DNA to RNA
|
protein synthesis
|
|
|
Cells contain _____ binding proteins which _______ or inhibit gene expression
|
DNA
Enhance |
|
|
These are ______ ______ that recognize and bind only particular DNA Sequences and these are specific to the genes they regulate
|
regulatory proteins
|
|
|
These regulatory proteins control in the following 6 ways
number one Regulate _____ and _____ of gene transcription |
rate and timing
|
|
|
These regulatory proteins control in the following 6 ways
Number 2 Controlling how mRNA is _______ |
spliced
|
|
|
These regulatory proteins control in the following 6 ways
number 3 Selecting which mRNA's are transported to _____ |
cytoplasm
|
|
|
These regulatory proteins control in the following 6 ways
number 4 Selecting which ways mRNA's are translated by __________ |
ribosomes
|
|
|
These regulatory proteins control in the following 6 ways
number 5 Selectively _________ certain mRNA's in Cytoplasm |
destroyin
|
|
|
These regulatory proteins control in the following 6 ways
number 6 Selectively controlling activity of ______ after they have been produced |
protein
|
|
|
what is the name of DNA binding proteins that are able to enhance or inhibit gene expression?
|
Transcriptional controls.
|
|
|
Transcription_____ = segments cut out
Transcription _____= segments expressed Look this up |
Intron
Extron |
|
|
Each time a cell divides it must retain membory of the ________ events that have preceded the _____ so that it can progress along a developmental pathway toward become a _______ tissue
|
developmental
division differentiated tissue |
|
|
Cells are differentiated because of result of differentiating influences experienced in the ______
|
embryo
|
|
|
Cells can retain the effects of past ______and pass the ______
|
influences
memory |
|
|
What are the four essentail process that enable a single cell to develop into a complex organism
|
1. cell proliferation
2 cell specialization 3. cell to cell interactions 4. cell movement and migration |
|
|
Cells have a genetic memory the genes a cell expresses and the way it behaves depond on the cells ______ as well as its present _______
|
past
environment |
|
|
is a result of cells no longer being needed, is physiologic, and requires energy to be done
|
apoptosis
|
|
|
______ is tidy and does not elicit inflammation
is known as programmed death Cell membrane stays intact |
Apoptosi
|
|
|
Apoptosis involves the activation of ________ - triggered intracellular enzymes that break up DNA and cause enzymatic degradation
|
Capsases
|
|
|
The capsases are triggered by withdrawal or ______ _____ or activation of death pathways ( role of ______ tumor suppression that inhibits the cells from going through the cell cycle if there is too much damage = apoptosis
|
survival signals
p53 |
|
|
_____ is messy and results in inflammation and collateral tissue death
Can always be considered ________ low energy and the cell membrane does not stay intact |
Necrosis
Pathologic |
