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69 Cards in this Set
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》stops the cell contents from escaping and controls the substances that are allowed to enter and leave the cell. 》 double layer of phospholipid molecules |
Cell Membrane |
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》formed by a nuclear membrane 》CONTROL CENTER of the cell. |
Nucleous |
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dense region of (ribonucleic acid) RNA and is the SITE OF RIBOSOME FORMATION |
Nucleolus |
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》gel-like fluid inside the cell. 》MEDIUM OF CHEMICAL REACTION |
Cytoplasm |
Cell expansion, growth, and replication is carried out here. |
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round-shaped organelles that SYNTHESIZE PROTEIN in the cell. |
Ribosomes |
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》nuclear envelope and cell membrane. 》INTERNAL TRANSFERRING SYSTEM that transfer substances from one part to another inside the cell, |
Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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with ribosomes attached |
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) |
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without ribosomes |
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) |
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》series of flat membrane-bound sacs 》receives the molecules of substances secreted by the ER across a group of transporting vesicles. |
Golgi Apparatus (Complex or Body) |
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》sac-like membranous organelles. 》main storehouse for the respiratory enzymes in the cell. 》where aerobic respiration occurs |
Mitochondria (Powerhouse) |
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membranous sacs that store water, nutrients and the waste materials of the cell unit it gets rid them. |
Vacuoles |
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》small, round, membranous vesicles formed by golgi bodies. 》get rid of worn and senile cells and organelles that no longer have benefits. 》small, round, membranous vesicles formed by golgi bodies. 》get rid of worn and senile cells and organelles that no longer have benefits. |
Lysosomes |
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plays an important role during cell division |
Centrosomes |
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found in pairs and move forward thepoles (opposite ends) of the nucleus when it time for cell division. |
Centrioles |
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photograph or image of a specimen taken using an electron microscope. |
ELectron Micrographs |
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a microscope with high magnification and resolution, employing electron beams in place of light and usingelectron lenses. |
Electron Microscope |
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》produced in mitochondria and chloroplasts 》UNIVERSAL ENERGY CURRENCY MOLECULE OF CELLS |
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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double stranded |
DNA |
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single stranded |
RNA |
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chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. |
Hydrolysis |
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process of joining two molecules, or compounds, together following the removal of water. |
Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation) |
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covalent bond formed by joining the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another |
Peptide Bond |
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》Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together. 》create surface TENSION |
Cohesion |
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hydrogen bonds in water allow for the water molecules to be held to another substance. |
Adhesion |
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amount of heat absorbed or lost |
Specific heat capacity |
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UNIVERSAL SOLVENT because more substances dissolve in water than inany other chemical. |
Water |
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the ability to dissolve many compounds, thereby forming aqueous solutions with these compounds. |
Solvent Action |
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used as an indicator of the presence of protein because it gives a purple color in the presence of peptide bonds |
Biuret Test |
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MODE OF ACTION OF ENZYMES |
》Substrate 》Active Site 》Induced fit 》Catalyst |
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the chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction, which reacts with a reagent to generate a product. |
Substrate |
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region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction. |
Active Site |
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continuous change in the conformation and shape of an enzyme in response to substrate binding. |
Induced fit |
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substance that can be added to a reaction to increase the reaction rate |
Catalyst |
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EXAMPLES OF ENZYMES |
》Lipase 》Amylase 》Proteass 》Cofactors 》Coenzymes |
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type of protein made by your pancreas taht helps you body digest fats. |
Lipase |
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》responsible for converting starches into the sugar maltose 》PRESENT IN SALIVA |
Amylase |
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enzymes that break thevpeptide bond that joins amino acids |
Protease |
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typically metal ions |
Cofactors |
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organic molecules |
Coenzymes |
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can function both inside cells (intracellular) and outside cells (extracellular). |
Enzymes |
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inside cells are responsible for catalyzing the millions of reactions that occur in metabolic pathways |
Intracellular Enzymes |
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》synthesized inside the cell and then secreted outside the cell 》break down complex macromolecules into smaller units |
Extracellular Enzymes/ Exoenzymes |
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structures within living cells that contain the genetic material |
Chromosomes |
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》In eukaryotes, the DNA-protein complex is called? |
Chromatin (Histones) |
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one half of duplicated chromosomes |
Chromatid |
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sister chromatids are held together at the? |
Centromere |
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protect DNA |
Telomeres |
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process of ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION in which the cell divides into two,producing a replica with an equal number of chromosomes in each resulting diploid cells |
Mitosis |
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type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half producing two haploidcells. |
Meiosis |
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Main fabric of the membrane |
Phospholipids |
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》Attached between phospholipids and between the two phospholipid layers 》stabilize phospholipid bilayer and regulate fluidity of phospholipid |
Cholesterol |
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Embedded within the phospholipid layer(s). May or may not penetrate through both layers |
Integral proteins |
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》On the inner or outer surface of the phospholipid bilayer 》not embedded within the phospholipids |
Peripheral proteins |
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Generally attached to proteins on the outside membrane layer |
Carbohydrates (components ofglycoproteins and glycolipids) |
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》Receptors 》Cell-cell recognition 》(form hydrogen bonds with water outside stabilizing membrane) |
Glycoproteins |
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》lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond. 》maintain the stability of the cellmembrane and to facilitate cellular recognition |
Glycolipids |
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facilitate diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane. |
Carrier proteins |
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facilitate the transport of substances across a cell membrane. |
Channel proteins |
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specialized integral membrane proteins that take part in communication between the cell and the outside of the cell. |
Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors and transmembrane receptors) |
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special proteins and carbohydrates attached to the cell membrane |
Cell surface antigen |
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net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
Diffusion |
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allows selective movement in and out of the cell membrane |
Facilitated diffusion |
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net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential |
Osmosis |
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tendency of water to move across a membrane |
Water potential |
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proportional to the number of dissolved molecules |
Solute potential (osmotic potential) |
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process which energy isbused to move the particles of a substance against a concentration gradient |
Active Transport |
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when molecules are yoo large to move through a channel protein |
Bulk Transport |
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movement of substances INTO the cell |
Endocytosis |
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movement of substances OUT of the cell |
Exocytosis |
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