Cells And Cell Structures

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ROBERT HOOKE

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coined the term cell

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SCHLEIDEN & SWANN

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summarized the findings of many scientists and conclude that all living organisms are made of cells

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THE CELL THEORY OF BIOLOGY

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All organisms are composed of cells;

The cell is the structural unit of life - units smaller than cells are not alive;

Cells arise by division of preexisting cells - spontaneous generation does not exist

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GENES

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instructions for cells to create specific proteins

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BINARY FISSION

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cell division in bacteria

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MITOSIS

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the genetic complement of each daughter cell is identical to the other and to the mother cell; asexual reproduction

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MEIOSIS

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the genetic complement of each daughter cell is reduced by half and each daughter cell is genetically unique; sexual reproduction

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PROKARYOTES

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Pro = before; karyon = nucleus; relatively small - 5 to 10 um; lack membrane-bound organelles; earliest cell type

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ARCHAEA

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Originally thought to be prokaryotes; relatively small - 5 to 10 um; lack membrane-bound organelles; usually live in extreme environments (thermophiles, halophiles, etc)

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EUKARYOTES

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Eu = true; karyon = nucleus; contain membrane-bound organelles; evolved from prokaryotes by endosymbiotic association of two or more prokaryotes; include Protists, Fungi, Animals, and Plants

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CAPSULE

Features of Prokaryotic Cells

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outer sticky protective layer

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CELL WALL

Features of Prokaryotic Cells

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rigid structure which helps the bacterium maintain its shape

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PLASMA MEMBRANE

Features of Prokaryotic Cells

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separates the cell from the environment

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MESOSOME

Features of Prokaryotic Cells

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infolding of plasma membrane to aid in compartmentalization

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NUCLEOID

Features of Prokaryotic Cells

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region where naked DNA is found

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CYTOPLASM

Features of Prokaryotic Cells

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semi-fluid cell interiorno membrane-bound organelles; location for metabolic enzymes; location of ribosomes for protein synthesis

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CYTOSKELETON

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flexible tubular scaffold of microfilaments; maintains cell shape and provides supportanchors organelles & enzymes to specific regions of the cellcontractility and movement (amoeboid movement); intracellular transport - tracks for vesicle and organelle movement by motor proteins

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MICROFILAMENTS

CYTOSKELETON COMPONENTS

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solid protein (actin) which is assembled at one end and disassembled at the other end

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INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

CYTOSKELETON COMPONENTS

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rope-like fibrous proteins; provide structural reinforcement; anchor organelles; keep nucleus in place

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MICROTUBULES

CYTOSKELETON COMPONENTS

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hollow tubes of tubulin (a globular protein); maintains cell shape; anchor organelles; movement of organelles; track for motor proteins

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CILIA AND FLAGELLA

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involved in cellular movement; composed of microtubules

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NUCLEUS

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Double membrane with pores; Outer membrane continuous with ER

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NUCLEAR MATRIX

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protein-containing fibrilar network

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NUCLEOPLASM

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the fluid substance in which the solutes of the nucleus are dissolved

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CHROMOSOMES

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protein and DNA complexes

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NUCLEOLUS

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involved in the synthesis and assembly of ribosomes

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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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an extensive membranous network continuous with the outer nuclear membrane

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ROUGH ER

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has ribosomes and is involved in secreted protein synthesis

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SMOOTH ER

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lacks ribosomes and is involved in membrane lipid synthesis

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GOLGI APPARATUS

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Flattened vesicles in stacks which receive protein from ER; Form secretory vesicles to transport proteins to different parts of the cell (vacuole, lysosome, etc) or for secretion

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CIS FACE

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"receiving" side of Golgi apparatus

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TRANS FACE

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"shipping" side of Golgi apparatus

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LYSOSOME

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found only in animal cells; contain enzymes for use in the hydrolytic breakdown of macromolecules

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PERIXISOME

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Eukaryotic organelle that degrades fatty acids and amino acids; Also degrades the resulting hydrogen peroxide

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PLANT CENTRAL VACOULE

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major storage space in center of plant cell with many functions; Digestive - break down of macromolecules; Storage - ions, sugars, amino acids, toxic waste; Maintain cell rigidity - high ionic concentration generates high water potential

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MITOCHONDRIA

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site of aerobic respiration

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CHLOROPLASTS

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Found only in plant cells; Site of photosynthesis

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RIBOSOMES

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Technically not an organelle, since there is no membrane, but they are prominent cellular structures and usually lumped in with the organelles; The "factories" of the cell - involved in protein synthesis