Cell Respiration Vocabulary

Front 1

Monosaccharide

Back 1

The simplest form of carbohydrate; therefore, it cannot be broken down to simpler sugars by hydrolysis.

Hint 1

A simple sugar, example: fructose, glucose, and ribose.

Front 2

Disaccharide

Back 2

A sugar (carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides, thus yields two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis.

Hint 2

sucrose, lactose, maltose, trehalose, cellubiose.

Front 3

Polysaccharide

Back 3

A complex carbohydrate composed of a chain of monosaccharides joined together by glocosidic bonds. Properti (1) not sweet in taste, (2) insoluble in water, (3) do not form crystals when desiccated, (4) compact and not osmotically active inside the cells, (5) can be extracted to form white powderes :

Hint 3

cellulose, starch, or glycogen

Front 4

Starch

Back 4

A polysaccharide carbohydrate (C6H10O5)n consisting of a large number of glucose monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds found

Hint 4

especially in seeds, bulbs, and tubers.

Front 5

Glycogen

Back 5

A branched polymer of glucose that is mainly produced in liver and muscle cells, and functions as secondary long-term energy storage in animal cells.

Hint 5

similar to starch in plants

Front 6

Fermentation

Back 6

anaerobic, generates ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation using regeneration of NAD+

Hint 6

Fermentation occurs in fruits, bacteria, yeasts, fungi, as well as in mammalian muscle.

Front 7

Cellular respiration

Back 7

Respiration can occur with or without oxygen, aerobic and anaerobic respiration respectively.

Hint 7

Occurs in mitochondria, glycolysis, and chloroplast

Front 8

Oxidative phosphorylation

Back 8

ATP synthesis powered by redox reactions of the electron transport chain, makes 90% of ATP, includes electron transport and chemiosmosis

Hint 8

related to phosphorylation, electron transport chain, ATP

Front 9

Redox reactions

Back 9

aka oxidation-reduction reactions; transfer of electrons from one substance to another

Hint 9

involved in many important biological processes, such as cellular respiration and photosynthesis. In cellular respiration, for instance, redox reaction occurs when glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide whereas oxygen is reduced to water.

Front 10

Oxidation

Back 10

in a redox reaction, when a substance loses electrons

Hint 10

For instance in cellular respiration, the oxidation of glucose (C6H12O6) produces CO2.

Front 11

Reduction

Back 11

in a redox reaction, when electron is ADDED to another substance

Hint 11

occurs in cellular respiration

Front 12

Reducing agent

Back 12

electron donor in a redox reaction, to perform reduction with another substance

Hint 12

Substances capable of adding electrons to another substance, possibly doing this by adding hydrogen to it.

Front 13

NAD+

Back 13

accepts electrons from enzyme and functions as an oxidizing agent during respiration, helps break down sugar, gaining a hydrogen makes it into NADH

Hint 13

In metabolic reactions, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide may be oxidized, NAD+, or reduced, NADH.

Front 14

Glycolysis

Back 14

doesn't need oxygen to work, located in cytosol, where cycle begins and breaks sugar into 2 pyruvates, net energy created is 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Hint 14

process within cellular respiration

Front 15

Krebs cycle

Back 15

located in matrix, completes breakdown of glucose by oxidizing pyruvates into carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH, and ATP

Hint 15

creates cellular energy

Front 16

Oxidizing agent

Back 16

electron acceptor in a redox reaction and oxidizes the other substance by removing its electron

Hint 16

Most of the oxidizing agents have high oxidation numbers or highly electronegative so that they can gain one or two extra electrons by oxidizing a substance.

Front 17

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Back 17

makes small amount of ATP from glycolysis and krebs cycle by taking phosphate from a substrate and giving it to ADP

Hint 17

phosphate bonds store alot of energy

Front 18

Acetyl CoA

Back 18

carboxyl within pyruvate is realeased as carbon dioxide when entering mitochondria and coenzyme A joins with rest of pyruvate to create acetyl coA

Hint 18

Acetyl-coenzyme a synthase is found in bacteria and plants and catalyses the reaction in which acetate enters metabolic pathways and forms acetyl-coenzyme a.

Front 19

ATP synthase

Back 19

protein located in inner membrane, makes ATP by combining ADP with inorganic phosphate, powered by difference of hydrogens on both sides of matrix and inner membrane

Hint 19

This enzyme consists of two major segments: Fo portion, the transmembrane proton channel and F1 portion, the catalytic component.

Front 20

chemiosmosis

Back 20

process in which hydrogen crosses membrane to drive cellular work such as synthesis of ATP

Hint 20

Chemiosmosis is one of the processes by which ATP is synthesized. In eukaryotes, it takes place in the mitochondria during cellular respiration and in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis. In prokaryotes, it occurs in the cell membrane.

Front 21

Aerobic respiration

Back 21

A form of cellular respiration that requires oxygen in order to generate energy.

Hint 21

krebs cycle requires oxygen

Front 22

Anaerobic respiration

Back 22

Not requiring, or capable of occurring, in the absence of air or free oxygen.

Hint 22

fermentation

Front 23

Alchohol fermentation

Back 23

The process by which yeast turns sugar into carbon dioxide (CO2) and alcohol.

Hint 23

occurs without oxygen

Front 24

Lactic acid fermentation

Back 24

Process carried out by lactic acid bacteria when oxygen is not present.

Hint 24

similar to alchohol fermentation

Front 25

Facultative anaerobe

Back 25

An organism which is capable of producing energy through aerobic respiration and then switching back to anaerobic respiration depending on the amounts of oxygen and fermentable material in the environment.

Hint 25

examples of facultative anaerobic bacteria are the Staphylococci (Gram positive), Escherichia coli (Gram negative), Corynebacterium (Gram positive), and Listeria (Gram positive). Organisms in the Kingdom Fungi can also be facultative anaerobic, such as yeasts.

Front 26

Cytochrome (cyt)

Back 26

a class of hemoprotein found in mitochondria that transport electron or protons(e.g. Hydrogen ions)(for instance during cell respiration or photosynthesis)

Hint 26

cytochromes are found in the mitochondrial inner membrane of eukaryotes, in the chloroplasts of plants, in photosynthetic microorganisms, as well as in bacteria

Front 27

Carbohydrate

Back 27

Any of the group of organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in the ratio of 1:2:1, hence the general formula: Cn (H2O) n

Hint 27

sugar, starch, cellulose and gums.

Front 28

Electron transport chain

Back 28

located in inner membrane of mitochondria. NADH shuttles electrons through chain so in the end it goes with oxygen, forming water

Front 29

oxaloacetate

Back 29

at beginning and end of krebs cycle when it joins with acetyl coA to make citrate

Front 30

cytochromes

Back 30

protein that are electron carriers in electron transport chain