Cell Respiration

Front 1

cell respiration

Back 1

the means by which cells extract energy stored in food and transfer that energy to molecules of ATP

Front 2

anaerobic respiration

Back 2

without oxygen

Front 3

types of anaerobic respiration

Back 3

alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

Front 4

aerobic respiration

Back 4

with oxygen

Front 5

if is undergoes aerobic respiration, it is followed by

Back 5

krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation

Front 6

if anaerobic respiration, glycolysis is followed by

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alcoholic fermentation or lactic acid fermentation

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a molecule of ATP consists of

Back 7

adenosine and three phosphates

Front 8

why is ATP unstable

Back 8

it has 3 phosphates that are all negatively charged and repel one another

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when one phosphate group is removed from ATP by hydrolysis, a more____Molecule is produced

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stable

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glycolysis

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10 step process that breaks down 1 molecule of glucose (6 carbon sugar) into 2 three carbon molecules of pyruvate and releases 4 molecules of ATP

Front 11

the energy of activation for glycolysis is

Back 11

2 ATP

Front 12

the glycolysis of 1 molecule of glucose gives a net gain of ____ATP

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2

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glycolysis occurs in the___

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cytoplasm

Front 14

the end product of glycolysis

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pyruvate

Front 15

during glycolysis, ATP is produced by_____

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substrate level phosphorylation

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PFK is an____enzyme

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allosteric

Front 17

the role of PFK in glycolysis

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it inhibits glycolysis when the cell has enough ATP and does not need to produce any more.

Front 18

fermentation can generage ATP during anaerobic response as long as there is an adequate supply of

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NAD+ to accept electrons during glycolysis

Front 19

alcohol fermentation

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-process by which certain cells convert pyruvate from glycolysis into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

Front 20

lactic acid fermentation

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-pyruvate from glycolysis is reduced to form lactic acid.
-process in which dairy industries produce yogurt and cheese
-NADH gets oxidized back to NAD+

Front 21

lactic acid in the muscle causes

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fatigue and burning.
-lactic acid continues to build up until the blood can supply the muscles with enough oxygen to repay the oxygen debt

Front 22

krebs cycle

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a cyclical series of enzyme catalyzed reactions also known as the citric acid cycle

Front 23

the krebs cycle takes place in the______and requires____

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matrix of the mitochondria and require pyruvate

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each molecule of glucose is broken down to___molecules of pyruvate and the respiration of each molecule of glucose causes the krebs cycle to turn__times

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2 molecules of pyruvate
2 times

Front 25

before pyruvate enters the kreb cycle, it must

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1) combine with coenzyme A to form acetyl co-A
2) this conversion produces 2 NADH (one for each pyruvate)

Front 26

each turn of the krebs cycle releases....

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3 NADH
1 ATP
1 FADH
1 CO2 (waste product)

Front 27

in the first step of the krebs cycle,

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acetyl co-A combines with oxaloacetic acid to produce citric acid.

Front 28

electron transport chain is located in the

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cristae membrane of mitochondria

Front 29

the mitochondrion is enclosed by a ___membrane

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double

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the outer membrane of mitochondrion is____, but the inner is_____

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1) smooth
2) folded

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the inner membrane of the mitochondrion is caused

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cristae

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NAD and FAD are

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coenzymes that carry protons or electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain

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the electron transport chain is a

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proton pump in the mitochondria that uses the energy released from the exergonic flow of electrons to pump protons from the matrix to the outer compartment

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ATP is produced during

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chemiosmosis

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the electron transport chain carries electrons delivered by_____and_____ from glycolysis and the krebs cycle to____, the final electron acceptor through a series of______

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1) NAD and FAD
2) Oxygen
3) REDOX reactions

Front 36

will NAD or FAD produce more ATP?

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NAD will = 3 ATP
FAD = 2 ATP

Front 37

chemiosmotic theory

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chemiosmosis uses potential energy stored in the form of a proton H+ gradient to phosphorylate ADP and produce ATP

Front 38

ATP is produced in 2 ways

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1) substrate level phosphorylation
2) oxidative phosphorylation

Front 39

oxidative phosphorylation

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-occurs during chemiosmosis
-the way in which 90% of all ATP is produced

1) FAD and NAD loses protons to the electron transport chain, which cuases a steep proton gradient.
2) this gradient powers the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP