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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Difference between passive and active channels in plasma membrane.
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Active transport through a channel goes against the concentration of particles and requires ATP. Passive does not |
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Which cells contain voltage regulated channels in their plasma membrane
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Nerve and Muscle Cells |
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What type of channels are located on plasma membranes on a synapse
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Chemically regulated channels |
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Function of Golgi Apparatus |
Distribution of proteins, lipids and other substances to different locations within or outside the cell.
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Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Network of double walled tubules. These tubules perform the following functions:
-help in synthesis of lipids and fatty acids -help in synthesis and transport of proteins -help in releasing and capturing the Ca++ ions in muscle fibers -help in synthesis of steroid hormones in testes and adrenal gland |
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Function of Ribosomes |
Protein synthesis
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Function of Mitochondria |
Powerhouse" of the cell. These help producing the required energy in form of ATP
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Function of Lysosomes |
"digestive organs" of the cell, help in digestion of various substances inside the cell
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What is the difference between DNA and RNA
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RNA is synthasized from DNA, is a single strand and lacks Thymine |
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Name the type of RNA that carries the coded information from nucleus to ribosome.
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mRNA (messenger RNA) |
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Name the type of RNA that is the "reader" of the code in the RNA chain
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rRNA |
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Name the type of RNA that carries a specific amino acid to the proper place to build an amino acid chain
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tRNA |
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List all the important properties of a cell
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Growth, Reproduction, Absorption, Metabolism, Excretion, Secretion and Irritability.
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What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
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Hypertrophy: It means increase in the size of a cell or organ beyond its normal size.
Hyperplasia: Increase in the size of an organ due to increase in number of cells. |
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Difference between atrophy and aplasia
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Atrophy: A decrease in size of an organ from its normal size.
Aplasia: If a tissue or organ fails to develop completely. |
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Difference between mitosis and meiosis
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Mitosis: It is the division of the cell to produce the two daughter cells with exact copy of mother's genetic material.
Meiosis: the number of chromosomes is reduced to half in daughter cells (haploid). |
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Difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis
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a) Phagocytosis: (Cell eating) In this type of absorption, the cells reach to the substances (particles) by ameboid movement and use their cytoplasmic processes to engulf the substances completely.
b) Pinocytosis: (Cell drinking): In this case, the dissolved substances (small droplets) come in physical contact with the cell membrane and change the electrical property of the cell membrane. During this process, the cell membrane invaginate taking the substance with it. This invagination forms a pocket and finally it modifies into a vesicle, that pinches off into the cell cytoplasm. |
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What is metabolism
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The sum total of all biochemical reactions taking place in all the cells in body.
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Difference between anabolism and catabolism
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Catabolism: process by which substances are broken down into simple units to release energy.
Anabolism: is the building up process.... means making complex substances from simple units. |
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Difference between excretion and secretion
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Excretion: It is the elimination of waste products by the cells.
Secretion: It is the release of useful substances by the cells. |
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What is irritability
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It is the property of the cell, to respond to a stimulus.
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What is osmosis
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movement of water across a semi permeable membrane
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What is diffusion
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Movement of dissolved particles across the membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
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What is facilitated diffusion
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It is same as diffusion (the movement from higher conc. to lower conc.). This type of movement is for the big molecules like proteins, that can not easily pass through the membrane. They need some help or carrier to facilitate their movement across the plasma membrane. e.g. Glucose molecules need some protein channels to enter into the cell.
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Name the various chemical components present in the animal cell.
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Water: 85%
Proteins: 10% Lipids: 2% Carbohydrates:1.5% Inorganics: 1.5% |
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Name the three body fluid (water) compartments
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Intracellular fluid (fluid inside the cell)
Interstitial fluid (synovial fluid in joints, serous fluid in visceral spaces, lymph, fluid between the cells etc.)
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Which body compartment contains the greatest amount of water
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Intracellular fluid (fluid inside the cell)
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Where do you find the interstitial fluid in body. Give a few examples.
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synovial fluid in joints, serous fluid in visceral spaces, lymph, fluid between the cells etc.
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What is the difference between isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic fluids
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Isotonic Fluids: If a fluid has the same number of particles (osmolality 275-300 mOsm/L) as of body fluids
Hypertonic Fluids: have higher osmolality than body cells or body fluids (more particles conc.) Hypotonic Fluids: have lower osmolality than body cells or body fluids |
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Give a few examples of fluids that are isotonic and routinely used for fluid therapy in clinical practice
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The fluids routinely used in clinical practice for fluid therapy like Lactate Ringer and Normal Saline are isotonic fluids.
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What will happen to a cell that is dropped in a hypotonic fluid
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The cell is isotonic and is dropped into a hypotonic solution (fewer particles/unit volume). The cell will absorb water, where the conc. of particles is higher. The cell swells up.
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-What will happen to a cell that is dropped in a hypertonic fluid
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The solution being hypertonic (more # particles /unit volume) would draw the water from the cell (isotonic). The cell would shrink.
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-What is the difference between crystalloids and colloids
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Crystalloids: dissolve in water. e.g. salt in water. The crystalloids can easily move from one body compartment to another.
Colloids: These do not dissolve in water but can be suspended Colloid solutions contain large molecules and therefore, these can not move from one body compartment to another |
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Name the basic structural unit of a protein
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Amino Acids |
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Difference between structural proteins and reactive proteins
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Structural Proteins: These are the proteins, that help in building body structures like collagen, elastin and keratin.
Reactive Proteins: These include the proteins, that are needed for various biochemical reactions in body. |
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What is a conjugative protein?
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The simple proteins combined with a non-protein part.
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Difference between nucleoproteins, glycoproteins and lipoproteins
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-Glycoprotein is a combination of protein and carbohydrate.
-Lipoprotein is a combination of protein and lipid. -Nucleoprotein is protein and nucleic acids. |
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Lipids are soluble in what solvents
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only soluble in lipid solvents like ehter, xylene, and chloroform
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Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
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Saturated fatty acids: If the carbon atoms of a fatty acid chain bind with the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms, the fatty acid is called saturated
Unsaturated fatty acids: If the number of hydrogen atoms bound by the carbons is less than the possible maximum, the fatty acid is unsaturated. |
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Give a few examples of the carbohydrates found in the cell
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Monosaccharides: These contain 3 carbon atoms or more. e.g. glucose and galactose. Both these monosaccharides contain 6 carbon atoms.
Diasaccharides: are combination of two monosaccharides. e.g. lactose, maltose and sucrose Polysaccharides: It is a combination of many (hundreds) monosaccharides. e.g. cellulose and starch |
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Give a few examples of the inorganic ions found in the cell
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Pottasium (K+)
Phosphates (HPO4ˉ) Magnisium (Mg++) Sodium (Na+) Bicarbonate (HCO3ˉ) Chloride (Clˉ) |
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Which ions are found in greatest amount inside the cell?
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Pottasium (K+) = 150 mEq/L
Phosphates (HPO4ˉ) = 80 mEq/L |
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Which ions are found in greatest amount outside the cell?
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Sodium (Na+) = 160 mEq/L
Bicarbonate (HCO3ˉ) = 80 mEq/L |