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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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apoptosis |
cell death without inflammation physiologic: ie involution of hormone dependent tissues upon hormone withdrawl; or death of host cells that have served their useful purpose pathologic: DNA damage (p53); accumulation of misfolded proteins; cell death in certain infections, atrophy |
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2 pathways of apoptosis |
mitochondria (intrinsic) signals when proteins escape into cytosol (Bcl) endonucleases actvie ligands (extrinsic) require receptors on membrane to bind that promotes nucleus fragmentation, small blebs --> apoptotic body get eaten by phagocyte |
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necrosis versus apoptosis |
necrosis: membrane lyses, cell swells, inflammation; ATP depletion; inflammation; Ca2+ contributes apoptosis: no inflammation, cell shrinks, cellular fragmentation; withdrawl of growth factors |
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misfolded proteins |
accumulation --> apoptosis |
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dysregulation of apoptosis |
inhibition: cancers, autoimmune activation: neurodegenerative diseases, contributes to ischemic injury, virus induced lymphocyte depletion, accumulation of misfolded proteins |
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intracellular accumulations |
normal endogenous substances that made in excess or not removed (fat) abnormal endogenous substances: defects in protein folding or degrading normal endogenous substance, defects in metabolic enzymes (lysosomal) abnormal exogenous substance, cell can't degrade it |
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steatosis (fatty change) |
fat accumulation in liver alcoholism. diabetes, and obesity |
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proteinuria |
protein accumulation in kidney cells; renal disease |
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hyaline change |
protein accumulation; (diabetes) renal arterioloes |
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lipofuscin (light yellow) |
lipid peroxidation of subcellular membranes myocardial fibers of an elderly |
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melanoma |
malignant neoplasm of pigment producing melanocytes black brown pigment from oxidation of tyrosine pattern and pigmentation indicates disease process |
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hemosiderin |
iron (yellow-brown) excess iron deposits: old hemorrhage |
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bilirubin |
found in bile; derived from liver (and HB), cirrhosis --> jaundice |
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black anthracotic |
carbon (black) pigment in lungs, smoking lung cancer |
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calcification |
dystrophic; necrosis, locally: ie atherosclerosis; or cancer metastatic: PTH disease or bone disease that release Ca into blood stream and it goes everywhere |
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Psammoma bodies |
local calcification in certain cancers; papillary thyroid, ovary, and meningiomas in brain "laminated appearance" |
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