Cell Injury

Front 1

histopathology

Back 1

excision and surgical biopsies

Front 2

cytology

Back 2

exfoliative and needle biopsy

Front 3

haematology

Back 3

blood and bone marrow abnormalities

e.g. anaemia; leukemia; hemophilia

Front 4

biochemistry

Back 4

metabolism analysed for disease

e.g. urine analysed for kidney disease

Front 5

microbiology

Back 5

infectious disease

- analysis of blood, urine, faeces, secretions

e.g. golden staph

Front 6

immunoserology

Back 6

immune disease/status and infectious disease; allergies

- analysis for antigen/antibody reactions

e.g. ELISA test for HIV

Front 7

molecular pathology

Back 7

gene and gene products

- small samples taken and amplified

e.g. chlamydia

Front 8

medical genetics

Back 8

inherited disease

- look at chromosome spread and karyotype

e.g. amniocentesis; chorionic villus sampling

Front 9

medical radiations

Back 9

MI, NM, RT

Front 10

cytogenetic disorders

Back 10

- chromosomal defects (structure/number)

e.g. Down's syndrome

e.g. Klinefelter's syndrome

Front 11

Mendelian disorders

Back 11

- gene defects (deletion, substitution, addition)

e.g. Phenylketonuria (PKU) - Guthrie test

Front 12

multifactorial inheritance disorders

Back 12

- polygenic

- environmental influence

e.g. hypertension

Front 13

congenital malformations

Back 13

- DNA expression errors

- errors during organogenisis

e.g. heart defects

e.g. thalidomide phocomelia rubella virus infection

Front 14

physical agents

Back 14

e.g. trauma, heat, cold, irradiations

Front 15

chemical agents

Back 15

synthetic, naturally occuring chemicals

e.g. acid burn

Front 16

biological/infective agents

Back 16

worms, protozoa, fungi, bacteria, virus'

e.g. facial herpes (viral infection)

Front 17

immune factors

Back 17

allergies/hypersensitivites, autoimmunity deficiency

e.g. AIDS

Front 18

deficiency/excess factors

Back 18

deficiency or excess of vitamins, minerals, hormones etc.

e.g. kwashiorkor (low protein)

Front 19

psychogenic factors

Back 19

psychological state

e.g. hypertension

e.g. chronic peptic ulcer

Front 20

iatrogenic factors

Back 20

caused by medical intervention

e.g. aspirin overdose leading to haemorrhage

Front 21

idiopathic factors

Back 21

unknown cause

e.g. sarcoidosis CI disease

Front 22

myocardial infarction

Back 22

1. acute anoxia to tissue

2. oxidative phosphorylation stops (no Krebs)

3. anaerobic glycolysis generates ATP

4. membrane ion pumps fail (hydrotic change)

5. biochemical necrosis

6. intracellular membrane rupture

7a. autolysis 7b. coagulation

8. histological necrosis

Front 23

coagulative necrosis

Back 23

- solid organs made up of protein

e.g. heart, kidneys, liver

e.g. ischaemia > coagulation of proteins > myocardial infarction

Front 24

colliquative necrosis

Back 24

brain due to autolysis

e.g. cerebral infarct

Front 25

liquefactive necrosis

Back 25

suppuration due to heterolysis

e.g. abscess, stye

Front 26

caseous necrosis

Back 26

tubercolosis

Front 27

haemorrhagic necrosis lung

Back 27

ischaemia leading to necrotic tissue infiltrated with extrvasated RBC

e.g. lung infarct or torsion of the testes

Front 28

gummatous necrosis

Back 28

infection with treponema pallidum

- tertiary syphillis

Front 29

fat necrosis

Back 29

enzymatic type: pancreas (pancreatic lipases)

- alcoholics

traumatic type: e.g. breast tissue following injury

Front 30

fibronoid necrosis

Back 30

collagen degenerates, resembles fibrin

connective tissue, blood vessel walls

e.g. hypertension, AIDs

Front 31

gangrenous necrosis

Back 31

- ischaemia and infection of necrotic tissue with anaerobic bacteria

Front 32

pykonosis

Back 32

nucleus shrinks and condenses

Front 33

karyorrhexis

Back 33

nucleus fragments

Front 34

karyolysis

Back 34

nuclear fragments dissolve away

Front 35

hydropic change

Back 35

membrane ion pumps fail

- cell accumulate water and electrolytes

Front 36

fatty change

Back 36

SER damaged

- cytoplasm accumulates fat droplets

Front 37

glycogen depletion

Back 37

mitochondria damaged

- cell produces ATP anaerobically

Front 38

decreased protein synthesis

Back 38

ribosomes, granular endoplasmic reticulum damaged by toxins

Front 39

autophagy

Back 39

lysosomes damaged

Front 40

accumulation of metabolic products

Back 40

e.g. amyloidosis in liver

Front 41

accumulation of pigments

Back 41

e.g. haemochromatosis in liver

e.g. lipofuscin 'wear and tear'

Front 42

apoptosis

Back 42

shrinkage necrosis (no other inflammatory changes)

e.g. embryogenesis