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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
phospholipids and sphingolipids are what type of molecules? what type of vesicles do they form?
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ampiphathic molecules - two hydrophobic tails; form bilayer vesicles
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where does beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids occur?
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peroxisomes
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where does degradation of DNA occur?
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lysosomes
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where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
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mitochondria
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where does post-translational modification of proteins occur?
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golgi
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when NO is released and diffuses into a smooth muscle cell, what does it turn on?
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guanylate cyclase, which makes the second messenger cGMP, which triggers smooth muscle relaxation
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what synthesized nitric oxide from arginine?
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nitric oxide synthase - produces citrulline as a by-product
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this is used to form nucleotids by adding a phosphoribosyl group to a nitrogenous base
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phosphoribosyltransferase
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what covers most microvilli & apparently helps to prevent them from trauma?
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layer of glycocalyx
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what is glial fibrillary acidic protein?
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intermediate filament found in astrocytes
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how are chromatids pulled apart during anaphase?
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kinetochore microtuules from each of the two spindle poles attach to teh kinetochore plates of the centromere to pull the chromatids apart during anaphase
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gap junctions are made of a hexagonal lattice of tubular rotein subunits called what?
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connexons - form hydrophilic channels connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
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what structure are sealing strands found in?
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tight junctions
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what are tonofilaments found in?
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desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
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what contains type IV collagen, glycoproteins including laminin, and proteoglycans, including heparan sulfate?
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basal lamina
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what involves unfolding a fully translated protein, transporting it into the mitochondria, and then refolding it using other HSP proteins?
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import of mitochondrial proteins from the cytosol into the mitochondria
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what type of gene is the Rb gene?
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tumor suppressor
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what is the role of calreticulin?
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binds to misfolded proteins and prevents them from being exported to the golgi
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where does synthesis of the LDL receptor begin?
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in cytosol on free ribosomes - completed on ribosomes bound to RER
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what happens if a protein cannot refold properly?
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it is targeted for degradation by proteases
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the formation of a junctional complex relies on what?
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homotypic interaction between E-cadherin proteins on adjacent cells - initiates the formation of zona adherens, including signaling pathways, which are then activated to initiate the formation of zona occludens and desmosomes
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what are microvilli made of?
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extensions of bundles of actin filaments, or microfilaments; myosin is associated
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during contraction of a skeletal muscle, what maintains its uncontracted length?
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A band
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what quality control chaperone in the RER binds to misfolded membrane proteins and prevents them form proceeding to the golgi?
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calreticulin
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what quality control chaperone binds to misfolded soluble proteins and prevents them from going to the golgi?
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calnexin
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what do antibodies attack in pemphigus vulgaris?
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desmoglein
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what is the transmembrane cadherin that forms intercellular linkages at desmosomes?
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desmoglein
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what organelle is responsible for sorting and packaging of proteins?
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RER
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what protein property is birefringence related to?
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beta-pleated sheet secondary structure
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the crystalline core of an eosinic granule contains what?
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major basic protein - appears to function in the destruction of parasites
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name 3 sites where elastic fibers are found
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large arteries (esp. aorta), vocal cords, and ligamenta flava (which connect the vertebrae); small amounts also found in skin
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acini in what salivary gland are almost pure mucous cells?
mixture of serous and mucuous cells? mostly pure serous cells? |
sublingual
submandibular parotid |
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striated muscle under voluntary control is found in what part of the esophagus?
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upper third; middle third is roughly half striated and half smooth; lower third contains only smooth
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primordial eggs remain stopped in what stage from before birth until ovulation?
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diplotene stage of first meotic division
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what is the appropriate stain for pneumocystis?
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methenamine silver
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what cells of the anterior pituitary stain pink?
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somatotropes - GH, mammotropes - prolactin
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what cells of the anterior pituitary stain blue on H&E?
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corticotropes - ACTH, gonadotropes - FSH & LH, thyrotropes - TSH
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what is the only site of the kidney in which epithelial cells have a brush border made of microvilli?
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proximal convoluted tubule
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how do fascial straps (retinacula) and fascial coverings of muscles or muscle groups attach to nearby bones?
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blending with the covering periosteum; no deep attachments are made by fascia
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what are the three phases of spermatogenesis?
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spermatocytogenesis, meiosis, spermiogenesis
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what type of cell is the germ cell closest to the basal lamina in the seminiferous tubule?
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spermatogonia
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what ear structure contains hair cells?
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organ of corti (from the cochlear branch of CN VII)
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what is a good stain for fungi?
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methenamine silver
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why is cartilage particularly vulnerable to infection?
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because it is relatively avascular - immune system cannot access it effeciently
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calcification of what is notorious for producing 'phantom' lung lesions?
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hyaline cartilage of the costal cartilages
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what type of cell is spindle-shaped like a fibroblast but contains several bundlese of microfilaments in its cytoplasm?
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myofibroblast
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where is fenestrated epithelium seen?
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liver
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what is responsible for producing the majority of new bone after a fracture?
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periosteum
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