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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the term "stemness" refer to?
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The ability of a given cell to differentiate.
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What does totipotent mean?
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Can differentiate into any type of cell
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What does pluripotent mean?
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Can differentiate into many but not all cells. There is less stemness.
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What does multipotent mean?
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Can differentiate into a few cells.
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What does unipotent mean?
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can differentiate into ONE type of cell
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Arrange in decreasing order of stemness:
multipotent, pluripotent, unipotent, totipotent |
totipotent
pluripotent multipotent unipotent |
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What is transdifferentiation?
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differentiated cells can be differentiated into another type of cell
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What is de-differentiation?
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Differentiated cell --> stem cell
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What is the chimera test?
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- illegal test
- true test to test for totipotency - animal with TWO different cell types based on their origin |
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How does the chimera test work?
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Take blastocyst from a mammal --> inject purified hESC into blastocyst --> look at resulting animal, look for human cells
ILLEGAL TEST |
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What is SCNT?
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Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
-deliberate creation of a human - uses an anucleated egg cell with a donor nucleus (from somatic cell) --> shock --> divides --> blastocysts --> diploid embryo |
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What is homing?
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Mesenchymal stem cells can home to the injury site
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What are the advantages of cloning?
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- increase gene pool of animal of agricultural interest
- generate hESC that are autologous match (disease treatments) |
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Who was important to stem cell research?
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Ivan Wolmut
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Are somatic stem cells totipotent?
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Yes. Can create an entire individual.
Epigenetic factors are involved (egg cytoplasm) |
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What is parthenogenesis?
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- no male needed for birth
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Who did an experiment with sea urchins and what was the experiment?
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Loeb
sea urchin eggs --change H2O osmolarity--> sea urchins starfish eggs --> electric shock --> starfish |
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What factors are necessary to turn a mammary egg (haploid) into a double chromosomed embryo via parthenogenesis?
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Shock, chemical
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What are the advantages of created stem cells via parthenogenesis?
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- can be immuno-matched
- use discarded human eggs from IVF clinics and put them to use - humans can't be generated or according to Federal law --> must STOP at the BLASTOCYST stage |
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What are the four genes necessary to generate hESC?
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-Oct 3/4
-C-Myc -KlF4 -Sox 2 |
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Who reported about human induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs)?
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-Tamanaka
-Thomson |
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What is the potential risk of administering iron IV? 1
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anaphylactic reaction
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What is a teratumor? and what are its causes?
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A tumor that can be derived from stem cells and contains differentiated cells/organs
- can be caused by viral transfection -differentiated cell that won't divide --> IPSC --> cancer cell possible |
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What is the result from a female heart transplant into a male?
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Upon death - 10% of the cells are male in the female heart
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Where can mesenchymal stem cells be found?
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- bone marrow
- cornea stroma -- fat tissue (adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells) |
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How do you obtain adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells?
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person --liposuction--> adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells --> put in culture --> add things to cause differentiation --> do autologous transplant into diabetic patient (for beta cells --> insulin)
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What happened with cellular cardiomyoplasty?
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Mesenchymal stem cells were used
- cell replacement - paracrine surface - repair - homing -MSC can do directly to the injury site (homing) -problem: 95% or more cells die in this process |
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What was so important about the may 2010 publication?
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Took adipose derived mesenchymal cells --> culture --> permeabilize cells --> add human cardiac protein --> became cardiomyocytes
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What do keratinocytes differentiate into?
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Skin
-use 3H or thymidine --> 30 days for diff. |
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What do paneth cells differentiate into?
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3H-thymidine - labels cells in DNA synthesis
-secrete "Defensins" -intestinal crypt |
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Where can hematopoeietic stem cells be found?
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bone marrow
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What can the umbilical cord blood be used for?
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bone marrow transplants
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of using bone marrow stem cells vs. umbilical cord blood stem cells
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-easier match from umbilical cords
-takes 4-5 months for bone marrow -younger cells may be better (more totipotent) -umbilical cord is a byproduct (less painful) -umbilical cords have LOW harvest volume, few cells -both have mesenchymal stem cells (bone marrow & umbilical cord blood) |
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How is stem cell division different that normal somatic cell division?
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Stem cell division - can still get stem cells, daughter cells can be differentiated BUT NOT ALWAYS THE SAME
Somatic cell- daughter cell is IDENTICAL to parent |
