Cell Biology - Chapter 1

Front 1

DNA

Back 1

long polymer chains; made from nucleotides

Front 2

RNA

Back 2

transcribed from DNA; set of polymers; messenger RNA is major type

Front 3

Genome

Back 3

entire library of genetic information in it's DNA; provides genetic program to instruct cell

Front 4

Light Microscope

Back 4

uses visible light to illuminate specimens

Front 5

Fluorescence Microscopy

Back 5

cells dyed with fluorescent stains; light passed through two filters: first filters light to pass through only wavelengths that excite dye, second blocks that light and passes only wavelengths through that are emitted when dye fluoresces

Front 6

Fixed Sample

Back 6

sample chemically fixed and cut into slices (sections) that can be mounted on slide

Front 7

Fluorescent Probes

Back 7

dyes serve as staining reagants to bind selectively to particular macromolecules

Front 8

Confocal Microscopy

Back 8

fluorescent scope that builds image by scanning specimen with laser beam

Front 9

Transmission Electron Scope

Back 9

uses beam of electrons instead of light, and magnetic coils to focus beam instead of glass lenses

Front 10

Scanning Electron Scope

Back 10

specimen coated with film of heavy metal, scanned by beam of electrons brought to focus by electromagnetic coils that act as lenses.

Front 11

Eukaryote

Back 11

organisms whose cells have nucleus

Front 12

Prokaryote

Back 12

organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus

Front 13

Two Domains of Prokaryotes

Back 13

Bacteria and Archaea

Front 14

Nucleus

Back 14

prominent organelle in eukaryotic cell

Front 15

Chromosomes

Back 15

giant DNA molecules that become compact when cell prepares to divide

Front 16

Mitochondria

Back 16

generate chemical energy for food; harness energy from oxidation of food (sugar) to produce ATP

Front 17

Cellular Respiration

Back 17

consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

Front 18

Chloroplasts

Back 18

large green organelles; contain chlorophyll; capture sun's energy

Front 19

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 19

maze of interconnected spaces enclosed by membrane; site where cell membrane components are made

Front 20

Golgi apparatus

Back 20

stacks of flattened membrane-enclosed sacs; receive and chemically modify molecules made in ER and direct them to exterior of cell

Front 21

Lysosomes

Back 21

small, irregularly shaped organelles where intracellular digestion occurs, releasing nutrients from food and breaking down unwanted molecules for recycling or excretion

Front 22

Peroxisomes

Back 22

small, membrane-enclosed vesicles that provide contained environment for reactions in which hydrogen peroxide is generated and degraded

Front 23

Vesicles

Back 23

involved in transport of materials between one membrane-enclosed organelle and another

Front 24

Endosomes

Back 24

mature into lysosomes; membrane-enclosed

Front 25

Endocytosis

Back 25

when animal cells engulf large particles

Front 26

Exocytosis

Back 26

when vesicles from inside cell fuse with plasma membrane and release their contents into the external medium

Front 27

Cytosol

Back 27

part of cytoplasm not partitioned off within intracellular membranes' largest single compartment; site of many chemical reactions

Front 28

Cytoskeleton

Back 28

system of filaments of protein; frequently anchored to plasma membrane

Front 29

Actin Filaments

Back 29

thinnest of filaments; part of machinery that generates contractile forces

Front 30

Microtubules

Back 30

thickest filaments; reorganize to pull chroms in opposite directions and distribute them to two daughter cells

Front 31

Intermediate filaments

Back 31

medium filaments that strenghen cell mechanically

Front 32

Protozoans

Back 32

free-living actively motile microorganisms; prey upon and swallow other cells

Front 33

Model Bacteria

Back 33

Escherichia coli

Front 34

Model Eukaryote

Back 34

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast)

Front 35

Model Plant

Back 35

A. Thaliana (arabidopsis, common wall cress)

Front 36

Model Fly

Back 36

Drosophila melanogaster

Front 37

Model Worm

Back 37

Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode)

Front 38

Model fish

Back 38

Zebrafish

Front 39

Model mammal

Back 39

mouse

Front 40

Homologous

Back 40

two genes from different organisms have closely similar DNA sequences; probably that both genes descended from common ancestral gene

Front 41

Protein

Back 41

polymers that dominate the behavior of the cell, serve as strucural supports, chemical catalysts, molecular motors; built from amino acids