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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
glycolysis
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first step in aerobic respiration, 10 steps, happens in the cytoplasm
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aerobic respiration general formula
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C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
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4 steps of aerobic respiration
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1) glycolysis
2) transitional phase 3) Krebs cycle 4) electron transport chain |
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10 steps of glycolysis
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1) glucose is phosphorylated (uses ATP)
2) chemical rearrangement 3) phosphorylated again (uses ATP) 4/5) chemical rearrangement and 6carbon molecule split in two 2 PGALs 6) phosphorylation of PGAL from inorganic phosphate. e- transfered to NAD+ 7) removal of phosphate group (substrate level phosphorylation) creates ATP 8) chemical rearrangement 9) H2O loss 10) substrate level phosphorylation, creates ATP |
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Transitional phase steps
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decarboxylation (loss of carboxyl group)
NAD+ ---> NADH CO2 comes off turns into actyl-CoA |
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9 steps of Krebs cycle
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1) loss of CoA, 2carbon acetyl joins with 4carbon oxaloacetate to make 6carbon citrate
2/3) chemical rearrangement 4) loss of CO2 and e- transfer with NAD 5) loss of CO2 and e- transfer with NAD 6) ATP synthesis 7) e- transfer FAD 8) H2O is gained 9) e- transfer NAD |
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Electron transport chain
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1) NADH gives e- to 1st protein FmN and FADH2 to CoQ
2) e- move down the chain to final acceptor oxygen 3) as e- are moving, H+ are pumped from mitochondria matrix to inter membrane space creating a gradient 4) H+ moves down the gradient through ATP synthase powering it to phosphorylate ADP |
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FADH2 creates how many ATP?
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2 ATP
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NADH makes how many ATP?
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3 ATP
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oxidation
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removal of e-
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reduction
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gain of e-
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substrate level phosphorylation
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direct transfer of a phosphate group to an ADP
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oxidative phosphorylation
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removal of e- causes ATP production
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metabolism
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sum of all reactions in the body
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anabolism
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builds large molecules, ATP used
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catabolism
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breaks down molecules, release energy
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andenosine triphosohate ATP
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3 phosphate groups
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potential energy
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stored energy
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kinetic energy
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energy associated with motion
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1st law of thermodynamics
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energy can never be created nor destroyed
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2nd law of thermodynamics
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energy dispersed spontaneously
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entropy
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measures how far concentrated energy dispersed after an energy change
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activation energy
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amount of energy needed to proceed with reaction
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catalysts
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lowers the activation energy
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substrate
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binds to enzyme
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active site
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where substrate binds to
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coenzymes
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helps an enzyme bind to substrate
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inhibitor
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binds to enzyme, interferes with substrate binding
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RNA splicing
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2 mRNA can be created from one RNA transcript
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RNA interference
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Made from introns
act as enzymes to break apart mRNA physically blocks transcription by stopping ribosomes movement |
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How much of your DNA actually codes for protein
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1.5%
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Operator
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Regulatory region where the repressor binds
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Repressor
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Blocks transcription blocks RNA polymerase
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Inducer
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Inactivates the repressor
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Acetyl
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Acetylation
enhances transcription CH3CO- |
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Methyl
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methylation
Block transcription transcription inhibitors |
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Transcription factors
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Helps the RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription using protein
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Enhancer region
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Helps or RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription DNA used
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Barr body
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Inactivated X chromosome
only in women different for each cell |
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point mutation base pair substitutions
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One nucleotide get changed
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Missense mutation
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now point mutation that changes one amino acid
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Nonsense mutation
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Point mutation that causes one and no acid into a stop codon
stops too early will never produced a protein |
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frameshift insertion
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Nucleotide is inserted into the DNA sequence changing all subsequent code on every amino acid from that point Are all wrong
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Frameshift deletion
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Nucleotide is ripped out of the DNA sequence changing all the subsequent codons every amino acid from that point on are all wrong
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Uses of DNA
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DNA replication
Transcription Translation |
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Transcription
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Are in a copy of DNA is made and transported out of nucleus
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rRNA
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Main component of ribosomes
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mRNA
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Instructions for protein
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tRNA
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Carry amino acid
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Promoter region
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Tells where the transcription needs to start
Beginning of gene |
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Terminator region
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Tells where transcription needs to end
End of gene |
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anti sense code
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The side of the DNA that is not transcribed
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Sense code
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Only one strand is ever transcribe
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Exxon
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Coding regions in DNA
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intron
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Noncoding regions of DNA
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spliceosome
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cut out introns
Makes mRNA |
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codon
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Three bases
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stop codon
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UGA
UAA UAG |
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P site
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AUG sits in
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E site
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Ejection
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A site
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Where new tRNA comes in
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Start codon
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AUG
Met |
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Anticodon
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Complementary tRNA for mRNA
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Protein synthesis
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Transcription
Translation |
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An aerobic respiration
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Only glycolysis
no mitochondria |
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Alcohol fermentation
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glucose goes through glycolysis to become pyruvate which becomes ethanol
2 ATP generated |
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lactate fermentation
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Glucose goes through gate glycolysis to become pyruvate which becomes lactic acid
2 ATP generated |
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Glucose from protein and fat
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Amino acids are used to form new protein
Amino acids used to make glucose or fat goes up the glycolysis Amino acid used to make ATP amino acid becomes pyruvate |
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Gluconeogenesis
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formation of new glucose
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protosome
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Destroys proteins that are damaged or unneeded
Specific for protein |
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proteases
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Enzyme that does the breaking down of protein that are damaged or unneeded
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Mitochondria
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Makes ATP
Powerhouse of the cell |
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cristae
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Folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
The folds increase the surface area |
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Mitochondrial matrix
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Inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria
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The nucleus
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Where all the genetic information is stored
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Nuclear envelope
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Membrane coating nucleus
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Nuclear pores
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Holes in the nuclear envelope
things that can move through. Small molecules and ions Things that can not move through. RNA protein |
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Nucleolus
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Inner sphere in nucleus
synthesizes rRNA and assembles into a ribosomes |
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Chromosome
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You have 46
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Adhering junction
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Join similar cells together
Made from anchoring protein |
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Gap junctions
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Allow passage of molecules from cell to cell
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Tight junctions
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Prevents molecules from going between cells
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Centrosome
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Involved in cell division
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centrioles
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2 centrioles makes one centisome
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pericentriolar material
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Part of the centrosome
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cilia and flagella
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Involved in cell movement
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cilia
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powerstroke and return fold
moves things in one direction |
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Endomembrane system
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A bunch of organelles made from endomembrane similar to phospholipid bilayer
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Er
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flattened membranous sacs
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Smooth ER
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No ribosomes
Fatty acid and steroid synthesis |
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Rough ER
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Has ribosomes attached to it
Protein synthesis |
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Golgi apparatus
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Receive sort and transfer protein
flattened sac |
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cis face
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enter
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trans face
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exit
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medial cisternae
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moves through
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types of vesicle
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Secretory
Membrane Transport |
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Secretory vesicle
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out of cell via exocytosis
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Membrane vesicle
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Insert proteins into the plasma membrane
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Transport vesicle
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Move proteins to other parts of cell
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Lysosome
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Intracellular digestion
Kind of like a vesicle but very acidic |
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autophagy
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lysosome breaks down worn out or old organelles
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autolysis
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Destroying itself with lysosome when it's worn out or going bad
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peroxisomes
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Specialized lysosome
Have catalase an oxidant is inside |
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oxidase
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Enzyme
Remove hydrogen from amino acid and fatty acid Create ATP |
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catalase
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Enzyme
Breaks down h2o2 |
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H2o2
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Human metabolism create hydrogen peroxide h2o2
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exocytosis
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Vesicle removing stuff
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G protein
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Associated with a specific receptor
Activated when ligand binds to receptor |
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adenylate cyclase
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activate when G protein activate
Convert ATP to cyclic amp Enzyme |
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cAMP
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Created from ATP
Second messenger Creates changes in cell |
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Prokaryotic cell
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Much smaller than eukaryotic cell
No nucleus No organelle Has cell wall |
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Eukaryotic cell
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No cell wall
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The cytoplasm
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Includes cytosol and organelles
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cytosol
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Fluid part of inside of cell
Ions glucose amino acids floating around |
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Cytoskeleton
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framework of cell
Branches holding everything apart There are three types |
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Microfilaments
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Smallest sized
Scaffolding or framework support More around perimeter to give cell shape |
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Intermediate filament
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Middle-sized
Stabilizes the position of organelles |
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Microtubule
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longest sized
Involved in cell division and in movement of vesicles |
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Facilitated diffusion
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Used for large or charged molecules
Binds to protein and half gets transported to the other side of membrane Down the gradient no ATP evening concentration |
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Primary active transport
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Uses ATP directly
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Antiporter
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Moves solute in opposite directions
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Sodium potassium pump
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An example of an anti Porter
ATP becomes ADP Pumping the three Na + against the gradient to the outside Once inverted two K+ bind and move down the gradient with no ATP used |
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Secondary active transport
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Uses ATP indirectly to move solute
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Symporter
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move to solute in the same direction at the same time
Moving down the gradient enter its indirect because you have to use ATP to get rid of the Na + can't get glucose in without NA+ |
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vascular transport
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Transport of things through vascular
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Vesicle
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Lined with cell membrane banter cell membrane makes pocket then pinches off capturing something in a bubble
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endocytosis
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Bring stuff in cell
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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Ligands bind with receptor protein then they pocket in and make a bubble to bring in to cell
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phagocytosis
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Brings in large particles
Saul finds foreign objects and and goals set then destroys it cell Eating Such as e.coli |
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Pinocytosis
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brings in small solute droplets
cell drinking |