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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
name the four structural parts of the mitochondrion
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outer membrane
intermembrane space inner membrane matrix |
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actetyl s coa is a common intermediate for what three metabolic processes
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????
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the tca cycle is named for this intermediate why?
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tricarboxylic acid
for an intermediate |
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the two carbon compound acetyl S coa enters the TCA and two exit but it is a three carbon compound. how is this converted to acetyl s coa
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has carboxylic end that is oxidatively decarboxylated then shuttled into TCA
pyruvate makes one co2 and one acetate X2 |
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what molecule that is associated with the TCA cycle is directly responsible for the substrate level phohorylation of ADP
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GTP
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how many ATP from glycolysis
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2
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how many ATP from TCA
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2
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for each round of beta oxidcatio of fa a two carbon high energy intermediate is produced what is this molecule
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acetyl s coa
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20 carbib fa produces how many acetyl s coa? nadh? fadh2?
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10 9 9
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why is there a diff in nadh and fadh2 in terms of atp producation
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fadh2 enters electron transport after the first pump
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what are the pumps involved
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I
III IV |
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where si the e transport system embedded
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inner membrane
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where do the pumps pump the H+ to
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intermembrane space
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which part of the atp synthase complex it he proton translocator and which part isthe atp synthesizer
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f0 integral protein is proton translocator
f1 is atp synthesizer |
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what mjolecule in euk cells shuttles the protons of NADH across the outer mitochondrial membrane? what molecule is the final acceptor of these protons in the shuttle system?
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G3P
FAD+ |
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what are protamines? what contemporary names do we give to these protamines?
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material of sperm. basic proteins rich in arg and lysine as found by miescher.
now called amino acids |
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why did griffith think that proteins were the transforming principles?
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heat killed S+R = dead mice
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what were the two convincing argumetns in the experiemtns from avery, mcleod, and mccarty that indicated that nucleic acids were the transforming principles?
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na fraction was pathogenic in griffith's experiment
na are heritable factors NOT proteins DNA carried the transforming proteins |
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hwo did the experiments of hershey and chase corroborate the findings of avery, mcleod, and mccarty that na were the transforming principles?
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allowed provirus to go through life cycle
sulfur is in DNA Phosphorus in protein DNA is genetic info not protein could tell by where radioactive part was |
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name the four major structures of DNA packing
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nucleosome
solenoid loop chromosome |
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what is the relationship between length and volume with respect to DNA packing when there become an increase in the number of base pairs in a DNA sequence
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decreased length with increased volume within that length
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what simple physical structure allwos for pakcing long lengths of DNA into very small spaces
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super coil
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how does the number of pres per square ampere on the nuclear membrane relate to cell type
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if need to make lost of protein need to increase pores for mRNA
for examples heptaocyte needs a lot and leukocytes need less |
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what is an NOR which genes are associated with NORs
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nucleolus organizing regions NOR
site of chromatin where nucleoli form genes that code for rRNA |
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what improtant molecules are produced by NORs
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rRNA
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histones are DNA associated proteins. what amino acid residues make upa significant number of residues in histones and why
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lysine argenin
postively charged are attracted to DNA |
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what are protamines? what contemporary names do we give to these protamines?
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basic proteins as characterized by mendel
now called amino acids |
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why did griffith think that proteins were the transforming principles
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heat killed S and R = dead mouse
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what were the two convincing arguments in the experiments from avery, mcleod, and mccarty that indicated that na were the transforming principles
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na fraction was pathogenic
na are hertaible factors not proteins |
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how did the experiments of hershey and chase corroborate the findings of avery mcelod and mccarty that na were the transforming principles
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phosphorus in DNA
sulfer in protein DNA is genetic material not proteins |
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name four major structures of DNA packing
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nucleosome
solenoid loop chromosome |
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what is the relationship between length and volume with respect to DNA packing when there becomes an increase in the number of base pairs in a DNA sequence
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decrease in L increase of V
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what simple physical structure allows for packing long lengths of DNA inot veyr small spaces
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super coil
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how doe sthe number of pores per square ampere on the nuclear membrane relate to cell type
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if needs lots of proteins made need more pores
more in hepatocytes less in leukocytes |
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what is an NOR? whcih genes are associated with NOR
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nucleolus organizing region
rRNA very active |
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hat important molecules are produced by NOR
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ribosomal RNA
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histones are DNA associated proteins. what aa residues make up a significant number of residues in histones and why
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lysine argenine
they are positvely charges and are attracted to DNA |
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what improtant event related to DNA occurs in G1 before the cell enters the S phase
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cell makes sure DNA is not damaged and corrects damage before replication
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what important eventrelated to DNA occurs in G2 before the cell enters mitosis
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makes sure all DNA has replicated. sister chrom in place
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why are G1 and G2 called gap phases?
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in lgiht didn't know what was going on
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what happens during S phase
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chromosomes to two sister chromatids
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during whcih phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate
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anaphase separate sister chromatids
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how do the experiemtns of meselson and stahl verify the semiconservative model of DNA replication
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heavy DNA 15 and
DNA 15 and 14 2nd and thrid generations had two lines suggesting that replciation is semi conservative but not 100% |
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what is the naem of the location on the DNA that repliaiton starts? does replication occur unidirectionally or bidirectionally?
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ORI bi
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name the two major components of the primosome
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primase and recognition factors
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funciton of DNA pol III
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major work of polymerizaiton
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funciton of primosome
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where to start transcription
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function of primase
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make RNA primer
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funcito of DNA polymerase I
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chews up RNA and replaces with DNA
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function of DNA ligase
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connects DNA primers with replicated DNA
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what structure along the lagging strand allows the replisome to replicate both strands in the same direction
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rachet loop
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how does cell cycle relate to cell type
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some areas need constant cell recycling like areas of high metabolism are short cycle and structural areas need long cycle
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hwa tis MPF
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mitosis promoting factor
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what two molecules make up MPF
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cyclin and cyclin dep kinases
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which one cycle in concentration througout the cell cycle
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cyclin increase in conc throughout the cycle until meed cdk during mitosis
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mitosis begins when MPF is inactive or active
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active
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what is the central dogma of biology? why is this paradigm waning?
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replicaiton of DNA
RNA may be original blueprint |
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what are three types of RNA and what are their functions
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mRNA serve as nucleotide template for proteins
rRNA are machinery of prot synthesis tRNA are carriers of aa. interpreters |
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why does the codon have a triplet nucleotide seq
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only four nucleotides are available to make the 20 essential aa
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what isthe difference between teh reading fram ad the open reading frame
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reading fram is one of three possible ways to read the nt seq in groups of three.
open reading frame is what is found in RNA. correct seq of codons that code for a gene and contains start and stop codon |
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why is the codon considered degenerative
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one aa may have several codons
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why is the docon considered unambiguous
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one codon may only code for one aa
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why is the codon considered universal
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almost all organisms may use this code
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define the coding and template strands of DNA on which strand does the gene lie
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template is compeltment of coding
the gene lies on the coding strand |
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when RNA pol syntehsizes RNA which strand of DNA is used to produce the RNA molecule
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template strand
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in which direction relative to the template is the DNa read by the rnba pol
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three to 5
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in which direction is the nascnet rNA molecule synthesized
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five to three
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what are hnRNA and mRNA how dot hese two differ
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hn is not processed and has intorns and no cap nor tail
mRNA is ready to be read by the ribosomes |
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name three differences between RNA and DNA
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single strand/dbl strand
U vs T may leave the nucleus or may not |
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what are the functions of the sigma and rho factors
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sigma recognizes DNA promoter
rho is RNA pol releasing factor |
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name the four major steps of transcription
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RNA pol and sigma bind
initiation elongation termination |
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the incipient hnRNA resembes which strand of DNA
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coding
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why are transcription and translation concurrent in pok
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ribosomes immediately latch on
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RNA splicing is one form of post transcriptional processing. what is removed from hnRNA
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splicing to remove introns via snRNPs
also capping and tailing is done |
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what is alternative splicing? how does this argue against the one gene one polypep?
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way of makign more prot may excise out certain exons. can make many polypep
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capping and tailing are otehr forms of post transcriptional processing of hnRNA. explain capping and tailin gand why they are important
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to protect the RNA
7 methyl guanosine polyadenylated with AAA function to increase half life and decrease degredation |
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what are two major functions of mRNA
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transfer info of the DNA to the ribosome
macromolecule that ribosomes read to produce the protein |