Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what goes on in the mitochondia
|
TCA
beta oxidation of FA ETC ATP synthesis |
|
|
what is special about the mitochondria
|
OM is permeable
intermembrane space innermembrane is highly permeable cristae increase SA matrix |
|
|
where does ETC and aTP synth occur
|
innermembrane
|
|
|
why do we get get so much energy
|
glucose is completley oxidized to CO2
O2 is completely reduced to H2O CO2 and H2O are recyclable NADH and FADH2 are recycled to NAD+ and FAD |
|
|
what happens in TCA
|
NAD and FAD get reduced
pyruvate is oxidzied to acetylcoa oxidative cleavage of fa |
|
|
what is the driving energy to phosphorylate ATP
|
succinyl S coa
|
|
|
what are two alternative fuels to make acetyl coa
|
fa and proteins
|
|
|
how can protein be an alternative fuel
|
proteolysis of peptides via proteases into smalelr peptids and individual aa
|
|
|
what is the stairstep model
|
reversibly oxidizablwe electron acceptors allow small change in free E and multiple opportunities for ATP production
|
|
|
what are the four pumps
|
NADH dehydrogenase
succ- coq reductase coQ cytc reductase cyt c oxidase |
|
|
what is complex I
II III |
NADH dehydrogenase
coQ cyt c reductase cyt c oxidase |
|
|
where does the pump occur
|
inner mitochondrion
|
|
|
what is the driving force of chemiosmosis
|
movement of protons down the conc gradient
|
|
|
oxidative phosph is ___ of NADH FADH2 by O2
|
reoxidation
|
|
|
what is the ATP synthase mechanims
|
F1Fo subunit
|
|
|
what is the fo subunit
|
proton translocation
|
|
|
why do euk make less ATP
|
2 cytosolic NADH from glycolysis pass through the mito membrane and are indiretly converted to 2 FADH2 in the matrix
|
|
|
what are the count for a prok
|
10 2
30 4 + glyc and TCA 38 |
|
|
what are the counts for a euk
|
8 4
24 8 + 4 24 |
|
|
who introduced heritable factors
|
mendel
|
|
|
who foudn nuclein and protamine
|
miescher
|
|
|
what are protamines
|
aa
|
|
|
who determiend that the na fraction was pathogenic and therefore DNA is transformation material not prot
|
avery macleod and mccarty
|
|
|
what carries the "transforming principles"
|
DNA
|
|
|
who used bacteriophages
|
hershey and chase
|
|
|
what are chargaff's rules
|
A=T=C=G
|
|
|
what is the basic unit of packaging of DNA
|
nucleosome
|
|
|
what are histones
|
positively charged proteins lys rich and arg rich
|
|
|
what are the important parts of the nucleus
|
envelope
pores nucleoplasm chromatin cortex nucleolus |
|
|
what are the improtant parts of hte nuclear envelope
|
inner and outer membrane
perinuclear space continuous with the ER cisternae |
|
|
what are the two main parts of the cell cycle
|
interphase and mitotic phase
|
|
|
what are all the parts of interphase and mitotic phase
|
mitosis
cytokinesis G1 DNA synthesis G2 |
|
|
what is visible in mitosis
|
chromosomes are condensed and visible
|
|
|
what are two things found in interphase
|
euchromatin
heterochromatin |
|
|
what are two types of heterochromatin
|
constitutive
facultative |
|
|
what is constitutive heterochromatin
|
premanetly condense and inactive
|
|
|
what is facultative heterochromatin
|
condensation varies by tissue, cell type, low in embryonic and high in differentiated
|
|
|
what are the decisions made in the gap phases
|
to replicate DNA in G1
to divide in G2 |
|
|
what is the main purpose of the cell cycle
|
to divide and replicate the cell
|
|
|
what goes on in synthesis
|
cell replicates dna
chromosomes to two sister chromatids |
|
|
what are the two chekcpoints
|
G1/S
G2/M |
|
|
what happens in the G1/S checkpoint
|
guard against replication of dmaged DNA
|
|
|
what happens in the G2/M checkpoint
|
verify replication is complete
|
|
|
describe the trend of changes in chromosomal mass
|
G1 is 2N
up in S 4n in G2 down in M |
|
|
what are the two divisions
|
nuclear during mitosis
cellular during cytokinesis |
|
|
what happens in the M phase mitosis
|
separaation of the duplicated chromosomes
|
|
|
what are the four events of the M phase
|
prophase
meta ana telo |
|
|
what happens in prophase
|
chromosomes condense
centrioles form nuclear membrane breaks down |
|
|
what happens during metaphase
|
mitotic spindles form
chromosomes align along the equator |
|
|
what happens during anaphase
|
sister chromatids separate
|
|
|
what happens during telophase
|
nuclear envelope reappears
cytoplasm separates chroosmes de condense |
|
|
what is the semiconservative model
|
defines the way double stranded DNA is replicated
|
|
|
ORI=
|
origin of replication and initiation
|
|
|
what is the replicon
|
prok entire genophore
euk many replicons per chromosome |
|
|
proteins are associated with ___ replication
|
DNA
|
|
|
replication begins with an ___ primer
|
RNA
|
|
|
what does DNA pol III do
|
major complex of replication
|
|
|
define primosome
|
primase and recognition factors
|
|
|
define primase
|
RNA polymerase synthesis RNA primer
|
|
|
what does DNA pol I do
|
removes RNA primer and replaces RNA with DNA
|
|
|
what does DNA liagase do
|
connect DNA primers with replicated DNA
|
|
|
describe steps 1-5
|
primosome synthesis RNA primer
DNA pol III replciated complementary strand DNA pol I removes RNA primer and replaces RNA with DNA DNA ligase fills gaps |
|
|
direction of replication is always what to what
|
three to five
|
|
|
to overcome the one way direction ofthe polymerase and the wrong way of parent strand two... ________ creates a loops
|
DNA POL III
|
|
|
what is MPF
|
cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases that important to the onset of mitosis
|
|
|
describe the pattern of cyclin
|
goes up and up until mitosis where it drops back down
|
|
|
what is the purpose of rRNA
|
machinary of protein synthesis
|
|
|
what does tRNA do
|
carriers of aa
interpretation |
|
|
DNA --> what three things --> proteins
|
tRNA
mRNA rRNA |
|
|
what did beadle tatum think
|
one gene one polypep
|
|
|
what did yanofsky think
|
dna/protein are colinear
|
|
|
why are codons the right number
|
4x4x4 = 64 enough to make at least 20 aa
|
|
|
what is a codon
|
triplet of nucleotides
|
|
|
defintion. the ocrrect sequence of codons that code for a gene and has start/sotp codon
|
open reading frame
|
|
|
DNA may be.... 1 2 3
|
degnerative
unambiguous universal |
|
|
what does degenerative mean
|
one aa may have several codons
|
|
|
what does unambiguous mean
|
codon has only one aa
|
|
|
what does universal mena
|
almost all organisms use this codon
|
|
|
coding strand =
|
sense strand
|
|
|
template strand =
|
antisense strand
|
|
|
the RNA will be a copy of which strand with what differnce
|
of the coding strand with U instead of T
|
|
|
what are the steps in prok transcription
|
RNA pol and sigma bind to promoter
initiation RNA pol makes RNA elongation termination RNA pol released by rho |
|
|
what is small area in the promotor
|
pribnow box
|
|
|
what is different about transcription in euk
|
transcription is nuclear
intranuclear processing or splicing intra nuclear capping and poly adnylation translocation to cytoplasmic translation to cytopalsm |
|
|
what is the splicing of hnRNA
|
want exons out with the introns
|
|
|
how does splicing occur
|
snRNPs
|
|
|
why is capping and tailing important
|
increases half life
decreases degredation |
