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390 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What countries have medium incidences of colon cancer?

Denmark & Great Britain

In angiogenesis, new blood vessels from providing a malignant tumor nutrients to grow. What chemotherapeutic drug do we use to kill blood vessels in endothelial cells?

Doxorubicin

You can recognize an allergic rxn or worm infection if (blank) count is elevated in your blood.

Eosinophil

What kind of molecular structure is represented by silk fibers?

beta structure

Harold Varmus discovered that "c" type virus is responsible for what?

Rous Sarcoma

An RNA molecule is....

usually single stranded

Organophosphates are toxins & they inhibit enzymes. What enzymes do they inactivate?

acetylcholinesterase

The genes H-ras and L-myc belong to a group of genes called?

proto-oncogenes

7 in 1000 live births are dizygotic. Which of the following will twins not have?

Identical blood profiles

Which micro body in your cell is responsible for controlling the fat metabolism?

peroxisome

Where does respiratory exchange of gases in humans take place?

lung epithelium

The ultimate H+ acceptor in respiration is?

Oxygen

The hydrogen ions from sugar are pulled out during krebs cycle into what?

Mitochondrial matrix

Which one of the following amino acids contains sulfur in its R group?

cysteine

An increase in enzyme concentration will ..... the rate of reaction provided substrate molecules are available

not effect

Middle part of a plasma membrane is made of?

Phospholipids & ATP

Moving a molecule from cell to cell against concentration, molecules such as vitamins, nucleosides, and certain hormones is known as?

Active transport

Which one of the following is a characteristic of life?

Multicellular

You have to drink and eat protein to live. You consume protein to get?

Amino acids

During exercise, if enough molecular oxygen is not brought in from the environment, what will accumulate in the muscle cells causing cramps?

H+

The microtubules in your cells are constantly constructed at one end and dismantled at the other. What is this process called?

treadmilling

The first sequences of cellular respiration takes place in?

Cytoplasm

What are the microfilaments attached to the plasma membrane that become defective in muscular dystrophy?

Profilin

Once the RNA is transcribed, what removes the message from DNA?

RNA polymerase

We can track small populations accurately by studying certain numbers of SNPs called what?

microsatellites

What does the gag virus do in your cell?

Produces viral core

Why is it so difficult to readily develop a vaccine against HIV?

The virus mutates too readily -- translates itself

Where will you find Shine-Delgarno sequence?

ribosomal RNA

Which one of the following could be considered DNA damage in aging process?

DNA dimerization

What virus causes Feline leukemia?

C type virus

What kind of cancer is aflatoxin believed to cause?

Liver cancer

What virus causes liver cancer?

Hepatitis B virus

What virus causes spontaneous abortion?

Cytomegalovirus

Name an inherited disease that is caused by a splicing error

Hemolytic anemia

What is the latest addition to the arsenal of cancer agents?

Cisplatin

Cell differentiation is achieved by selective turning on and off of certain genes. Which one of the following is not a mechanism that contributes to regulation of gene expression?

None of the above

A nucleotide is made up of a phosphate, a base, and a ......

Ribose

During oxidation-reduction in energy transfer, electron transfer is achieved when what is gained or lost?

Hydrogen, H+

Examination of what realized that our northern European ancestors showed not much genotypic variation and as few as 50 could have given rise to all of them.

microsatellites

The cells affected in sickle cell anemia are?

erythrocytes

In mitochondrial respiration, the sequential intermediaries are formed as follows: Citrate->cisacontile->isocitrate->succinate->malate->oxaloacetate->citrate. What is missing?

ketoglutarate

What does crossing over accomplish?

creates new combination of alleles

Which one of the following will not be found in DNA?

uracil

Incidences of cancer deaths have progressively increased in the US since 1900. Which of the following is a legitimate reason for this?

Life expectancy of Americans has increased

Mobile elements in the genome

McClintock

chemical capable of changing DNA sequence

mutagen

transcription and replication of strands of DNA are held together by

hydrogen bonds

cell differentiation

all of the above

solution that contains a weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt

buffer

toxin found in moldy grains and peanuts is found to cause liver cancer

alfatoxin

anticodons are located in

transfer RNA

Virus known for hypermutability

HIV

gene becomes active under stress

hsp

PCR

Mullis

DNA in eukaryotes is non-functional. What do you call nontranscribal genes?

Pseudogenes

In aerobic dancing, if enough molecular oxygen is not brought in from the environment, what will accumulate in muscle cells causing cramps?

H+

If you want to synthetically produce large numbers of gene transcript, which of the following techniques would you use?

polymerase chain reaction

pH of the buffer solution if protein is the Zwitterion form at pH 10.2

pH equal to 10.2

protein not involved in electrophoresis experiment

serum globulin

class of master genes that specify the development of specific body parts

homeotic genes

solution of pH 5 has how many times amount of H+ ion as solution with pH 7?

100

If you increase substrate concentration, the enzymatic reaction will

increase but never reach theoretical maximum

very rare form of cancer by retrovirus HIV, which is a lymphotrophic virus of human T-cells. Which cancer is this that is so prevalent in the US today because of AIDS epidemic?

Kaposis sarcoma

DNA makes RNA by

transcription

angiogenesis to occur, what molecules are needed to send the chemical signals?

endothelial growth factors

nucleic acid is a polymer -- what is its monomer?

nucleotide

3-D configuration of a protein is determined by

all of the above

Which of the following does not cause cancer?

presence of p53 protein

restriction enzymes are invaluable tools for genetic engineering because

they cut both strands of DNA at specific sites

what would you call the double helical structure of DNA?

plectonemic

some gene controls in eukaryotic cells operate by

processing RNA transcripts

When a gene results in the production of a particular molecule, it then intercepts another reaction to bring a particular phenotype. Continued exercise...brings up in the cells the levels of what?

insulin

synthesis of DNA & RNA

Kornberg and Ochova

viruses play an important role in adding mutations to genomes, thus playing a significant role in evolution of living things. which one of the following are V ones?

all of them

when a DNA strand is unwinding, what enzyme relieves the tension of torsion due to rotation?

topoisomerase

male cell with 40 diploid number will produce?

none of the above

name a substance that is a very strong carcinogen

aflatoxin

Regulatory sequences are the ones that respond to chemical (environment) in cell. A polydisterone is required to make tryptophan. Regarding this of trp which of the following is incorrect?

repressor gene is present

lipids that have high numbers of cis and trans elements

steroid

5' end of mRNA is capped during translation. Degradation of mRNA after translation proceeds in the 3' to 5' direction through the activity of?

ribonuclease

If one or more amino acids are absent in the medium, the gene GCN4 in yeast will encode enzymes for synthesis of all amino acids. What kind of regulation control is this?

translational control

Which one of the following is not an oncogene in humans?

trp

frame shift mutation that could be reverted to normal by another mutation next to original.

intragenic suppression

Produce a small amount of energy when phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) is turned into pyruvate by what enzyme in cytoplasm

pyruvate kinase

We looked at inhibitors that cut off the e-transport system in respiration, which is a very important principle in pharmacological environment. Which one of the following will inhibit e-transport and thus shut down respiration?

antimycin antibiotic

How does zyvox work?

it inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotes

Glycophorin is an integral protein in your red blood cells. The hydrophobic residues of this protein help the cells to repel each other. This feature is responsible for

resistance to malaria

I asked you to study plasma membrane of human erythrocyte. Which of following will you find on surface of your erythrocyte cell membrane?

glycoprotein

One of the promoter regions for binding of RNA polymerase upstream from a gene in a bacterial DNA

Pribnow box

Which one of the following would you expect to find in the middle part of the cell membrane in the cells of the brain?

ATP

using the best

eclectic

Certain tribes of Australia exhibit resistance to infection by HIV. This is because their cell membrane's peripheral proteins have special kinds of

oligosaccharides

polite, fawning

obsequious

What is the enzyme that converts malate to oxaloacetate in TCA cycle?

malate dehydrogenase

We looked at jumping the synaptic cleft in neurotransmission. Neurotransmission will break down in various mental disorders if the voltage gates fail to open because of defective what?

presynaptic cells

Active site of enzyme A is occupied by a molecule other than its substrate. Enzyme B has had its activity reduced by means of a molecule binding to it at a site other than its active site. What is taking place in connection with enzyme A and enzyme B?

competitive inhibition, allosteric regulation

Mechanism whereby the activity of an enzyme is either inhibited or stimulated by a compound that binds to a site that is different from the active site.

allosteric modulation

accompanying

concomitant

What is the active site in penicillin?

carboxyl

What is the chemical nature of the surface coat of many kinds of eukaryotic cells?

carbohydrates and proteins

This is the short end of the chromosomes. It establishes how many times a cell can divide, which is significant in aging.

telomere

What is the biological significance of sex?

It creates diversity of genotypes

If nondisjunction occurs in meiosis, the reacting cells will have this chromosomal compliment.

2n+1 and 2n-1

Why are denatured proteins generally insoluble in water?

protein is unfolded exposing hydrophobic sidechains

The H+ released from the intermediaries in Krebs cycle are immediately removed from the mitochondrial matrix and dumped into what?

cytoplasm

Each molecule of ATP stores a good deal of energy because...

ATP's third phosphate group exists in a highly energetic state

When millions of monomers are strung together, you get a polymer. Cotton and linen, for example, consist largely of ....., which is the major component in plant cells.

cellulose

Chromosomes(diploid) condense; spindle forms; nuclear envelope fragments; spindles attach to the kinetochores. What is this cellular event?

prophase

Why would your cells swell under certain strengths of the solution?

The surrounding solution has more water than solutes

In glycolysis, glucose is turned into pyruvate. In ....., pyruvate is turned into glucose-6-phosphate.

gluconeogenesis

You eat meat, fish, and eggs because your cells need ....

amino acids

Skeletal muscles typically have enough stored creatine phosphate to maintain elevated ATP levels for approximately 15 seconds. If you want to continue, more ATP has to be obtained from ....

mitochondria

Children lacking .... will exhibit Zellweger Syndrome.

peroxisomes

A centriole is structurally similar, if not identical to the ..... of calcium or a flagellum.

kinetochore

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

Watson

What group of molecules is vancomycin?

antibiotic drug

You saw the nerve cell in the lab under the microscope. What is the normal equilibrium potential (threshold) for the depolarization of the cell so that the nerve impulses can move normally?

-70 mV

Consider cell A has physiological saline and cell B has 2% solute. If this side-by-side system is allowed to exist, what will be the physical effect?

cause it to swell

Which of the following will lower the activation energy of a reaction in a cell?

using an enzyme

What is the reaction that produces ATP?

oxidative phosphorylation

........ is the division of the cytoplasm into the two daughter cells which occurs by constriction in animal cells.

Cytokinesis

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a eukaryote?

no nuclear envelope

Aside from the nucleolus, what occupies much of the space in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells?

nucleoplasm

ATP stores energy in the form of .....

chemical bond energy

ACE is a proteolytic enzyme and its substrate is ......

Angiotensin II

Your car uses gasoline to fuel the engine. Can you explain why you need a coolant system for your car?

It is needed to absorb the lost heat energy that results from fuel combustion

biting, cutting

mordant

close to point of origin

proximal

If you have to move molecules against a diffusion pressure gradient into a cell, you have to use ATP. This type of diffusion is referred to as ......

active transport

The heartburn drug Prilosec or Zantac works in your parietal cells of your stomach because ....

it inhibits the histamine from food to stick to the parietal cells

mRNA active for a long time during embryogenesis

Vitellogenin

Second stage of translation

chain elongation

Coding part of mRNA transcript

exon

domination of a group

hegemonic

altruistic

unselfish

servile

obsequious

not usual

unwonted

One kind of environmental agent that can induce mutation in DNA

Alkylating Agent

Cancer chemotherapy that is an antimetabolite

methotrexate

carcinogen

aflatoxin

inactivated x chromosome

Barr body

normally required, lethal when mutated

proto-oncogene

A polysome is ......

a number of ribosomes on the same transcript

The codon is found on .......

messenger RNA

Apoptosis is ..........

cell death by suicide

RNA makes protein by .....

translation

DNA makes RNA by .......

transcription

Cancer chemotherapy that binds to DNA

Antibiotics

A clone library is .......?

a collection of different lines of bacterial cells, each containing a plasmid carrying one series of different DNA fragments

PCR is a technique used to .......

amplify DNA

One body part develops like some other body part

homeosis

limpid

transparent

penultimate

next to last

pernicious

causing great harm

A polysome .......

is a number of ribosomes on the same transcript

flavodoxin

carcinogen

Gene with the potential to induce cancerous transformation

oncogene

Improving the race

eugenics

Base triple that pairs with codon

Anticodon

Base triplet coding for amino acids

codon

Two nucleotide strands twisted together

DNA double helix

A with T, G with C

Constancy in base pairing

Hereditary material duplicated

Replication

Replication enzymes

DNA polymerase and DNA ligase

Coding part of mRNA transcript

exon

Base triplet coding for amino acid

codon

Second stage of translation

chain elongation

A DNA library is .....?

A collection of different lines of genome, each containing a specific DNA fragment

forgetful

oblivious

announce officially

promulgate

lowest point

nadir

causing great harm

pernicious

Cancer chemotherapy that crosslinks DNA

nitrogen mustard

Certain triplets occur in repeats, the right kind of protein is not synthesized. For example, GAA repeats leads to .....?

Friedreich's ataxia

Which one of the following is not a virus with double stranded DNA?

retrovirus

What virus causes Burkitt's Lymphoma?

Epstein Barr/ Herpes

We studied cell transformation by a retrovirus. What leads to the transformation of a cell?

Integration of the virus into cellular genome

Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) is initiated by double stranded DNA called .....

"B" type virus

Once a normal cell initiates cancer, which of the following happens?

Cells respond to serum growth factors

All living systems must sustain a complex series of biochemical reactions in order to survive. These processes rely directly on narrow ranged of .....

all of the above

The 3', 5' linkage in a double helix between successive nucleotides provides the DNA double helix the following characteristic .......

alpha helix

When polysaccharides, such as starch of glycogen, are in solution, they may be precipitated out with ......

ethyl alcohol

In the 50s, the time course of 3H-uridine into nuclear & cytoplasmic RNAs in mammalian cells provided the principles of protein synthesis. This famous experiment proved that .......

all of the above

One of the strands of DNA has 3'OH ACGAGACACCAA 5'P sequence. What is its mirror image?

5'P TGCTCTGTGGTT 3'OH

In liquid water molecules, the angle between the two hydrogens is approximately ......... , because of which water has certain properties.

104˚

Animal cells don't have this

cell wall

The right kind of mutation in a viral proto-oncogene converts it to an oncogene. Such genes in your cells are called .......

src genes

What virus causes infectious mononucleosis?

Epstein-Barr virus

Carcinogens interfere with the regulatory process in cells. Which one of the following could be considered as one?

ras proteins

In the lab you learned that proteins are highly charged particles. In an electrical field, if they fail to migrate to the cathode or anode, the pH which this cancellation of charges takes place is the ......

isoelectric point

The formation of the cell plate is distinctive of what stage of mitosis?

Telophase

Origin of organic molecules is significant event in the formation of life. A group of meteorites known as carbonaceous contain organic molecules. The Murchison meteorite hit Australia in 1969, which contained organic molecules suggesting that possibly the molecules that form the backbone of life might have originated outside Earth. But for cellular organization and function, all such molecules have to enter into reactions which is possibly only in the presence of .......

ATP

The particles of a colloidal system are always in an irregular random motion. This is known as .....

Brownian movement

In study of history of AIDS, it was noticed that by 1986 more than 80 different strains of HIV had been identified in the US, which is truly remarkable for any virus. The ability of the virus to frequently undergo mutation is referred to as .....

hyper-mutability

During meiosis, chromosomes for like traits come together. This is called ......

synapsis

CUU, CUA, & CUG all code for leucine. This is known as ......

degeneracy

The scale of biological time is immense, life as unicellular organisms might have originated billions of years ago, but fossils started only 600 million years ago. Existence of man's ancestors can be traced back only approximately to .......

2 million years

Amino acids in your body can act either as an acid or base. What component of amino acid will make it an acid?

R group

There are certain proteins produced by your cells in large quantities because of genes which we refer to as gene families. Which of the following proteins is a good example?

protein kinase

What is the approximate cancer death per 100,000 persons in the US today?

2,000

Was it a car or a cat I saw? This kind of letter arrangement is commonly seen in DNA. What do we call it?

palindrome

What percentage of inherited disorders are caused by nonsense mutations?

30%

You were required to read an article on increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics because of its overuse. Which part of the bacterium is considered responsible for this?

plasmids

The intermediate filament called glial filaments occur only in the ........

nervous system

When a purine or pyrimidine condenses with pentose, a ........ is formed.

nucleoside

Consider the sequence of events from the formation of Earth to the origin of eukaryotic cells (1.4E9 years ago) You should know by now cellular reactions are run always in specific sequences. Which one of the following is a logical final event before an animal eukaryote cell could begin to totally function?

respiration

What is energy that lets you see through the microscope in the lab?

light

Where will you find fibrinogen?

blood plasma

AUG GUU CAU AAA. Suppose the seventh nucleotide got lost changing the amino acid sequence. What kind of mutation is this?

frame shift

Which formed element in the blood tissue will be found in largest quantities?

erythrocytes

H-ras, L-myc, erbB belong to a group of genes called?

proto-oncogenes

RNA molecule is .......

usually single stranded

Reaction where you make cDNA from single helix RNA?

Reverse transcription

What is a response in cell for protein kinases?

all of the above

In protein synthesis, each codon calls for a specific ........

amino acid

DNA replication requires ......

all of the above

A DNA strand C-G-A-T-T-G would be complimentary to?

G-C-T-A-A-C

In gel electrophoresis, larger DNA fragments move ....... distances when an electric current is applied.

shorter

The Hershey-Chase experiment demonstrated that ......

Virus DNA injected into bacterial cells is apparently the factor involved in directing the production of new virus particles

In the lac region of the bacterium E. coli's chromosome, the repressor protein binds at the .....

operator site

inhibits gene transcription

repressor

Which of the following drugs is effective in suppressing vascularization in malignant tumors?

Doxorubicin

How do you determine the sequence of electron carriers in the electron transport system

use inhibitors such as antimycin to block the reaction sequence

The enzyme used to create cDNA from mRNA is.......

reverse transcriptase

The transfer of working copies of genes from normal healthy individuals to afflicted individuals is known as ........

gene therapy

Sugars can be joined to one another by covalent ...... bonds

glycosidic

During anaphase of mitosis, sister chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere by ......

both microtubules and spindle fibers

For angiogenesis to occur, what molecules are needed to send chemical signals?

endothelial growth factors

Selecting "desirable" traits

eugenic engineering

Deciphering 3.2 billion pairs of 23 pair human chromosomes

human genome project

Base pairing of nucleotide sequences from different DNA or RNA sources

nucleic acid hybridization

Used in gene transfers

Ti plasma

Unique array of RFLPs

DNA Fingerprint

........ is one of the body's key mechanisms to rid itself of tumor cells at an early stage of tumorigenesis.

Apoptosis

Which of the following is to blame if one body part develops into some other body part?

homeodomain binding mistake

What do you call the family of genes that becomes active during hormone induced stress?

hsp genes

You are expressing 30,000 genes now. Out of these, 5,000 genes control various aspects of tissue differentiation. Many of these that determine various body plans are ......... which are active mostly during embryogenesis.

Hox genes

When the net charge of a protein is zero, it will not migrate in an electrical field and the pH at which this happens is ..... ?

Isoelectric point

X chromosome inactivation in mammalian females may result in ...... for some traits.

Mosaic tissue effect

Phenomenon where molecules bind tightly ro enzymes covalently and decreases their activity?

Irreversible inhibition

Which one of the following cancer chemotherapeutic drugs acts as a mitotic inhibitor?

Vincrestine

Which one of the following fields is considered the up&coming in cell and molecular biology?

epigenetics

John Tacket of Bay City, MI was a 15 yr old boy and aged like someone who was 70. This premature aging genetic disease is called?

Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome

In creating recombinant DNA, the sticky ends of source DNA fragments are joined to sticky ends of ......... produced by cutting up of a circular bacterial DNA.

Plasmids

Which of the following alleles is responsible for chronic myelogenous leukemia?

bcr/abl

Hereditary disease caused by DNA rearrangement mutation?

thyroid carcinoma

One of the first oncogenes discovered was ...... One of the most common cancers in Africa, called Burkitt's lymphoma, results from translocation of this gene to a position adjacent to antibody gene.

MYC gene

In the galactose metabolism genetic components GAL 4 is a ........

Cis element binder

Even though it was suspected for quite some time, the experiment on Neurospora by ........ proved the "one gene one enzyme" theory.

Beadle and Tatum

Each and every organism has 3-D body plan. During embryogenesis, all these organs are laid out based on definite sequence. What do you call these genes that control these activities?

Hox genes

Which of the following describes the mutated gene in Huntington's disease?

More than 35 CAGs in a row

Homo sapiens is a young species. The proof for this was provided by the homogeneity of ........

SNPs

When WBSCR17 gene is mutated, it causes ....... , the phenotype of which "extreme" friendliness in children.

Williams-Beuren Syndrome

What did Tarzan say when he found a cheetah dead on the jungle floor?

Wow - new underwear

What archaeological evidence did we see to prove that cancer has been around for centuries?

Melanoma in Egyptian mummies

Which of the following is suspected to cause prostate cancer?

cytomegalovirus

Which structure is a network of protein cables in cell division?

spindle

The particular gene was consumed in chimps and humans about 120,000 to 200,000 years ago. Which leads to the development of speech and language. What do you call this gene?

FOXP2

Once the proteins are released from the ribosome, they are further modified by the addition of PO4SO4, sugars, lipids, etc. What do you call the catalysts that do this?

chaperones

The codon is found on .......

mRNA

The activation mechanism for chronic myelogenous leukemia is translocation. Which of your chromosomes are involved?

9 & 22

Which of the following does not cause cancer?

Presence of P53 protein

The trans element of the gene regulatory mechanism controls either (+) or (-) regulation. What activates the trans element to do this?

Topoisomerase

Initiation of DNA replication in E. coli begins at a special region called the ........

ori

Macular degeneration is a binding genetic disease. Which gene's mutation causes this?

CFH gene

Regulatory proteins interact with .........

all of the above

A base sequence signaling the start of a gene is a .........

promoter

Once transcribed, the RNA is processed by clipping and slicing by ........

spliceosomes

vicarious

sharing other's experience

What percentage of your genome actually codes for usable proteins?

1.5%

What organism did McClintock use to prone her jumping genes concept?

Indian Corn

Examination of ......... revealed that our northern European ancestors showed not much genotype variation and as few as 50 could have given rise to all of them

microsatellites

Genes that jump from one chromosome to another are ..........

transposons

Name a disease that is expressed by copy number polymorphism.

APP gene in Alzheimer's

The hydrocarbon chain in a fatty acid is ........ and the carboxyl group at the end of the fatty acid is .......

lipophilic; hydrophilic

One kind of environmental agent that can induce mutation in DNA

Alkylating agent

Polymerization of amino acids in ribosomes involves the following:

all of the above

What are the two strands of DNA in your cells?

chromosomes

Translation of the genetic code takes place along the ....... to synthesize enzymes.

mRNA

The proteins we ate are broken down to amino acids in our digestive tract. You run an experiment to prove this in the lab. What reaction is this protein breakdown?

Post translational modification

.......... ........... is a mucosal defect produced by acid-pepsin aggression.

Peptic ulcer

If the triplet in DNA is TGC, what is the anticodon?

TGC - DNA


ACG - codon


UGC - anticodon

Another slide looked at in the lab is the product of a virus invasion on cells lining. The carbonation of cellular destruction & fluid-filled alveoli interrupts the transport of oxygen into the bloodstream. Which illness does this describe?

Pneumonia

Restriction enzymes are invaluable tools for genetic engineering because .......

a and b


cut both strands & easily join sticky ends

Penultimate

next to last

Britten & Kohne described the complexity of mammalian genome "not as one gene after another" but as clusters of repeats called .......

satellites

Discovered bacterial operons

Jacob and Monod

Nobel prize - bacterial operons

Jacob and Monod

DNA is the transforming principle

MacLeod and McCarty

Virus structure

Hershey and Chase

Who was the first scientist (ORNL) who actually photographed messenger RNA being transcribed from DNA helix?

Oscar Miller

Who discovered the "jumping" genes and received a Nobel prize for it?

Barbara McClintock

Who discovered transposons?

Barbara McClintock

Discovered mobile elements in genome

Barbara McClintock

.......... received the Nobel prize for his discovery of PCR by which we can proliferate any given gene in a laboratory.

Kary Mullis

Base pairing

Chargaff

Discovered RNA interference and gene silencing

Fire & Mellow

Who was given credit for the discovery of post translational regulation?

Aaron Klug

Discovered genetic code

Marshall Nirenberg

Discovered transcription in eukaryotes

Roger Kornberg

Mechanism of hormone action and cyclic AMP

Sutherland

Transformation

Griffith

Who discovered degeneracy?

George Gamow

DNA replication experiment

Meselson and Stahl

DNA has 3 main functions: replication, storage of genetic information, and .........

Information transfer

Name a disease that is expressed by copy number polymorphism.

APP gene in Alzheimer's

When raw protein is synthesized, quite often before it becomes functional, there is a translational control by ....... attached to endocytic vesicles.

Ubiquitin

.......... has the highest incidence of colon cancer because it is suggested that they are the largest consumers of beef.

New Zealand

A good proportion of human embryos have genetic defects such as aneuploidy, which generally are washed away in miscarriages. Today, couples can use a technique to assess the genetic risk factors by DNA and chromosome analysis. What is this technique called?

amniocentesis

A version of DNA that is made from processed RNA is called?

cDNA

In the Krebs cycle, isocitrate is oxidized to ketoglutarate by ............

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

In 1996 a paper was published in The Lancet which caused a major alarm in Europe. The disease discussed was Creutzfeld-Jacob (CJD) similar to spongiform (mad cow). From the molecular point of view, what has gone wrong?

Protein misfolding, thus losing its 3-D configuration

In many enzymatic reactions the confirmation shifts so that the complimentary fit between the enzyme and reactants is improved. What is this phenomenon called?

Induced fit

In a chemical reaction, chemical transformations require that certain covalent bonds be broken within the reactants. For this to occur, the reactants must contain sufficient genetic energy so that they overcome a barrier called ......

Activation Energy

What do we call the phenomenon where molecules bind tightly to enzymes covalently and decrease their activity?

Irreversible inhibition

Major component of blood plasma

Water (90%)

Consider the Lineweaver-Burk plot which we discussed in class. What can you find out about enzymes using this?

Determine the michaelis constant & maximum velocity of a reaction

Centrioles are involved in .......

organized movement

Each of the following was a molecule of the earth's earliest atmosphere except ........

a) ammonia



b) hydrogen sulfide



c) methane



d) oxygen

A collection of hypothesis that have been repeatedly tested without rejection is called a .......

theory

The activation mechanism for chronic myelogenous leukemia is translocation. Which of your chromosomes are involved?

9 & 22

What is the function of the nucleolus in the nucleus?

Production of ribosomes & act as nucleus reservoir

Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism by which enzymes accelerate reactions?

By increasing rate of respiration

Sulfa drugs prevent folic acid synthesis in bacteria; their effectiveness arises from the fact that they structurally resemble .......... which is an essential coenzyme folic acid.

para aminobenzoic acid

Inhibitor structurally resembles substrate and competes for access to the active site. Which kind of inhibition is this?

Competitive reversible

Which of the following is a genetically engineered gene product to get a super mouse from a dwarf mouse?

Somatotropin

.......... is the max number of substrate molecules that can be converted to product by one enzyme molecule per unit time.

Catalytic constant

One of the main reasons why Mendel ended up with consistently well defined frequencies for phenotypes was .............

all the traits he counted were true breeding

Inhibits gene transcription

Repressor

Gene with the potential to induce cancerous transformation

oncogene

Causes prostate cancer

cytomegalovirus

What character does mye gene have to exhibit to act as a regulatory gene?

leucine zipper

hereditary material duplicated

replication

The level of structure in a polypeptide chain resulting from the folding of the helical coil or beta sheet into a geometrical structure known as............

tertiary structure

Base sequence signaling the start of a gene is a ..........

Promotor

The sequence of DNA nucleotides that encodes the amino acids sequence of an enzyme is a .......

gene

It's very difficult to treat a cold because the virus does not cap at the 3' end of the ribosome. Instead ......

the virus uses its own protein as a cap

Which of the following is NOT suspected to initiate cancer in humans?

HDL

Which one of these is NOT a reducing sugar

Sucrose

Some genes control eukaryotic cells operation by ....

processing RNA transcripts

Macular degeneration is a binding genetic disease. Which gene mutation causes this?

CFH gene

Where else would you find DNA besides nucleus?

Mitochondria

Anticodons pair with ......

mRNA codons

In diploid somatic cells that have NOT undergone DNA replication, there is/are ............ copy/copies of each chromosome.

two

Some transcription strands can yield different protein in different organs. This results from how you cut and splice the finished messenger. This phenomenon is known as .......

translational control

In enzymatic reaction, the number of moles of substrate converted per minute by 1 mole of enzyme is called the .........

turnover number

Cancer cells are very efficient. The death of the patient is not caused by the cancer cells but by the following.............

Massive tumor growth interferes with organ function

Which of the following could be considered a dipole?

water

ipo zya. This is an illustration of lac operon. Which nucleotide sequences are responsible for producing the enzymes?

Z, Y, & A

Mutations can take place in any part of a functional gene in your DNA. Where does the mutation take place to cause the disease thalassemia?

TATA box

It's obligatory to use a special type of specimen container in spectrophotometry. What is it called?

Cuvette

The monomers of a polypeptide are?

Amino acids

One species' DNA differs from others in its ...........

base sequence

The codon is found on ..........

messenger RNA

An mRNA molecule is produced by ........

transcription

In the process of the protein synthesis in ribosomes, it goes like this: chain initiation, chain elongation, and chain ..........

termination

What is the phenotype of TATA A/T A?

Thalassemia

In certain instances, some gametes have just one extra or missing chromosomes. The cause of the abnormality is an error called ........

non-disjunction

I asked you to study the plasma membrane of the human erythrocyte. Which one of the following will you find on the membrane surface?

all of the above: carbs, lipids, proteins

Assume that the sense strand of DNA is GCTTACACG. Assume that soon after transcription, no splicing took place. What is the message?

CGAAUGUGC

One of the following is not a double strand DNA, which one is it?

retrovirus

DNA supercoiling induced by unwinding a double helix is called?

negative supercoiling

In addition to genophore, some bacteria contain small rings of DNA, which are very important for the pharmaceutical industry. What are these called?

plasmids

Which one of the following is a coenzyme?

nicotinamide

In alcohol fermentation, yeast provides ........

Alcohol hydrogenase

In the galactose metabolism genetic components GAL4 is a .........

cis element binder

Which one of the following is not characteristic of cancer cells AFTER initiation?

Controlled regulation

When DNA replication begins, ..............

the two DNA strands unwind from each other

.......... is the molecule that carries the amino acids during translation.

tRNA

Given a molecule of sucrose, what type of reaction would break it into its monosaccharide components of fructose and glucose?

hydrolysis reaction

Synapsis and crossing over of homologous chromosomes occur during ..........

Prophase I

The message that comes off a transcription strand contains certain nonessential segments for translation that are split off. What do you call these?

PolyU tail

Regulatory transproteins interact with ...........

all of the above

There is a pandemic of respiratory illness now that started in the far east that has been on the news every day for the past year. What is it?

SARS - Severe acute respiratory syndrome

Name a hereditary disease caused by DNA rearrangement mutation.

Thyroid carcinoma

Which one of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic genome?

Each chromosome is a linear molecule

In the last decade the heaviest concentration in cell biological research in medicine has involved the understanding of ........... ?

cancer

In paper chromatography, the process of movement of dissolved molecules is at different rates, & for a particular system, it is always constant. What is it called?

partition coefficient

If the sequence of an exon is UUU what kind of protein will the cell produce?

homopolymere

The stability of a genetic message as mRNA travels through the endoplasmic reticulum maintained by the ............

polyA tail

Base pairing of nucleotide sequences from different DNA or RNA sources

Nucleic acid hybridization

Which protein was not involved in the electrophoresis experiment?

serum globulin

The reason why HIV attacks only special kinds of cells is because of the ..........

Presence of CD4 receptors on host surface

There is an ongoing clinical test nationwide in the use of interferon for cancer therapy. How does interferon work?

It prevents translation

Mirror image forms of carbon based compounds are called ...........

Stereoisomers

Garrod, then Bradle and Tatum, deduced that the individual heritable mutations they investigated corresponded to ..........

both metabolic disorders and defective enzymes

The transcription segment for calcitonin is found in the DNA of both thyroid and hypothalamus. Post transcriptionally the messenger is tailored to translate either into calcitonin or CGRP. What do you cal this process?

alternate splicing

HIV belongs to a group of viruses called the lentivirus because?

the virus carries its own enzyme, reverse transcriptase

Which of the following will allow for the quickest and most accurate rate of transcription in eukaryotes?

Presence of a TATA box at -30 and CAAT box at -100 base pairs

In prokaryotic but not eukaryotic cells, a ......... precedes the genes of an operon.

Both promoter (B) and operator (C)