Cell Bio Cumulative Final (Part. 1)

Front 1

Selectins

Back 1

A family of integral membrane glycoproteins that recognize and bind to specific arrangements of carbohydrate groups projecting from the surface of other cells.

Front 2

Integral Proteins

Back 2

A membrane associated protein that penetrates or spans the lipid bilayer.

Front 3

IgSF Stands for ______

Back 3

Immunoglobin Superfamily

Front 4

Immunoglobin Superfamily (IgSF)

Back 4

A wide variety of proteins that contain domains of amino acids that are homologous to domains that make up the polypeptide chains of blood-borne antibodies.

Front 5

Selectins

Back 5

Found in leukocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells, mediate non-junctional interactions.

Front 6

Immunoglobulin Domains

Back 6

Members of the IgSF used to mediate calcium independent nonfunctional cell-cell interactions.

Front 7

Cadherins

Back 7

A family of related glycoproteins that mediate Ca2+ dependent cell-cell adhesion and signal transmission from the ECM into the cytoplasm.

Front 8

EMT stands for ______

Back 8

Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition

Front 9

Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition

Back 9

A process in which epithelial cells detach from neighboring cells and migrate, forming mesenchymal stem cells.

Front 10

ECM stands for _____

Back 10

Extracellular Matrix

Front 11

Usher Syndrome

Back 11

A genetic disorder characterized by hearing and vision impairment.

Front 12

Metastasis

Back 12

The spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor to distant sites in the body where a secondary tumor may arise.

Front 13

Zonulae Adherens are also known as _____

Back 13

Adheren's Junction

Front 14

Adheren's Junctions

Back 14

A type of specialized adhesive junction particularly common in epithelia. Cadherin molecules are concentrated in the plasma membranes of this region.

Front 15

Adheren's Junctions

Back 15

Cells in this region are held together by linkages between the extracellular domains of cadherin molecules that bridge the gap between neighboring cells.

Front 16

Adheren's Junctions

Back 16

Occur as a "belt" that encircles each intestinal epithelial cell near its apical surface. Are internally linked to the actin cytoskeleton and mainly provide structural support and continuity.

Front 17

Maculae Adherens are also known as _____

Back 17

Desmosomes

Front 18

Desmosomes

Back 18

Disc shaped, "spot welds," (think bedazzler) are adhesive junctions abundant in tissues subject to mechanical stress- skin epithelium, cardiac muscle, etc.

Front 19

Transmembrane Signaling

Back 19

Transfer of info across the plasma membrane

Front 20

Tight Junctions

Back 20

Specialized contacts (like staples pinching membrane) that occur at the very apical end of the functional complex between cells. The two adjoining membranes are held together by integral membrane proteins.

Front 21

Gap Junctions

Back 21

Sites between animal cells that are specialized for intracellular communication. These "pipelines" are composed of connexons.

Front 22

Plasmodesmata

Back 22

Cytoplasmic channels that connect most plant cells and extend between adjacent cells directly through the cell wall.

Front 23

Three Types of Cell Adhesion

Back 23

Homophilic, heterophilic, and binding through an extracellular linker molecule.

Front 24

Homophilic Adhesion

Back 24

Surface molecules on the interacting cells are alike

Front 25

Heterophilic Adhesion

Back 25

Surface molecules on the interacting cells are different but complementary.

Front 26

VCAM's stand for _______

Back 26

Vascular cell-adhesion molecules

Front 27

Vascular Cell-Adhesion Molecules

Back 27

Important for placental and embryonic circulatory system development AND for mediating neutrophil "rolling" before the invasion.

Front 28

NCAM's stand for ________

Back 28

Neural cell-adhesion molecules

Front 29

NCAM's and L1

Back 29

Both very important to the development of embryonic nervous system, mediating cell-cell interactions and mediating growth cone "creeping" respectively.

Front 30

Catenins

Back 30

Proteins in the cytosol that tether cadherins to the cytoskeleton and transmit info into the cytoplasm.

Front 31

Synaptic Junctions

Back 31

The means by which a growing axon attaches to its target cells, mediated by protocadherins.

Front 32

Protocadherins

Back 32

Members of a unique family of cadherins that contain 6 tandem extracellular domains. These are thought to hold pre- and postsynaptic membranes to facilitate synaptic transmission.

Front 33

Connexons

Back 33

An assembly of six proteins called connexins that form the pore for a gap junction between the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells.

Front 34

Epithelial Tissue

Back 34

Tissue composed of closely packed cells that line spaces within the body

Front 35

Connective Tissue

Back 35

Tissue that consists largely of a variety of distinct fibers that interact with each other in very specific ways

Front 36

Glycocalyx

Back 36

A layer closely applied to the outer surface if the plasma membrane

Front 37

Functions of the Glycocalyx

Back 37

Mediate cell-cell interaction, mediate cell-ECM interactions, provide mechanical protection to the cell, and serve as a barrier

Front 38

Extracellular Matrix

Back 38

An organized network of secreted molecules that provide scaffolding to the cells and tissues it surrounds.

Front 39

Functions of the ECM

Back 39

Determine the 3D structure of cells and tissues, act as a selectively permeable filter, provide physical and chemical cues to cells, and act as a mineral storage.

Front 40

Basement Membrane

Back 40

(=Basal Lamina) A very organized, thickened layer of ECM that surrounds muscle and fat cells, and underlies the basal surface of epithelial cells.

Front 41

Molecules of the ECM

Back 41

Collagen, proteoglycans, fibronectin, and laminins.

Front 42

Collagen

Back 42

A family of fibrous glycoproteins, produced by fibroblasts as well as smooth muscle and epithelial cells. Known for tensile strength.

Front 43

Type IV Collagen

Back 43

Non-fibrillar collagen that forms a lattice structure important for the formation of basement membranes as well as deposition of other ECM materials.

Front 44

Proteoglycans

Back 44

A protein polysaccharide complex, found in basement membranes and cartilage. These molecules are capable of binding huge numbers of cations and consequently form a porous hydrating gel that acts as a compression resistant packing material.

Front 45

GAG's stands for _______

Back 45

Glycosaminoglycans

Front 46

HA is ________

Back 46

Hyaluronic Acid

Front 47

Matrix Metalloproteinases

Back 47

(=MMP's) A family of zinc-containing enzymes that act in the extracellular space to digest various extracellular proteins and proteoglycans.

Front 48

Integrins

Back 48

A super family of integral membrane proteins that bind specifically to extracellular molecules.

Front 49

Fibronectin

Back 49

A high-molecular weight glycoprotein that binds to membrane spanning receptor proteins called integrins.

Front 50

RGB Peptides

Back 50

(Arganine-glycine-aspartic acid) a sequence of three amino acids that binds specifically to integrins.

Front 51

Laminins

Back 51

Family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins that has binding sites for collagen at the ends of its 2 side arms.

Front 52

Integrins mediate _____

Back 52

Binding of cells to the ECM and transmission of signals from the external environment.

Front 53

Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK)

Back 53

A kinase, activated by integrins, involved in cellular adhesion and spreading

Front 54

Focal Adhesions

Back 54

Large macromolecules assemblies through which, mechanical force and regulatory signals are transmitted between the ECM and the cell

Front 55

Hemidesmosomes

Back 55

Specialized adhesive "stud-like" structures attaching cells to underlying basement membrane

Front 56

Cell Wall

Back 56

The homologous ECM structure of plant cells

Front 57

Suberin

Back 57

A wax-like substance whose presence effectively forces water in certain directions.

Front 58

Lignin

Back 58

A complex network of phenolic compounds that makes cell walls rigid

Front 59

Cell Signaling

Back 59

communication in which info is relayed across the plasma membrane to the cell interior, often to the nucleus, by means of a series of cellular interactions.

Front 60

Signal Transduction

Back 60

Type of cell signaling in which a signal of one chemical or physical form is recognized at the cell surface and translated into a signal of a different chemical or physical form inside the cell.

Front 61

Receptor

Back 61

Any substance that can bind to a specific molecule (ligand) often leading to uptake or signal transduction.

Front 62

Ligand

Back 62

Any molecule that can bind to a receptor because of its complementary structure.

Front 63

Effector

Back 63

A substance that lies downstream of signal perception and that brings about an intracellular response

Front 64

Second Messenger

Back 64

A Substance that is released into the interior of a cell as a result of the binding of a first messenger (ligand) to a receptor

Front 65

Signal Amplification

Back 65

The process by which the relatively small scale perception of an external signal becomes a large scale intracellular response.

Front 66

Protein Kinases

Back 66

Phosphorylate other proteins thereby affecting their activity/function

Front 67

Protein Phosphatases

Back 67

Dephosphorylate other proteins thereby affecting their activity/function

Front 68

GTP-binding Proteins (G-proteins)

Back 68

A family of proteins that act as molecular switches inside cells and are involved in transmitting signals from a variety of external stimuli

Front 69

Active G-Proteins

Back 69

G-proteins containing bound GTP

Front 70

Inactive G-Proteins

Back 70

G-proteins containing bound GDP

Front 71

Accessory proteins that aid in the cycling of GTP

Back 71

GTPase Activating Proteins (GAPs), Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs), and Guanine Nucleotide-Dissociation Inhibitors (GDIs)

Front 72

GAPs

Back 72

Shorten the duration of a G-protein mediated response

Front 73

GEFs

Back 73

Bind to an inactive G-protein and stimulate the removal of GTP, therefore stimulating G-protein "turnover"

Front 74

GDIs

Back 74

Inhibit the release of GDP, therefore maintaining the g-protein in an inactive state

Front 75

Adenylyl Cyclase

Back 75

A membrane protein responsible for the synthesis of Cycling AMP (cAMP)

Front 76

Meiosis

Back 76

The process in which chromosome number is reduced so that cells are formed that contain only one member of each pair of homologous chromosomes

Front 77

Independent Assortment

Back 77

One of Mendel's laws that states that by the end of meiosis, the maternal and paternal chromosomes have been shuffled

Front 78

Genetic Recombination

Back 78

Mixing of maternal and paternal alleles that occurs during the first portion of meiosis making the chromosomes passed to offspring not identical to either parent.

Front 79

Stages of Prophase I (in order)

Back 79

Leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis.

Front 80

Leptotene

Back 80

The first stage of prophase I where chromosomes condense and begin to associate with their homologous partner

Front 81

Zygotene

Back 81

The second phase of prophase I where synapsis occurs accompanied by the SC providing a scaffold that facilitated genetic recombination

Front 82

Synapsis

Back 82

The process by which homologous chromosomes become joined to one another during meiosis

Front 83

Synaptonemal Complex (SC)

Back 83

A ladder-like structure composed of three parallel bars with cross fibers that hold homologous pairs of chromosomes in the proper position to allow the continuation of genetic recombination between strands of DNA.

Front 84

Bivalent (Tetrad)

Back 84

The complex formed during meiosis by a pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes

Front 85

Chiasmata

Back 85

Specific points of attachment between homologous chromosomes of bivalents at sites where the genetic exchanges occured

Front 86

Pachytene

Back 86

The third phase of prophase I during which recombination continues and is completely marked by fully formed SC

Front 87

Diplotene

Back 87

The fourth phase of prophase I, SC is dissolved and homologous chromosomes are pulled apart

Front 88

Diakinesis

Back 88

The fifth and final stage of prophase I, mitotic spindles assemble, the nuclear envelope breaks down and bivalents move towards the metaphase plate.

Front 89

Metaphase I

Back 89

Bivalents all line up at the metaphase plate

Front 90

Anaphase I

Back 90

Chromosomes move to the opposite poles

Front 91

Telophase I

Back 91

The last phase of Meiosis I, the nuclear envelope may or may not reform

Front 92

Prophase II

Back 92

The first stage of meiosis II, if the nuclear envelope reforms in telophase I it is now dissolved and chromosomes condense

Front 93

Metaphase II

Back 93

The second stage of meiosis II marked by the lining up of chromosomes

Front 94

Protein kinase Mos

Back 94

Responsible for vertebrate oocyte arrest in metaphase II, which causes arrest by inhibiting cyclin B

Front 95

Anaphase II

Back 95

The third stage of meiosis II, marked by the synchronous splitting of centromeres, allowing the sister chromatids to move towards the opposite poles

Front 96

Telophase II

Back 96

The fourth stage of meiosis II, marked by the enclosure of chromosomes within a nuclear envelope

Front 97

Extracellular Messenger Molecules

Back 97

The means by which cells communicate with one another

Front 98

PKA Meaning

Back 98

Protein Kinase A

Front 99

AKAPs meaning

Back 99

A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins

Front 100

AKAPs are

Back 100

Accessory proteins that bind PKA molecules to certain sites so that they are in close contact with specific substrates