Cell Bio

Front 1

the solution

Back 1

200g

Front 2

22. In oxidative phosphorylation, ATP production is coupled to the events in the electron-transport chain. What is accomplished in the final electron transfer event in the electron-transport chain?

Back 2

O2 is reduced to H2O.

Front 3

23. Stage 2 of photosynthesis, sometimes referred to as the dark reactions, involves the reduction of CO2 to produce organic compounds such as sucrose. What cofactor is the electron donor for carbon fixation?

Back 3

NADPH

Front 4

Name at least three different functions of membrane proteins?

Back 4

transporters
anchors
receptors
enzymes

Front 5

Describe a method to study ion channel activity

Back 5

patch clamp- a tiny electrode is sealed into a patch of cell membrane, thereby making it possible to record the flow of current through individual ion channels in the patch.

Front 6

which process is involved in the nutritional utilization of fatty acids in cells and where does that process occur in animal and plant cells?

Back 6

B- oxidation --> occurs in mitochondria and peroxysomes

Front 7

Describe two major outcomes of the citric acid cycle

Back 7

generates NADH by oxidizing acetyl groups to CO2

Front 8

What is the source of electrons for the mitochondial and chloroplastic electron transport chin?

Back 8

glucose: electron acceptor NAD+

Front 9

What is produced in the light reaction of photosyntheisis

Back 9

light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH

Front 10

which of the following are second messengers

Back 10

Ca+2 IP3 cAMP DAG

Front 11

what are the four major form of intercellular signaling

Back 11

endocrine
paracrine
contact-dependent
neuronal

Front 12

what are the three classes of cell surface receptors

Back 12

enzyme
ion channel
g-protein

Front 13

what is the characteristic for the plus and minus end of actin filaments

Back 13

plus end- usually growth (polymerization)
minus- growth occurs here less often

Front 14

name at least two types of cytoskeletal drugs and how they act

Back 14

taxol- stabalizes microtubule
colchicine - prevents polymerization

Front 15

name and describe proteins associated with cytoskeleton

Back 15

dynein-move things to - end
kinesin-move things to + end
myosin I- transport vessicle
myosin II- contractions

Front 16

what are the elements of the spindle apparatus

Back 16

aster filaments
kinetochore
interpolar filaments

Front 17

which nucleotide has more stable bonds

Back 17

GC
3 h bonds

Front 18

name cell junctions

Back 18

tight junctions
desmosomes
hemidwsmosomes
adherance junctions
gap juntions

Front 19

name proteins of exracellular matrix

Back 19

collagen
elastin
fibronectin

Front 20

what are clathrin, COPI and COPII

Back 20

help in vessicle formation
als determine what kind of vessicle is make

caltrin and adaptin1- glgi to ER

clathrin and adaptin 2- phospholipid to ER

cop-> recycling

Front 21

what is PCR?

Back 21

uses taq, nucleotides, and primers to amplify desired DNA.
95o>dna made single standed

55o > annealinf temp: primers attach

72o > optimum temperature for taq polymerase

after 3ed cycle 2 dna of desired length

Front 22

describe briefly three main chromotographic principles by which proteins can be purified

Back 22

gel filtration- innert matrix with pores
ion exchange- charged matrix

affinity chromotography - innert matrix covalently bound to ligand

Front 23

what is the difference between genomic and cDNA clones

Back 23

cDNA- made from mRNA by suning reverse transcriptase
-contains whole gene with no introns
has polt t tail
good for overexpressing


genomic
-intorns and exons
no gurantee that here in complete

Front 24

name at least four different types of microscopy

Back 24

dark field
diffferential contrast
laser scanning
fluorescence
electron scanning
electron transmission
inverted

Front 25

describe the thee protein import mechanism

Back 25

1. gated = movement through nuclear pore by using nuclear transport protein

2. transmembrane- targetting sequence on protein is ecognzed by trasnporter protein and moved to correct location

vessicle transport= vessicle containing protein is created and moved

Front 26

what is an action potential

Back 26

electrical wave moving across membrane

gradients across membrane cause ion channels to open or close

Front 27

give examples for gated, transmembrane, and vessicle trasnport

Back 27

gated= nuclear pores, nuclear transport protein bind to cargo, goes into nuclear, releases cargo, moves back to cystol

vessicel trsnaport= LDL colesterol is bound by adaptin ; clathrin creates a vessicle, vessicle moves to endosome, gives content to lysosome, empty vesicle fuss with cell membrane

transmembrane - protein has targetting sequence, gets moved to membrane, sequence cleaved off

Front 28

describe briefly the molecular forces that govern interactions between molecules

Back 28

1. wander waal interactions =electrical interactions
2. covalent bond=sharing of electron
3. ionic bond=transfer of electron
4. hydrogen bond= hydrogen bound to another small negatively charged molecule (ONF)

Front 29

what are the three classes of cell surface receptors

Back 29

enzyme
ion channel
g-protein

Front 30

which factors are essential for maintenance of cellular organization?

Back 30

-cell communication
selective cell-cell adhesion
cell memory

Front 31

what are induced pluripotent stem cells

Back 31

-adult cell that was genetically reprogramed to an embryonic stem cell-like state by being force to express genes and factors

Front 32

what are embryonic stem cells?

Back 32

cells obtained from an embryo in blastula phase

pluripotent=can differentiate into any cell

self replicating

Front 33

oncogens?

Back 33

altered gene

act in dominant fashion to make cells cancerous