Cell And Body Tissue Physiology - Ch 1

Front 1

Cell Membrane

Back 1

Biological membrane that separates interior of the cell from the outside environment.

Bilayer of phospholipid molecules with proteins interspersed.

Front 2

Phospholipid Bilayer

Back 2

Prevents passage of molecules into and out of cell.

Has hydrophilic (water loving) head and hydrophobic (water hating) tail.

Self sealing.

Makes cell membrane impermeable to water-soluble molecules.

Front 3

Functions of the Cell Membrane

Back 3

1. Endocytosis

2. Exocytosis

Front 4

Endocytosis

Back 4

Intake of intracellular fluid and small particles;
Means by which many simple organisms obtain nutrients.

3 types:
1. Phagocytosis - ingestion of large particles
2. Pinocytosis - ingestion of small particles and fluids
3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis - large particles, notable proteins

Front 5

Exocytosis

Back 5

Bulk transport of material out of the cell.

Front 6

Factors that decide permeability of cell membrane

Back 6

1. Size of molecules
2. Solubility of lipids
3. Ion electrical charge
4. Carrier integral proteins

Front 7

Passive Transport

Back 7

Ions or molecules move along a concentration gradient, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

1. Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion
3. Osmosis
4. Filtration

Front 8

Diffusion

Back 8

Most common form of passive transport.
Moving from high to low concentration.
Essential for respiration.

Front 9

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 9

Passive transport.
Similar to diffusion, but need facilitator substance.
Glucose is moved by facilitated diffusion.

Front 10

Osmosis

Back 10

Passive transport.
Water travels through selectively permeable membrane so that concentrations of a substance that is water soluble are same on both sides of the membrane.
Osmotic pressure.

Front 11

Filtration

Back 11

Passive transport.
Similar to osmosis.
Pressure is applied to push water and solutes across membrane.
Heart is major source of pressure.
Renal filtration is also an example.

Front 12

Active Transport

Back 12

Ions or molecules move along a concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration by splitting ATP into ADP.

Front 13

ATP

Back 13

Adenosine Triphosphate.
Transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.
One of the end products of cellular respiration.
Potential energy.

Front 14

ADP

Back 14

Adenosine Diphosphate
The product of ATP de-phosphorylation via ATPases to release energy.
Kinetic energy.

Front 15

Cytoplasm

Back 15

Ground substance in which various cellular compounds are found.
Provides support and shape to cell.

Front 16

Role of cytoplasm

Back 16

-Substance in which chemical reactions occur.
-Receives raw material and converts into useable energy.
-Various chemicals packaged for transport.
-Excretion.

Front 17

Nucleus

Back 17

-Brain of the cell.
-Largest structure of cell.
-DNA found in nucleus.
- Muscle tissue has more than one nucleus.
-Eukaryotic cells have nucleus.
-Prokaryotic cells DO NOT have nucleus (bacteria)

Front 18

Nucleolus

Back 18

-Found in nucleus.
-Responsible for production of ribosomes from rRNA.

Front 19

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 19

-Consists of membranes that form channels called cisternae that divide the cytoplasm into compartments.
-Cisternae concerned with transport of materials, mainly proteins.
-Reactions leading to removal of toxic substances.
-Rough & Smooth ER

Front 20

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 20

-Associated with ribosomes
-Synthesis and export of proteins.

Front 21

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 21

-Free of Ribosomes.
-Found in steroid secreting cells.

Front 22

Golgi Apparatus

Back 22

-Concentrating and packaging some of the substances that are made in the cell.
-Plays role in assembly of substances for secretion outside of the cell.
-Proteins for export are synthesized on ribosomes then travel through ER to Golgi vesicles.
-Involved in formation of glycoproteins.

Front 23

Lysosomes

Back 23

-Organelles bound to membrane, contain variety of enzymes.
-Digestion of materials taken up by endocytosis.
-Breakdown of various cellular material; breakdown of lysosomes contributes to rheumatoid arthritis.
-

Front 24

Peroxisomes

Back 24

-Similar to lysosomes, but are smaller and abundant in liver.
-Neutralize free radicals and detox body of harmful substances.

Front 25

Mitochondria

Back 25

-Powerhouse of the cell.
-Has 3 membranes for chemical reactions.
Found concentrated in areas of the cell associated with intense metabolic activity.
-Uses ATP to generate energy

Front 26

Cytoskeleton

Back 26

-Lattice-like collection of fibres and fine tubes in cytoplasm.
-Involved in maintenance of cell's shape.
-3 components

Front 27

3 components of the cytoskeleton

Back 27

1. Microfilaments - rod-like structures consisting of protein called actin, involved in contraction of muscle fibers.
2. Microtubules - consist of protein called tubulin; provides shape and support to cell; provides conducting channels through which substances can move.
3. Intermediate Filaments - help determine shape of cell.

Front 28

Cillia

Back 28

Move fluid or particles over the surface of cells.

Front 29

Flagella

Back 29

Propel cells, ie sperm cells.

Front 30

Four types of tissue

Back 30

1. Epithelial
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscle Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue

Front 31

Epithelial Tissue

Back 31

-Lines and covers ares of the body, ie skin
-Forms glandular tissue of the body, ie sweat glands
-Functions of epithelial cells include secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport and detection of sensation.

Front 32

Epithelial Classifications

Back 32

1. Number of cell layers
-Simple - single layer of cells
-Stratified - two or more layers of cells
2. Shape
-Squamous
-Cuboidal
-Columnar

Front 33

Connective Tissue

Back 33

-Supports, connects, or separates different types of tissues and organs of the body.
-Most widely distributed of all tissue types.

Front 34

4 Types of Connective Tissue

Back 34

1.Bone
2. Cartilage
3. Dense Connective Tissue
4. Loose Connective Tissue

Front 35

Dense Connective Tissue

Back 35

-Forms strong, stringy structures like tendons and ligaments.
-Makes up lower layers of the skin.

Front 36

4 Types of Loose Connective Tissue

Back 36

1. Areolar Tissue
2. Adipose Tissue
3. Reticular Tissue
4. Blood
-contains more cells but fewer fibers.

Front 37

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

Back 37

1. Skeletal Muscle
2. Cardiac Muscle
3. Smooth Muscle

Front 38

Skeletal Muscle

Back 38

-Involved in movement of skeleton
-Can be controlled voluntarily
-Forms bulk of body
-Striated
-More than one nuclei

Front 39

Cardiac Muscle

Back 39

-Only found in heart
-Works involuntarily
-Cells have no nucleus

Front 40

Smooth Muscle

Back 40

-Found in walls of hollow organs (stomach, uterus, etc)
-Works involuntarily
-No striations
-Causes movement in hollow organs
-Causes peristalsis

Front 41

Nervous Tissue

Back 41

-Main type is Neuron
-Total number fixed at birth
-Neurons make up brain, spinal cord, nerves.

Front 42

4 Types of Inflammatory Response

Back 42

1. Pain
2. Swelling
3. Heat
4. Redness

Front 43

Inflammation

Back 43

-Body's immediate response to tissue damage.

Front 44

Mitosis

Back 44

-The process of cells cloning themselves by cell division to replace old or damaged cells.

Front 45

Meiosis

Back 45

-Replication of cells in a fertilized egg.