Ceen 351 Exam 3 Vocabulary List

Front 1

Hydrologic cycle

Back 1

This cycle includes the precipitation of water from clouds, infiltration into the ground or runoff into surface watercourses, followed by evaporation and transpiration of the water back into the atmosphere.

Front 2

Evapotranspiration

Back 2

The total water loss to the atmosphere by both evaporation and transpiration.

Front 3

Transpiration

Back 3

Water lost by plants

Front 4

Percolation

Back 4

When surface water (especially during a precipitation event) seeps into the ground and becomes groundwater.

Front 5

Groundwater

Back 5

Water within Zone of Saturation.

Front 6

Zone of aeration

Back 6

(Vadose zone) surface soil pore spaces contain both air and water.

Front 7

Zone of saturation

Back 7

Below the zone of Saturation, in which the pores are filled with water.

Front 8

Water table

Back 8

The surface of the saturated layer.

Front 9

Aquifer

Back 9

A stratum that contains a substantial amount of groundwater.

Front 10

Unconfined aquifer

Back 10

If a aquifer is underlain by an impervious stratum.

Front 11

Confined aquifer

Back 11

If the stratum containing water is trapped between two impervious layers.

Front 12

Porosity

Back 12

(Volume of voids)/(Total volume)

Front 13

Artesian well

Back 13

A well that is tapped into a confined aquifer under pressure.

Front 14

Specific yield

Back 14

The amount of water that can be extracted from a well.

Front 15

Coefficient of permeability

Back 15

A FUDGE factor, an indirect measure of the ability of a soil sample to transmit water.

Front 16

Permeameter

Back 16

consist of a soil sample through which a fluid is forced through, a Coefficient of permeability is calculated.

Front 17

Cone of depression drawdown

Back 17

a cone shape in the water table to a pump due to an increase velocity, loss of energy, and the energy gradient increasing.

Front 18

Softening

Back 18

removal of hardness

Front 19

Hardness

Back 19

caused by multivalent cations (or minerals) such as calcium, magnesium, and iron that dissolve from soil and rocks (particularly limestone). Causes scale and reduces the effectiveness of soap.

Front 20

Carbonate hardness

Back 20

Equal to the smaller of alkalinity or total hardness.

Front 21

Non Carbonate hardness

Back 21

Equal to the difference between total hardness and carbonate hardness.

Front 22

Coagulation

Back 22

Is the chemical alteration of the colloidal particles to make them stick together to form larger particles called flocs.

Front 23

Flocculation

Back 23

Assists in growth of larger particles in a physical process, stirring the liquid to increase velocity between particles and having them collide more often.

Front 24

Coagulant

Back 24

Chemicals that neutralize charges of particles and aid in making tiny particles sticky.

Front 25

Floc

Back 25

Larger particles made from coagulation.

Front 26

Gravity settling

Back 26

Allows heavier-than-water particles to settle to bottom.

Front 27

Critical settling velocity

Back 27

Overflow rate. The velocity a particle has to make it fall to bottom.

Front 28

Overflow rate

Back 28

fal/day-ft^3. Velocity of a critical particle.

Front 29

Critical particle

Back 29

particles with lower settling velocities are not all removed and particles with higher settling velocities are all removed.

Front 30

Rapid sand filter

Back 30

Fluid is run through a layer of sand, gravel and false floor.

Front 31

Backwash

Back 31

Cleans a Rapid sand filter

Front 32

Filtration rate

Back 32

Is the rate of water applied to the surface area of the filter.

Front 33

CT

Back 33

CT-concept; Adequate disinfection is a balance between the Concentration of the disinfectant © and the contact time (T), and analysis.

Front 34

THM

Back 34

The predominant DBPs are trihalomethanes.

Front 35

DBP

Back 35

disinfection byproducts formed from chlorine reacting with organic matter.

Front 36

Chlorination

Back 36

Treating water with Chlorine.

Front 37

Fluoridation

Back 37

Removal of fluoride removal.

Front 38

Sanitary sewer

Back 38

Large pipes flowing partially full (not under pressure).

Front 39

Storm sewer

Back 39

Sewers designed to capture storm water.

Front 40

Nitrification

Back 40

convert ammonia nitrogen to NO3-, nitrogen removal

Front 41

Denitrification

Back 41

remove nutrient properties of nitrogen, nitrate converted to nitrogen gas. Ammonia to nitrate, reduce nitrogen gas by facultative and anaerobic bacteria

Front 42

Anoxic

Back 42

sludge containing NO3 condition, microorganisms use nitrogen as electron acceptor.

Hint 42

condition, microorganisms use nitrogen as electron acceptor.

Front 43

Phosphorous removal

Back 43

accomplished by chemical or biological means, chemical requires phosphorus be fully oxidized. Chemical used for removal are lime and alum.

Front 44

Luxury uptake

Back 44

of phosphorus followed by removal of cells from liquid stream, removing phosphorus. Cells store phosphorus in cellular material.

Front 45

Natural systems

Back 45

Water systems cleaning water not man made

Front 46

Lagoons

Back 46

Large bodies of water with shallow depth

Front 47

Stabilization ponds

Back 47

consist of shallow man-made basins comprising a single or several series of anaerobic, facultative or maturation ponds. BOD removed. Facultative ponds

Front 48

Surface flow wetlands

Back 48

resemble natural, more common, free water surface, open water. Low permeability material (clay), bottom, avoid groundwater contamination.

Front 49

Subsurface flow wetland

Back 49

vegetated submerged bed, gravel/reed bed, replace septic systems, reduce mosquito and odor problems.

Front 50

Primary solids

Back 50

raw primary sludge, biological and secondary sludge.

Front 51

Sludge stabilization

Back 51

reduce problems associated with 2 of detrimental characteristics: sludge odor, putrescence, pathogenic organisms.

Front 52

Lime stabilization

Back 52

adding lime to sludge, raise pH to about 11 or up. Reduces odor, destroys pathogens, only temporary

Front 53

Aerobic digestion

Back 53

waste activate sludge placed in aeration tanks for long time, concentrated solids allowed to progress well into respiration phase. Net reduction in total and volatile solids.

Front 54

Anaerobic digestion

Back 54

dissolve organisms by extracellular enzymes

Front 55

Acid formers

Back 55

production of organic acids by a large group of anaerobic micro.

Front 56

Methane formers

Back 56

organic acids degraded further by a group of obligate anaerobes.

Front 57

Sludge drying beds

Back 57

dewatering, sand beds, cos-effective, consist tile drains in gravel covered by sand. Sludge dewatered poured on beds.

Front 58

Gravity belt thickner

Back 58

sludge introduced, free water drips through moving belt. Solids retained on surface of belt. Belt moves into dewatering zone.

Front 59

Belt filter

Back 59

operates as both a pressure filter and gravity filter.

Front 60

Centrifuge

Back 60

sludge placed into it, solids settle out by centrifugal force. Scraped out of bowl.

Front 61

Centrate

Back 61

decanted liquid from centrifuge

Front 62

Cake

Back 62

dewatered solids, discharged when belts separate. Solids coming out of centrifuge.

Front 63

Filtrate

Back 63

belt moves into dewatering zone, sludge squeezed between two belts, forced from sludge solids.

Front 64

Dry adiabatic lapse rate

Back 64

imaginary parcel of air rises through the atmosphere it experiences lower and lower pressure so it expands. The rate is the warming or cooling.

Front 65

Troposphere

Back 65

Troposphere: 5 km thick at poles, 18 km at equator. Temperature decreases with altitude. More than 80% of the mass of the atmosphere.

Front 66

Stratosphere

Back 66

Stratosphere: little mixing. Temperature profile inverted. High ozone concentration.

Front 67

Mesosphere

Back 67

Only 0.1% mass of air in layers above stratosphere