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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Work Breakdown Structure |
1.Breakdown of the tasks to beperformed in a specific project 2.Creating the WBS: Decomposeproject into manageable units 3.Range from general/conceptual todetail/components" lvl1:Major Facilities, lvl2:Sub-facilities, lvl3:Work Item, lvl4:Tasks, lvl5:Work Packages, lowest level:Construction Activity |
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Cost Breakdown Structure |
1.Includes allcosts of the project 2.Related tothe WBS 3.Used totrack all project accounting, internally & externally 4.Often summarizedin the project pay applications 5.Coding system |
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Organizational Breakdown Structure |
1. identification &organization of the resources responsible with carrying out activitiesassociated with the project 2. used tokeep track of specific work assignments & resource allocations Project manager -> mech, civil, electrical superintendent -> foremen |
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Gantt Chart |
critical activities, review date, progress info or relationships and resources |
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Excavation: Planning |
Contract requirements: drawings, tech specs, time Legal requirements: OSHA, lisensing, env control process not sequential, but cyclical. |
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Excavation: Mass vs. Structural |
Mass: Moving substantial volume of material, earthwork is primary construction activity, considerable excavation depth or horiz extent or both. Structural: performed to support construction of structural elements, typically confined and vertical, vertical movement and workspace more important than volume |
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Excavation: Graphical Presentation (linear projects: plan, profile, cross section view) (Shallow and deep building foundations: site plan view and details) |
Plan view: presents horizontal alignment features Profile view: cut along the center line Cross section view: cut vertically at right angles to the long axis shallow: just site plan view deep: both site plan and details |
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Excavation: Qunatities rock, and soil (trafficability and loadability) |
rock - blasting soil- trafficability: ability of soil to support weight of vehicles under repeated traffic, usually qualitative, function of soil type and moisture conditions loadability: measure of the difficulty of excavating and loading soils, loose granular soils are highly unloadable, compacted cohesive soils have low loadability |
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Excavation: Equipment (crowd, curl, swing, heaped volume, struck capacity, fill factor) |
crowd: motion that moves the bucket forward. curl: tilting motion of bucket that creates cutting edge force. swing: motion that rotates the excavator's upper frame heaped volume: max volume without spillage based on a specified angle of repose struck capacity: capacity if load is struck off flush with the bucket sides. fill factor: ratio of actual loose volume to rated heaped capacity. |
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Excavation: Equipment (hydraulic excavator attachments) |
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Excavation: Equipment (hydraulic shovels) |
opposite bucket direction than excavator. used for loading shot rock designed for heavy loads crowding: driven by stick cylinder breakout: driven by the bucket cylinder |
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Excavation: Equipment (factors in shovel selection) |
cost per cubic yard of material excavated. -size of job: larger quantity of material may justify the higher costs -mobilization costs: larger shovels may be prohibitive -drilling and blasting cost: large shovels reduce drilling/blasting cost |
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Excavation: Equipment (dozers) |
Moves earth for short haul distances, spreading earth or rock fills, backfilling trenches, clearing floors of quarry pits |
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Excavation: Equipment (loader) |
handles and transport bulk material, load trucks, does not require other equipment to level area, capable of high speeds. manage: stagger start and end times, develop efficient traffic pattern, provide standby units |
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Foundations: superstructure, substructure, foundation |
superstructure: above ground portion substructure: habitable portion of the building below ground foundation: portion of structure that transmits the load of the building to the supporting soil |
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Foundations: soils (cohesive and frictional) |
Cohesive: retain measurable shear resistance in the absence of confining forces Frictional: no shear resistance without a confining force. |
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Foundations: Protecting Excavations (Soldier beams and lagging) |
wide flange sections are driven vertically into the earth at close intervals before digging. as digging proceeds |
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Foundations: Protecting Excavations (Steel sheet piling) (soil mixing) |
vert planks of steel placed tightly against one another, driven into the earth, may be left in place or pulled from soil |
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Foundations: Slurry Wall Process |
1. Concrete guide walls 2. Begin excavation with narrow clamshell 3. Pump in slurry as excavation proceeds 4. Place steel reinforcing cages 5. concrete using a tremie 6. excavation completed & tie-backs installed |
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Foundations: Tiebacks |
Holes are drilled through the slurry wall into a stratum of stable soil. Steel cables are then inserted into the holes. The holes are then grouted around the cables. The cables are then posttensioned and set in the concrete. |
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Foundations: Bracing (crosslot and rakers) |
crosslot bracing: steel pipe or wide-flange beams extending from wall to wall rakers: when excavation is too wide, angled braces are set against heel blocks |
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Foundations: Shallow foundations |
Transfer the load to the earth at the base of the column or wall of the substructure. Often simple concrete spread footings. 3 concrete footings: slab on grade, crawlspace, and basement. |
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Foundations: Deep foundations |
cassions: concrete cylinders poured into drilled holes reach through weaker soil to bear on competent soil socketed caisson: drilled into hard stratum and transfers load primarily through friction at sides. |
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Foundations: Caisson Process |
1. centering 2. start drilling 3. place stand pipe 4. feeding bentonite (expands to prevent cave in) 5. drill to specified depth 6. create bell footing at the base 7&8. check depth and place rebar cage 9. begin placing concrete using temie 10. finish at grade |
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Foundations: up-down construction |
fast track strategy for building with several levels below grade. 1. Slurry wall is constructed 2. Internal steel columns set in concrete footings 3. First floor slab is poured 4. while construction begins above, soil is mined below 5. first lower level mud slab poured 6. workers form and reinforced floor slab, pour and begin process again |
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Concrete: Mix design (portland cement, concrete) |
portland cement: hydraulic cement (not only hardens by reacting with water but also forms a water resistant product) concrete: mix of portland cement, aggregates, and water that is plastic and malleable when newly mixed, and strong and durable when hardened |
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Concrete: Mix design (ingredients and water cement ratio) |
air, water, cement, fine and coarse aggregate highest quality concrete is produced with largest aggregate per given volume of concrete leading indicator of mix quality is comp strength |
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Concrete: Mix design (admixtures: air-entraining, water-reducing, superplasticizers, accelerators, fly ash) |
air-entraining: inc workability, reduce freeze-thaw damage, create light weight thermal insulative concrete water reducing: allows less water with similar workability superplasticizers: transforms stiff concrete mix into free flowing liquid accelerators: cause concrete to cure more rapidly, allows for earlier removal of forms fly ash: by-product from coal fired power plants, inc concrete strength and reduces perm, inc sulfate resist and reduce temp rise |
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Concrete: Mix design (high-strength and tests) |
6000 psi or higher. Max 20,000 psi. Requires strict quality control at each stage. slump tests (measures plasticity) and comp tests |
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Concrete: Cast in place (Slab on grade) |
level surface of concrete that is supported directly by the ground. process: excavation. components: formwork (site constructed wood, prefab wood, al, or steel), compacted base (crushed stone at least 4 inches deep), control joints, moisture barrier, reinforcing (wire fab, reinforced bars, fiberglass) |
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Concrete: Cast in place (concrete walls) |
footings, reinforcing, formwork(rarely constructed from scratch on site. Modular forms), form ties (secure wall forms by tying opposite sides together) |
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Brick Masonry (bed, face, and end) |
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Brick Masonry (solid, frogged, perforated) |
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Brick Masonry (collar, head, bed, and mortar joint) |
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Brick Masonry (Mortar) |
Water+lime+portland cement+sand allows for full bearing btwn masonry units seals btwn units to keep wind and water from penetrating Types: M (high-strength), S (med high), N (med), and O (med low) |
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Brick Masonry (more joints) |
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Concrete Masonry (std, corner, bullnose corner, hald, lintel, plaster) |
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Brick Masonry (bond patterns: running, common, stack..) |
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Brick Masonry (pattern: mortar bed, lead, story pole, line block, line) |
Mortar bed – initial layer ofmortar which bonds the first brick course to the foundation Lead – initial brick courses laidat the corners Story pole – straight-edge markedwith relevant dimensions, often each course height Line block – holds string-line atthe corner of a brick lead Line – taut string extended betweentwo line blocks guiding both horizontal and vertical location of bricks laidbetween the leads |
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Masonry (Spans: bond beams, lintels, and arches) |
Bond beams: continuously reinforced horizontal beam of concrete or masonry designed to provide additional strength and prevent cracking Lintels: short beams of wood, steel, stone, or brick masonry to span openings in masonry walls Arches: masonry arranched over an opening that each unit is in comp |
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Masonry (flashing, ext and int) |
Flashing: cont sheet of impervious material that is used as a barrier against the passage of water External flashing: prevent moisture from penetrating into masonry wall Internal flashing: catches water that has penetrated the masonry wall and directs that water to weep hole drains as the base |
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Masonry (expansion joint, control joint, isolation joint) |
Expansion joint: made slots that can close slightly to accommodate expansion Control joint: made cracks that can open to accommodated shrinkage Isolation joint: placed at junctions btwn masonry and other mats to accommodate differential movement |
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Masonry (Cavity walls) |
Exterior masonry walls must resist water penetration as well as heat transfer. |
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Masonry (hot and cold weather) |
hot: reduced mortar workability, inc moisture absorption, mortar cures quickly cold: mortar will not bond to concrete masonry units, mortar will not cure quick enough to support lift sequence, overall structural strength will be compromised |
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Steel (history) |
steel used for building in US from 1850-1968 |
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Steel (production process) |
1, iron ore+coke+limestone+air combined in blast furnace 2. coke burned, limestone slag with impurities discarded, and molten iron help in liquid state 3. Molten iron tapped at base 4. Molten iron subjected to basic oxygen process to burn off excess carbon and impurities (use basic oxy furnace or electric air furnace) 5. molten steel passed through series of rollers to approx shape of final 6. steel stock can be reheated and rolled into desired shape |
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Steel (wide-flanged shapes) |
most common shape for beams and columns. W10X12 (w: shape design, 10: depth, 12:lbs/ft) |
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Steel (built up members: plate girder) |
bolted or welded often used for railroad bridges |
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Steel (built up members: open web joints) |
K: par 60 ft LH: par or pitched 96 ft DLH: par or pitched 144 ft |
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Steel (built up members: castellated beams) |
higher strength to weight ratio. Open web portion allows for building utils to pass through |
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Steel (riveted connections) |
labor intensive and expensive, dangerous, no longer used |
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Steel (bolted vs welded connections) |
Bolted: requires less skilled worker, erection process quick, performed in any weather, acceptable in tight spaces Welded: connections stronger than material, requires no drilled holes in structure, simpler than bolted connections to achieve similar strength |
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Steel (process: structural eng, fabricator, erector) |
structural: draws structural sheets apart for bid drawings fabricator: prepares shop drawings, fab all steel erector: stages delivered steel on lay down area, complete all connections |
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Steel (fireproofing) |
fire protection which delays structural failure long enough for occupants to evac. 1. masonry and concrete (adds sig loads) 2. plaster and gypsum (labor intensive) 3. spray-on coatings (fragile ugly) 4. intumescent mastics and paints |
