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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ANALGESIC
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MILD PAIN RELIEVING DRUG
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ANESTHETIC
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a strong painkilling drug that blocks sensation
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ANOXIA
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inadequate oxygen supply
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APGAR SCALE
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a rating used to assess the newborn baby's physical condition immediately after birth
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BONDING
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parents' feelings of affection and concern for the newborn baby
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BREECH POSITON
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a position of the baby in the uterus that would cause the buttocks or feet to be delivered first
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CEREBRAL PALSY
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a general tern for a variety of problems, all of which involve muscle coordination, that result from brain damage before, during, or just after birth
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CESAREAN DELIVERY
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a surgical delivery in which the doctor makes a incision in the mother's abdomen and lifts the baby out of the uterus
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DILATION AND EFFACEMENT OF CERVIX
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widening and thinning of the cervix during the first stage of labor
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FETAL MONITORS
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electronic instruments that track the baby's heart rate during labor
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FORCEPS
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metal clamps placed around a baby's head and used to pull the infant from the birth canal
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INDUCED LABOR
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a labor started artificially by breaking the amnion and giving the mother a hormone that stimulates contractions
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INFANT MORTALITY
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the number of deaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births
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NATURAL, OR PREPARED CHILDBIRTH
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an approach designed to reduce pain and medical intervention and to make childbirth a rewarding experience for parents
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NEONATAL BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT SCALE
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a test developed to assess the behavior of the infant during the newborn period
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NEONATAL MORTALITY
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the number of deaths in the first month of life per 1,000 live births
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NREM
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a "regular" sleep state in which the body is quiet and heart rate, breathing, and brain-wave activity are slow and regular. Distinguished from rapid-eye-movement sleep
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POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
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feelings of sadness and withdrawal that appear shortly after childbirth and that continue for weeks or months
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PRETERM INFANT
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infants born several weeks or more before their due date. Although they are small in size, their weight may still be appropriate for the time they spent in the uterus
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REM SLEEP
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An "irregular" sleep state in which brain-wave activity is similar to that of the waking state; eyes dart beneath the lids; heart rate, blood pressure, & breathing are uneven; & slight body movements occur.
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REFLEX
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an inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation
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RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
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a disorder of preterm infants in which the lungs are so immature that the air sacs collapse, causing serious breathing difficulties. Also known as hyaline membrane disease.
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ROOMING IN
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an arrangement in which the newborn baby stays in the mother's hospital room all or most of the time
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SMALL-FOR-DATE INFANT
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infants whose birth weight is below normal when length of pregnancy is taken into account
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STATES OF AROUSAL
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different degrees of sleep and wakefulness
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SIDS
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unexpected death, usually during the night, of an infant younger than 1 year of age that remains unexplained after thorough investigation
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TRANSITION
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climax of the first stage of labor, in which the frequency and strength of contractions are at their peak and the cervix opens completely
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VACUUM EXTRACTOR
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a plastic cup attached to a suction tube, used to help deliver a baby
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VISUAL ACUITY
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fineness of visual discrimination
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AFFORDANCES
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the action possibilities that a situation offers an organism with certain motor capabilities. Discovering affordances plays a major role in perceptual differentiation.
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BRAIN PLASTICITY
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the ability of other parts of the brain to take over functions of damaged regions. Declines as hemispheres of the cerebral cortex lateralize.
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CEPHALOCAUDAL TRENT
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an organized pattern of physical growth and motor control that proceeds from head to tail
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CEREBRAL CORTEX
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the largest, most complex structure of the human brain, and the one responsible for the highly developed intelligence of the human species.
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
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a form of learning that involves associating a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response
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CONDITIONED RESPONSE
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in classical conditioning, an originally reflexive response that is produced by a conditioned stimulus (CS)
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CONDITIONED STIMULUS
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in classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus that, through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), leads to a new response (CR)
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CONTRAST SENSITIVITY
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a general principle accounting for early pattern preferences, which states that if babies can detect a difference in contrast between two or more patterns, they will prefer the one with more contrast
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DIFFERENTIATION THEORY
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the view that perceptual development involves the detection of increasingly fine-grained, invariant features in the environment
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DYNAMIC SYSTEMS THEORY OF MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
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a theory that views new motor skills as reorganization of previously mastered skills that lead to more effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment. Each new skill is a product of central nervous system development, movement possibilities of the body, the goal the child has in mind, and environmental support for the skill.
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EPIPHYSES
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growth centers in the bones where new cartilage cells are produced and gradually harden
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EXPERIENCE-DEPENDENT BRAIN GROWTH
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new growth and refinement of brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures.
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EXPERIENCE-EXPECTANT BRAIN GROWTH
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the young brain's rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences, opportunities to see and touch objects, to hear language and other sounds, and to move about and explore the environment
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FONTANELS
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six soft spots that separate the bones of the skill at birth
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GLIAL CELLS
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cells that are responsible for myelination
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HABITUATION
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a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation
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IMITATION
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learning by copying the behavior of another person. Also called modeling
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INTERMODAL PERCEPTION
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perception that combines stimulation from more than one sensory system at a time
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INVARIANT FEATURES
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in differentiation theory of perceptual development, features that remain stable in a constantly changing perceptual world
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KWASHIORKOR
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a disease that is caused by a diet low in protein and that usually appears after weaning, between 1 and 3 years of age. Symptoms include an enlarged belly, swollen feet, hair loss, skin rash, and irritable, listless behavior.
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LATERALIZATION
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specialization of functions in the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
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MARASMUS
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a disease usually appearing in the first year of life that is caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients. Leads to a wasted condition of the body.
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MYELINATION
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a process in which neural fibers are coated with an insulating fatty sheath (myelin) that improves the efficiency of message transfer
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NEURONS
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nerve cells that store and transmit information
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NONORGANIC FAILURE TO THRIVE
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a growth disorder usually present by 18 months of age that is caused by lack of affection and stimulation
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OPERANT CONDITIONING
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a form of learning in which a spontaneous behavior is followed by a stimulus that changes the probability that the behavior will occur again
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PINCER GRASP
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the well-coordinated grasp emerging at the end of the first year, involving thumb and forefinger opposition
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PREREACHING
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the poorly coordinated, primitive reaching movements of newborn babies
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PROXIMODISTAL TRENT
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an organized pattern of physical growth and motor control that proceeds from the center of the body outward
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PUNISHMENT
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in operant conditioning, a stimulus that decreases the occurrence of a response
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RECOVERY
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an increased responsiveness to a new stimulus
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REINFORCER
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in operant conditioning, a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response
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SHAPE CONSTANCY
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perception of an object's shape as the same, despite changes in the shape projected on the retina
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SIZE CONSTANCY
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perception of an object's size as the same, despite changes in the size of its retinal image
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SKELETAL AGE
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an estimate of physical maturity based on development of the bones of the body
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SYNAPSES
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the gaps between neurons, across which chemical messages are sent
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SYNAPTIC PRUNING
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loss of connective fibers by seldom-stimulated neurons, thereby returning them to an uncommitted state so they can support the development of future skills.
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ULNAR GRASP
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the clumsy grasp of the young infant, in which the fingers close against the palm
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UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE
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in classical conditioning, a reflexive response that is produced by an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
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UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
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in classical conditioning, a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response
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A-NOT-B SEARCH ERROR
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the error made by 8-12 month-olds after an object is moved from hiding place A to hiding place B. Infants in Piaget's Substage 4 search for it only in the first hiding pace A
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ACCOMMODATION
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that part of adaptation in which new schemes are created and old ones adjusted to produce a better fit with the environment
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ADAPTATION
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in Piaget's theory, the process of building schemes through direct interaction with the environment. Made up of two complementary processes; assimilation and accommodation
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ASSIMILATION
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that part of adaptation in which the external world is interpreted in terms of current schemes
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AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY
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representations of special, one-time events that are long-lasting because they are ibued with personal meaning
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BABBLING
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repetition of consonant-vowel combinations in long strings, beginning around 4 months of age
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BROCA'S AREA
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a language structure located in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex that controls language production
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CENTRAL EXECUTIVE
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in information processing, the conscious part of working memory that directs the flow of information through the mental system by deciding what to attend to, coordinating incoming information with information already in the system, and selecting, applying, and monitoring strategies.
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CHILD-DIRECTED SPEECH (CDS)
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a form of language adults use to speak to young children that consists of short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation, distinct pauses between speech segments, and repetition of new words in a variety of contexts.
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CIRCULAR REACTION
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in Piaget's theory, a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat a chance of event caused by their own motor activity
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COMPREHENSION
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in language development, the words and word combinations that children understand
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COOING
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pleasant vowel-like noises made by infants, beginning around 2 months of age
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CORE KNOWLEDGE PERSPECTIVE
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a perspective that states that infants are born with a set of innate knowledge systems, or core domains of thought, each of which permits a ready grasp of new, related information and therefore supports early, rapid development of certain aspects of cognition
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DEFERRED IMITATION
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the ability to remember and copy the behavior of models who are not present
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DEVELOPMENTAL QUOTIENT (DQ)
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a score on an infant intelligence test, based primarily on perceptual and motor responses. Computed in the same manner as an IQ
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DEVELOPMENTALLY APPROPRIATE PRACTICE
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standards devised by the National Association for the Education of Young Children that specify program characteristics that meet the developmental and individual needs of young children of varying ages, based on both current research and the consensus of experts
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EXPRESSIVE STYLE
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a style of early language learning in which toddlers use language mainly to talk about the feelings and needs of themselves and other people. Initial vocabulary emphasizes social formulas and pronouns.
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FUNCTIONAL PLAY
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a type of play involving pleasurable motor activity with or without objects. Enables infants and toddlers to practice sensorimotor schemes.
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HOME OBSERVATION FOR MEASUREMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT (HOME)
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a checklist for gathering information about the quality of children's home lives through observation and parental interview
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INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ)
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a score that reflects an individual's performance on an intelligence test compared with the performances of other individuals of the same age
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INTENTIONAL OR GOAL-DIRECTED BEHAVIOR
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a sequence of actions in which schemes are deliberately combined to solve a problem
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JOINT ATTENTION
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a state in which the child and the caregiver attend to the same object or event and the caregiver offers verbal information
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LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE (LAD)
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in Chomsky's theory, a biologically based innate sytstem for picking up language that permits children, no matter which language they hear, to speak in a rule-oriented fashion as soon as they have learned enough words.
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LONG-TERM MEMORY
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the part of the mental system that contains our permanent knowledge base
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MAKE-BELIEVE PLAY
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a type of play in which children pretend, acting out everyday and imaginary activities
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MENTAL REPRESENTATION
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internal depictions of information that the mind can manipulate
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METAL STRATEGIES
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procedures that operate on and transform information, thereby increasing the efficiency and flexibility of thinking and the chances that information will be retained
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OBJECT PERMANENCE
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the understanding that objects continue to exist when they are out of sight
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ORGANIZATION
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in Piaget's theory, the internal rearrangement and linking together of schemes so that they form a strongly interconnected cognitive system
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OVEREXTENSION
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an early vocabulary error in which a word is applied too broadly-that is, to a wider collection of objects and events than is appropriate
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PRODUCTION
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the words and word combinations that children use in language development
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RECALL
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they type of memory that involves remembering something in the absense of perceptual support
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RECOGNITION
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the simplest form of memory, which involves noticing whether a new experience is identical or similar to a previous one
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REFERENTIAL STYLE
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a style of early language learning in which toddlers use language mainly to label objects
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SCHEME
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In Piaget's theory, a specific structure, or organized way of making sense of experience, that changes with age
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SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
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Piaget's first stage, during which infants and toddlers think with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment. Spans the first 2 years of life.
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SENSORY REGISTER
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That part of the mental system in which sights and sounds are represented directly and stored briefly before they decay or are transferred to working, or short-term, memory
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TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH
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Toddlers' two-word utterances that, like a telegram, leave out smaller and less important words
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UNDEREXTENSION
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an early vocabulary error in which a word is applied too narrowly, to a smaller number of objects and events than is appropriate
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VIOLATION-OF-EXPECTATION METHOD
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a method in which researches habituate infants to a physical event and them determine whether they recover responsiveness to a possible event or an impossible event. Recovery to the impossible event suggest awareness of that aspect of physical reality
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WERNICKE'S AREA
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a language structure located in the temporal lobe of the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for interpreting langage
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WORKING OR SHORT-TERM MEMORY
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the part of the mental system where we actively work on a limited amount of information, applying mental strategies to ensure that it will be retained
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ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
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in Vygotsky's theory, a range of tasks that the child cannot yet handle alone but can accomplish with the help of more skilled partners
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