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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Virulence (definition)
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Measure of pathogenicity of an organism.
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Basal Body
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Protein that anchors a flagellum to the inner and outer membranes of a bacteria.
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Chemotaxis
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Cellular movement in direction of increasing chemical attractant gradient
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Polar bacteria...
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... have only one flagellum at a specific end of the cell.
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Peritrichous flagella...
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... are flagella that are located all around the body of the cell (AKA non-polar).
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What is another name for pili, and what are they?
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"Fimbriae"
Straight filaments that jut out from a bacteria's body. |
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What is the function of pili?
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They serve as "adhesins"
They allow the bacteria to bind to cellular structures... without these.. bacteria lose their virulence. |
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What is the structure and function of bacterial capsules?
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Simple sugar residues ("Bacillus Anthracis" is unique b/c it has an AA residue capsule)
Capsules discourage phagocytosis of the bacteria by immune cells. |
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Name two special tests that allow doctors to visualize capsules under the microscope.
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India Ink Stain
Quellung Reaction |
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What does the Quellung Reaction do, and how is it performed?
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It is a special test for bacterial capsules.
It is performed by applying capsule-binding antibodies to bacteria... which causes them to swell (which is then visualized under a microscope) |
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What does the "India Ink Stain" do and how?
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The stain allows visualization of bacterial capsules.
India ink does NOT stain the capsule but does stain the cell. Microscopically, the cell can be visualized as a cell with a halo around it. |
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What is one way the immune system can manage to phagocytose encapsulated bacteria?
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By opsonization of bacteria with antibodies.
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Name all the bacteria that form endospores.
Are they gram negative or positive? |
Bacillus
Clostridium Gram Positive |
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What are the 5 layers of an endospore? (From inside to outside)
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Inner Cell Membrane (surrounds DNA)
Thick Peptidoglycan Layer 2nd Cell Membrane Keratin-like wall Outer Exosporium Layer |
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Name the 7 facultative intracellular bacteria.
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Listeria Monocytogenes
Salmonella Typhi Yersinia Francisella Tularensis Brucella Legionella Mycobacterium |
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What are 5 types of exotoxins?
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Neurotoxins
Enterotoxins Pyrogenic exotoxins Tissue Invasive exotoxins Miscellaneous exotoxins |
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What are the two types of enterotoxins?
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Infectious Diarrhea (ex. vibrio cholera, E. coli, shigella dysenteriae)
Food Poisoning (bacillus cereus, staph. aureus) |
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What are the two subunits of exotoxins?
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B (for "Binding")
A (for "Action') |
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What is endotoxin and how is it released?
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Lipid A (part of LPS)
It either sheds off as the bacteria moves or is released in large amounts as the bacteria is lysed |
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Name the two most important endogenous mediators of septic shock.
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TNF (causes hypotension, cachexia, triggers release of IL-1)
IL-1 (released by macrophages adn endothelial cells, triggers release of other cytokines and prostaglandins) |