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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define: Parens Patriae
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The state as parent; the state as guardian and protector of all citizens(such as juveniles) who cannot protect themselves
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Define: Delinquent
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A child who has committed an act that if committed by an adult would be criminal
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Define: Status Offender
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Any act committed by a juvenile that is considered unacceptable for a child, such as truancy or running away from home, but that would not be a crime if it were committed by an adult
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Define: Neglected Child
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A child who is not receiving proper care, because of some action or inaction of his or her parents
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Define: Dependent Child
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A child who has no parent or guardian or whose parent cannot give proper care
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Define: Diversion
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The process of screening children out of the juvenile justice system without a decision by the court
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Define: Presumptive Sentence
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A sentence for which the legislature or a commission sets a minimum and maximum range of months or years. Judges are to fix the length of the sentence within that range, allowing for special circumstances
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Define: Shock Probation
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A sentence in which the offender is released after a short incarceration and resentenced to probation
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What does the text say about the "Age of Enlightenment"?
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*The period when philosophers & reformers challenged tradition with new ides about the individual, about limitations on gov't, and about rationalism.
*Affect the the new nation's views on law and criminal justice *Reformers began to raise questions about the nature of criminal behavior and the methods of punishment *Gradually, "modern" penal systems emerged that emphasized fitting the punishment to the individual offender *New Goal: to not inflict pain on the offender's body (corporal punishment) but to change the individual and set him or her on the right path. |
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What are the five principles of the Pennsylvania system?
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1)Prisoners are not treated vengefully but should be convinced that through hard and selective forms of suffering they could change their lives.
2)Solitary confinement would prevent further corruption inside prison 3)In isolation, offenders would reflect on their transgressions and repent 4)Solitary confinement would be punishment because humans are by nature social animals 5)Solitary confinement would be economial b/c prisoners wouldn't need a long time to repent, ans so fewer keepers would be needed and the cost of clothing would be lower |
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Describe the main differences between the Pennsylvania(Peitentiary) and Auburn (Silent Congrate) Systems.
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*Pennsylvania(Pen.): Criminals could best be reformed if there were placed in penitentiaries - isolated from one another and from society to consider their crimes, repent, and reform. (Seperate Confinement)
*Auburn (Silent Congregate)System: (in New York) prisoners were held in isolation at night but worked with other prisoners in shops during the day. Working under rule of silence, they were forbidden to exchange glances while on the job or at meals. |
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What is the Rehabilitation Model?
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A model of corrections that emphasizes the need to restore a convicted offender to a constructive place in society through some form of vocational or education training or therapy
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What is the Medical Model?
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A model of corrections based on assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological or psychological conditions that require treatment.
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What are Community Corrections?
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A model of corrections based on the goal of reintegrating the offender into the community.
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What is the Crime Control Model Of Corrections?
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A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision.
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What three principles guided female prison reform?
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1)the separation of female prisoners from men
2) the provision of care in keeping with the needs of women 3)the management of women's prisons by female staff "Operated by and for women" |
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What is reformatory?
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An institution for young offenders that emphasizes training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole
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What is a mark system?
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A point system in which prisoners can reduce their term of imprisonment and gain release by earning "marks" or points through labor, good behavior, and educational achievement.
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What is a lease system?
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A system under which inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor
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What is the difference between prisons & jails?
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Prison: an institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felonies.
Jail: An institution authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48hours. |
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What is the central goal of the community corrections?
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To keep offenders in the community by building ties to family, employment, and other normal sources of stability and success.
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What are the 4 factors in support of community corrections?
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1)Many offenders' criminal records and current offenses are not serious enough to warrant incarceration
2)Community supervision is cheaper than incarceration 3)Rates of recidivism, or returning to crime, for those under community supervision are no higher than for those who go to prison. 4)Ex-inmates require both support and supervision as they try to remake their lives in the community |
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Which branch of goverment does the administration of state prisons fall under?
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The executive branch
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How are state prisons classified?
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They are classified by security: Maximum, Medium & Minimum.
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Describe Maximum Security in State Prisons.
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*Fortress surrouned by stone walls w/guard towers -to prevent escape
*Inmates: live in cells that include plumbing & sanitary facilities *Purpose:Custody & discipline |
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Describe Medium Security in State Prisons.
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*Externally similar to maximum security/organized different
*Inmates: more privelages and contact w/outside... *Emphasis: work & rehabilitative programs |
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Describe Minimum Security in State Prisons.
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*Lacks guard towers and stone walls; chain link fences suround buildings
*Inmates: live in dorms/small private rooms rather then in barred cells; more personal freedom:t.v., choose their own clothes, may move about casually within building *Rely on: rehabilitation programs & offers opportunities for education & work release; also provide reintegration programs and support to inmates preparing for release |
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Who typically operates jails?
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In most states the county government runs the jails.
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Who does the jail population consist of?
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*Pretrial Detainees & sentenced misdemeanants/also serve as holding facility for social misfits (junkies, prostitutes, the mentally ill, and disturbers of public order
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According to "The Results of American Incarceration" article, Does any other country have more people locked up than the USA? What country comes closest?
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*NO
*Russia & South Africa |
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According to "The Results of American Incarceration" article, What is the reason for increased prison populations.
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Longer Sentences
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What was the main purpose of the Gault decision?
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To extend due process rights to juveniles.
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According to the article, "Do we need the Death Penalty", what did the author say concerning the “error rate” in sentencing people to death?
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the Error rate is 35%
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According to the article, "Do we need the Death Penalty", what various groups of offenders mentioned, who are sentenced to death, which of these groups are sentenced to death more or less frequently?
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Minorities, people who are poor and can't afford attornies.
People of color are sentenced to death more frequently. |
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According to the article, "Do we need the Death Penalty", why do those who support the death penalty maintain why it should be pronounced?
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They feel that it is the only punishment that is justifiable for the murder of an innocent person.
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According to the article, "Do we need the Death Penalty", Which governor did the author identify as vetoing a bill passed by the legislature abolishing the death penalty?
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*Republican George Ryan Governor of Illinois
*Democrat Parris Glendening in Maryland |
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Define: waiver
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Procedure by which the juvenile court relinquishes its jursidiction and transfers a juvenile case to the adult criminal court.
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What are the jurisdictional criteria for the juvenile court?
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The age of the juvenile, usually under 16 or 18, and the type of case: delinquency status offense, neglect or dependency.
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According to the article, "Reforming Juvenile Justice", what has resulted in most reforms in our juvenile justice system?
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The supreme court decision in re gault
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According to the article, "Reforming Juvenile Justice", Where in the USA was the first Children’s Court established?
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Illinois & Colorado 1899
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According to the article, "Reforming Juvenile Justice", Who among adults and juveniles has the higher recidivism rate?
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adults
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According to the article, "Reforming Juvenile Justice", The Gault ruling was a landmark case. What was Gault convicted of?
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Making an obscene phone call.
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What is the youngest age a juvenile can be waived to adult court in the United States?
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14 years old
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