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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The most common form of community corrections |
Probation |
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General conditions of probation |
Apply to all probationers in a given jurisdiction |
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Specific conditions of probation |
Mandated by the judge who feels that the probationer needs additional guidance or control |
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Aspects of the federal probation system |
-Known as the US probation and pretrial services system -Vigorous campaign by the national probation association, congress passed the Nation Probation act in 1925 -Federal probation and pretrial services officers are federal law enforcement officers (authority to arrest or detain individuals with violations of the conditions of their probation) |
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What is parole? |
The status of a convicted offender who has been conditionally released from prison by a paroling authority before the expiration of his or her sentence. |
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How does the corrections system make decisions about parole? |
Parole board decides or statutory decrees (mandatory release) |
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Prisoner Reentry |
The managed return of prisoners to a community |
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How has parole changed over time? |
Both the number of parolees and the rate of parole have increased significantly |
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Advantages of probation and parole |
-lower costs -increased employment -restitution -community support -reduced risk of criminal socialization -increased use of community services -increased opportunity for rehabilitation
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Disadvantages of probation |
-relative lack of punishment -increased risk to the community -increased social costs
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Probation or parole officers |
4 primary duties -PSIs -intake procedures -diagnosis and needs assessment -Client Supervision Challenges -Balancing conflicting duties -(social work v. corrections) -large caseloads |
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Intermediate Sanctions |
Involves: -split sentencing -shock probation or parole -shock incarceration -mixed sentencing
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split sentencing |
period of confinement followed by a period of probation
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Shock probation or parole |
short period of time in custody and is released to probation |
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shock incarceration |
sentencing option that makes use of "boot-camp" type prisons |
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mixed sentencing |
sentence that requires offender to serve weekends in confinement |
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Known trends about US prison populations |
-Over 1.6 million people in prison -US has the highest rate of imprisonment -Although crime rate has dropped, imprisonment increases |
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Is the US rehabilitative or punitive in nature? |
historical goals were based in rehabilitation but today they are focused on punitive nature (retribution) |
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Just desserts |
Emphasizes: -individual responsibility -punishment of offenders
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Goals of punishment |
-rehabilitation -retribution -deterrence -incapacitation -restoration R.R.I.D.R. |
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What factors contributed to mass incarceration? |
-get-tough-on-crime era -war on drugs -mandatory sentencing -changes in parole release decisions -elimination of "good-time" -truth in sentencing -three strikes legislation |
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Prison Capacities |
Rated capacities - refers to size of inmate pop. that a facility can handle according to the judgement of experts Operational capacities - # of inmates that a facility can effectively accommodate based on an appraisal of the institutions staff, programs, and services Design Capacity - refers to the inmate population that the institution was originally built to handle |
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Strategies for reducing prison populations |
Selective incapacitation |
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Characteristics of US prisoners |
-male -uneducated -illiterates -drug users -poor work histories -mental health issues -large racial disparities -strained family ties -lacking the basic skills to succeed |
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Types of prisons |
-maximum security -medium security -minimum security -women's prisons -juvenile detention centers |
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Differences in correctional facilities |
Jail - stay less than a year Prison - more serious, stay more than a year Private Prisons - intended to reduce overcrowding, lower operating expenses, and avoid lawsuits |
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Prison subculture |
Prisionization -prisoners learn convict roles, attitudes, roles, and language [don't interfere with/rat on other prisoners, don't "loose your cool", have integrity, don't complain ("be a man"), don't trust the guards] |
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Prison argots |
prison vocabulary |
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Differences in gender |
Female inmates differ to males in: -personal life histories & pathways to crime -primary caregivers to children -more likely to have been victimized -have more physical & emotional needs |
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How are prison subcultures developed? |
Deprivation Model(Pains of imprisonment) -liberty -goods&services -heterosexual relationships -autonomy -personal security Importation Model -bringing attitudes, roles, & behaviors into prison Other factors -prisoner-staff dichotomy -diff. types of prisoners -work gangs&cell-house groups -racial groups -type of offense -power of inmate politicians -degree of sexual abnormality -record of repeat offenses -personality differences |
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Different types of inmates |
Male -the mean dude -the hedonist -the opportunist -the retreatist -the legalist -the radical -the colonizer -the religious -the gangbanger -the realist Female -square -cool -life -crack kids
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How does prison subculture influence sexuality within prison? |
Syke's early study of prison argot found many words describing sexual activity, and quite a few of them related to homosexuality - Wolf-men who assume masculine role in relationships Punk-forced into submitting into the female role Fag-men who are gay and have effeminate mannerisms |
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Female inmates |
-tend to develop "pseudofamilies" -tied to roles that women normally assume in free society |
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Challenges facing parents who are in prison |
-most women were primary caregivers prior to sentence- they have to figure out what to do with the child -the effects of prison on children |
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How do prisons meet gender differences in prison? |
Prison was created by men for men so suggestions are: -creating system with structure designed for women -policies & practices should target women's specific pathways to criminality -sanctions should reflect women's risk to society -consideration of women's family role |
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Do prison staff also develop subcultures? |
Yes, like prisoners, corrections officers undergo a socialization process that helps them function by the official and unofficial rules of staff society. -rookie officers quickly had to abandon preconceptions of both inmates and other staff.
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Why do prison riots occur? |
-neglect of inmate demands -previous inmate lifestyles -prison conditions -regulation of inmate society -changes in power structure
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Security Threat Groups |
An inmate group, gang, or organization, whose members act together to pose a threat to the safety of corrections staff or to the public, who pray on other inmates, or who threaten the secure and orderly operation of a correctional institute |
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What did Pell v. Procunier establish? |
Inmates retain First amendment rights that are not inconsistent with their status as prisoners or the with the legitimate penological objectives of the corrections system (Prisoners have rights as long as they're not threatening the prison) |
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What did the prison Litigation Reform Act establish? |
Limits to prisoners' right to sue. |
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Challenges to the prison system |
-AIDS/HIV infection -Increasing geriatric population -Mental illnesses -Terrorism |
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What is a status offense? |
An act or conduct that is declared by statute to be an offense, but only when committed or engaged in by a juvenile, and that can be adjudicated only by a juvenile court |
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What did Miller v. Alabama establish? |
A mandatory sentence of life without parole for the crime of murder committed by a juvenile violates the eighth amendment's prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment |
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What does parens patraie mean? |
A common law principle that allows the state to assume a parental role and to take custody of a child when he or she becomes delinquent, is abandoned, or is in need of care that the natural parents are unable or unwilling to provide. |
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How do juvenile adjudicatory hearings differ from adult hearings? |
The juvenile system is different from the adult system by: -reduced concern with legal issues of guilt or innocence and an emphasis on the child's best interests -emphasis on treatment rather than on punishment -privacy and protection from public scrutiny -use of social science in dispositional decision making rather than sentences based on need for punishment -no long-term confinement -separate facilities for juveniles -broad discretionary alternatives at all points in the process |
