Cbt: Physical Science

Front 1

Compare the acidity of HCl and HF based on the electronegative and atomic size of fluorine compare to chlorine?

Back 1

HCl is more acidic because fluorine is a smaller atom than chlorine. This higher acidity is not related to electronegativity because fluorine is actually more electronegative than chlorine.

Front 2

What pH is required to consider something a strong base?

Back 2

pH greater than or equal to 13.

Front 3

Poiseuille's law

Back 3

As the pressure difference across a pipe decreases so does the volume flow rate.

Front 4

Continuity Equation: Definition

Back 4

The continuity equation says that as the amount of fluid flowing into a narrow and wide region are the same. Therefore, for the volume flow rate to be conserved, as the cross sectional area of a pipe decreases the velocity of the liquid must increase.

Front 5

Bernoulli's Principle

Back 5

As the average speed of a fluid increase the pressure the fluid exerts against the walls decreases. This is attributed to less collisions with walls of the tube.

Front 6

In a graph of fraction of molecules at a certain kinetic energy vs. kinetic energy, what is the area under the graph?

Back 6

The area under the graph represents the total number molecules, and this would not change with increasing temperature.

Front 7

Is the favorability of a reaction related to its kinetics or thermodynamics? How the actions of a catalyst?

Back 7

The favorability of a reaction is related to the relationship between the products and reactants, so it's based on thermodynamics. In contrast, the actions of a catalyst are related lower the energy of the transition state.

Front 8

If a oxidation reaction is favorable, would it have a positive or negative voltage for oxidation (or its oxidation potential)? What about it reduction potential?

Back 8

It would have positive oxidation potential and a negative reduction potential. The reactant is easily oxidized or loses electrons.

Front 9

Conduction

Back 9

The transfer of kinetic energy through direct contact with a solid.

Front 10

Convection

Back 10

The transfer of kinetic energy through fluid medium whose individual molecules are capable of translational motion.

Front 11

Radiation

Back 11

Transfer of electromagnetic energy in the form of waves or particles.

Front 12

When is the acceleration on a pendulum the greatest?

Back 12

When the force of gravity on the pendulum is the greatest, which is when it's farthest from the ground.

Front 13

If the velocity of an ion slows down as move into a magnetic field, how does this impact the radius? What is the formula that shows this relationship?

Back 13

As the ion slows down, the force decreases, and the radius of the path becomes smaller.

The formula that shows this relationship: r = mv/qb

Front 14

How many electrons are removed when two particles collide energetically?

Back 14

At least one electron is removed.

Front 15

How do you calculate the velocity of a charge particle accelerated through a potential difference of V?

Back 15

PE = KE = qV; v = sqrt(2qV/m)

Front 16

In what direction, are cations accelerated across a potential difference? How about anions?

Back 16

Cations are accelerated form high voltage to low voltage. Anions are accelerated from low voltage to high voltage.

Front 17

How can be describe the bonds broken and formed in an endothermic reaction?

Back 17

The bonds broken are of a higher energy than the bonds formed.

Front 18

If an object weights 5000 N on earth, how much would it weight a distance of 6 * earth radius away?

Back 18

It would decrease by a factor of r squared or about 50 times. The weight would be 100 N.

Front 19

Gay-Lussac's law

Back 19

At constant volume, the change in temperature is directly proportional to a change in pressure.

Front 20

Where is the focal point for nearsighted person? Farsighted person?

Back 20

For a nearsighted person, the focal is in front of the retina because either the eyeball is too long or the cornea's curvature is too pronounced. For a farsighted person, the focal point is behind the retina because either the curvature is too small or the eyeball is too short.

Front 21

How do the kinetic energy of gases differ at the same temperature? How about their velocity and rate of effusion?

Back 21

At the same temperature, all gases have the same kinetic energy. Therefore, the only difference in velocity comes from differences in their masses. The lighter the gas, the faster its velocity, and rate of effusion.

Front 22

The heat of fusion is related to which state? The heat of vaporization is related to which state?

Back 22

Heat of fusion is associated with freezing point. The heat of vaporization is association with boiling point, and increases as the boiling point increases.

Front 23

How is the heat capacity of gas changing if as it cools it releases less heat at higher temperatures?

Back 23

That would that as temperature increases, the objects heat capacity decreases.

Front 24

How does the density of air change with temperature?

Back 24

The lower the temperature the denser, the tenser the air.

Front 25

How is density of the air related to the index of refraction?

Back 25

As the density increases, the index of refraction increases, and the object slows down more.

Front 26

What kind of image is produced by a concave mirror for an object that lie beyond its focal length? Why is the image smaller?

Back 26

Real, inverted. The image is smaller because because the image significantly closer to the mirror than the object.

Front 27

What is the most important factor to consider in deciding how efficient a mixture will be in isolating isotopes in an effusion tube?

Back 27

The most separation will come from the greatest velocity ratio, which is inversely proportional on the square root of the masses. Therefore, the greater the difference in the masses of the mixtures, the greater the velocity difference, and the more efficient the separation of the isotopes.

Front 28

What can said of two gases that collide with the same force on the walls of a container?

Back 28

They have the same momentum.

Front 29

Two gases with different masses at the same temperature share what factors and have what factors different?

Back 29

They have the same kinetic energy and pressure. The lighter has a greater velocity. The heavier exerts a greater force on the walls of container, and has a greater momentum.

Front 30

What is the most important factor to consider in deciding how efficient a mixture will be in isolating isotopes in an effusion tube?

Back 30

The most separation will come from the greatest velocity ratio, which is inversely proportional on the square root of the masses. Therefore, the greater the difference in the masses of the mixtures, the greater the velocity difference, and the more efficient the separation of the isotopes.

Front 31

What causes lift?

Back 31

Lower pressure above a surface than below the surface due to a faster air flow above than below. At lower speed, there are more collisions, and therefore greater pressure.

Front 32

What are the two major forces at play in a pendulum? Which one is considered the restoring force? Do they vary? When are they maximum and minimum?

Back 32

The two major forces are the the tension and gravity. The force of gravity is constant, although its components vary. The tangential component of gravity is the restoring force. Tension varies and is greatest at the bottom of the swing and lowest at the greatest height.

Front 33

What is the normal boiling point?

Back 33

The boiling at which there is equal chance of the object existing as a gas or a liquid at 1 atm.

Front 34

In carbon dating, what would cause a reading of an artifacts age to come out younger than the actual age of the object?

Back 34

If another object is also emitting beta particle because it's undergoing beta decay. This make it seem like there's more carbon 14 in the artifact, less nitrogen 14, and the age of artifact is younger than its actual age.

Front 35

How does thermal conductivity relate to the dissipation of heat? For example, what kind thermal conductivity would want in an organ that struck by X-ray?

Back 35

The greater the thermal conductivity, the greater the dissipation of heat. Therefore, we would want high thermal conductivity in the organ, in order to make sure the energy to transferred would dissipate as heat.

Front 36

Where is the best application of X-ray? How about Ultrasound?

Back 36

X-rays are best applied when there are difference in the densities of the tissue. An example of this is bone. Meanwhile, ultrasounds are used for fetal positions and blood flow.

Front 37

What are the reactant and products of a reduction potential equation?

Back 37

The reactants are cations and electrons, and the products are solids and neutral.

Front 38

What determines how much an impurity will elevate the boiling point? What kind of property is this? What other physical properties share this characteristic?

Back 38

The number of particles the compound forms in solution. The greater the number of compounds, the greater the elevation. This explains why MgCl2 elevates the boiling point more than ethanol or NaCl. Since the boiling point elevation only depends on the number of solute particles in a given volume, it is consider a colligative property. Similarly, freezing point depreciation is also considered a colligative property.

Front 39

Let's consider a converging lens. Where in relationship to the focal point of the lens can we place an object if we want a virtual image? How will the image compare in size to the object? Where in relation to the focal point would we place an object if we wanted a real image? How would the size of the image compare to the object? Finally, how does the size of the image change as the object approaches the converging lens?

Back 39

To produce a virtual image we need to place the object between the focal point and the lens. The virtual image would be farther to the left of the object (on the same side), which explains why the image must be bigger than the object. In contrast, to produce a real image we need to place the object behind the focal point. For a real image as the object approaches the lens, the image gets larger, while the virtual image gets smaller as the object approaches the lens.

Front 40

A dead giveaway that a reaction is endothermic?

Back 40

Bonds in the reactants are broken, but no new bonds have been formed.

Front 41

If a compound has a higher vapor pressure then what can we conclude about its heat or enthalpy of vaporization and boiling point? What determines the melting point?

Back 41

It has a lower heat/enthalpy of vaporization and a lower boiling point. The melting is determined by the size of the molecule most significantly, and secondly by intramolecular interactions.

Front 42

In gel electrophoresis, or any other charge capacitor, how are the plates define? How is this different than a discharging system? What is the classical example of a discharging system?

Back 42

In a charged system, like gel electrophoresis, the plates are defined by the charge that has built on them. Therefore, the anode of the battery forces electrons to build on the cathode (defining it as NEGATIVE), while leaving a lack of electrons at the anode (defining it as POSITIVE). Meanwhile for a discharging system, like an electrochemical cell, we can think of the mnemonic RED cat, OX an. The cathode is the sight of reduction, while the anode is the sight of oxidation. Therefore, the electrons would move from the sight of oxidation, the cathode, to the sight of reduction, gain of electrons.

Front 43

Simple question, what is meant if we say an electron has a kinetic energy 1 eV?

Back 43

The amount energy that is an electron gains when it moves through 1 volt potential difference.

Front 44

How much will volume will one mole of an ideal gas at STP occupy?

Back 44

22.4 L

Front 45

In what electron orbital are the interacting electrons of a transitional metal?

Back 45

The electrons in the d orbital, because they are at the highest energy.

Front 46

If two waves form a standing wave like pattern, what can be said about their relationship? What would be the distance between two adjacent nodes in the standing wave?

Back 46

The two ways would be traveling in opposite directions with equal magnitude. The distance between two adjacent nodes would be half of a wavelength.

Front 47

What is a monochromatic light? What is a coherent light source? What is an example? What kind of light source are normal light bulbs?

Back 47

Monochromatic light is light of a single frequency. A coherent light source emits light that maintains a phase difference. Both of these properties can be seen in lasers. In contrast, light bulbs emit have intrinsic irregularity in the way they produce light. Since excitation occurs in random manner, the light they produce don't maintain a distinct phase difference.

Front 48

What can be said about the solubility of nitrates and sodium salts?

Back 48

Nitrates and sodium salts are both always water soluble.

Front 49

How is the probability of an X-ray emission event at a given wavelength measured?

Back 49

The intensity is the measure how probable an X-ray emission is at a given wavelength.

Front 50

How does the voltage of a device in parallel differ from the voltage of a single device? How about a a device in series?

Back 50

If the devices are in parallel, then the total voltage would be the same. Meanwhile, if the voltage for devices in series are summed.

Front 51

What must be true about the relationship between the photon energy (hf) and the work function in order to liberate an electron?

Back 51

The photon energy (hf) must be greater than the work function. This gives us a positive value for the kinetic energy of the photon.

Front 52

How does the oxidation # of sulfur change in going from sulfuric acid to sulfur dioxide?

Back 52

The oxidation number is reduced from +6 to +4.

Front 53

How does the rate of change in volume alter as you descend into water?

Back 53

The greatest change in volume comes occurs initially, as you descend more the change in volume caused by the change pressure decreases.

Front 54

If two balls are shout up with the same velocity but in different directions, what can be said about their flight time? How about their apex? How about their final velocity?

Back 54

The ball that is shout up with more vertically will travel a greater distance vertically. Therefore, it will be in the air longer, and have a longer travel time. Both balls, however, will have the same final velocity because conservation of energy.

Front 55

How does the presence of ammonia affect the bond between an electrophile and a leaving group? What kind of role is ammonia playing?

Back 55

Ammonia acts as an electron donating group. The donation of electron density to the electrophile weekends the bond between the electrophile and the leaving group, which increases the reactivity of the leaving group.

Front 56

What is the coordination number?

Back 56

# of ligands a metal is attached to

Front 57

How does the speed of sound wave compare to the speed radio wave?

Back 57

Radio waves are electromagnetic waves, and therefore sound waves are much slower.

Front 58

What is meant by a saturated solution of salt?

Back 58

A solution that holds the maximum number of salt ions without the formation of a precipitate.

Front 59

What do waves transport?

Back 59

Waves transport energy, but not matter because they are local oscillations of material, and do not move very far from the equilibrium position.

Front 60

Where is the image formed from a plane mirror?

Back 60

The image is formed behind the mirror at a distance equal to the distance between the object and the mirror.