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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Canine Distemper (morbilliVIRUS) pathogenesis
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Multisystem disease;
oronasal infection, respiratory lymphoid replication; then widespread (lymphoid/marrow/spleen), also into epithelial and CNS if weak immune response |
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Clinical signs of Distemper
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Can be SUBCLINICAL
anorexia/depression/pyrexia/discharge (eyes and nose), conjunctivitis, coughing, vomiting and diarrhoea HYPERKERATOSIS; feet and nose neurological signs 1-3 weeks after other signs; seizures, myoclonus |
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Methods of detection; Distemper
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HISTORY, clinical signs
RT-PCR from smears, blood or unrine sediment Antibody/Viral Antigen in CSF = DIAGNOSTIC |
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What are the treatment options for Distemper?
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SYMPTOMATIC and SUPPORTIVE; fluids, anticonvulsants etc plus nursing
(no antivirals available) antibiotics for secondary infections VACCINATION; modified live, 8-12 weeks old - earlier with higher titre vaccine |
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Infectious Hepatitis (Canine adenoVIRUS-1) pathogenesis
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Systemic disease inc. URT
NB. CAV-2 causes mild respiratory disease oronasal infection, viraemia; widespread tissues, localises hepatic and endotheilial cells |
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Clinical signs of Infectious Hepatitis
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usually affects puppies less than a year
pyrexia, depression, lethargy, a reluctance to move and abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, petechial haemorrhages, (+ bleeding from injection sites) haemorrhagic vomiting and diarrhoea, coughing |
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Diagnosing Infectious Hepatitis
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Faecal samples/oropharyngeal swabs used for virus isolation
SEROLOGY histopath at PM; 'Cowdry A-type intraNUCLEAR inclusion bodies' |
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Treatment of Infectious Hepatitis
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SUPPORTIVE and SYMPTOMATIC (no antivirals), inc. antibiotic for secondary infections
VACCINATION uses CAV-2; risk of corneal oedema/blue eye with CAV-1 |
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Canine ParvoVIRUS characteristics
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rapidly dividing cells
non-enveloped DNA virus stable in environment for long periods |
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Canine Parvovirus pathogenesis
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faeco-oral transmission, replication in lymphoid, viraemia, replication in the CRYPTS
destruction of GI epithelium; stunting/loss of villi in utero/neonatal exposure = myocardial replication and MYOCARDITIS (rare, MDA protects) |
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Cinical signs of Parvovirus |
SEPSIS and DIC may be the eventual outcome |
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Diagnosis of Parvovirus |
virus detection in faeces (ELISA, PCR, culture); though negative results veiw cautiously PM - intranuclear inclusion bodies, shortened/lost villi, depletion of GALT |
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Treatment of Parvovirus
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Fluid therapy (fluid/electrolyte balance), antibacterials, antiemetics, INTERFERON
VACCINATION; high/low titre BUT risk of 'immunity gap'; duration of MDA protection affecting ideal timing of first vaccination |
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How is Parvovirus transmitted?
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Shed in faeces for 10-12 days; 5-7 after onset of signs; puppies contract via;
direct contact fomites contaminated environment hair coats SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (1 in 30 bleach) |
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Deciding when to vaccinate depending on local factors;
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measure antibodies
when is disease normally seen in the population? how much MDA have previous litters received? |
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Canine ENTERIC viruses
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rotavirus, coronavirus, calicivirus
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Other Canine viruses
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canine herpesvirus, papillomavirus, Rabies, Aujesky's disease/pseudorabies
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Feline herpesvirus clinical signs;
(enveloped, dsDNA, ONE SEROTYPE) survives less than a day outside host |
sneezing, nasal and ocular discharge, conjunctivitis
dyspnoea, coughing |
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Pathogenesis of Feline herpesvirus
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oronasal infection incubates for 2-6 days, as virus multiplies in the oral/respiratory tissues
low mortality, resolves in 10-20 days CHRONIC DISEASE due to turbinate damage |
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Diagnosis of Feline herpesvirus
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clinical signs +
virus isolation from an oropharyngeal swab (into VTM, 1st class post, 2 weeks for results) serology PCR histopathology |
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Feline calicivirus
(ssRNA, non-enveloped, lots of DIFFERENT strains; wider range of symptoms) survives up to a week outside host |
sneezing, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis
pneumonia, pyrexia oral ulceration, chronic stomatitis VIRULENT SYSTEMIC DISEASE |
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Symptoms of Virulent Systemic disease/haemorrhagic syndrome
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facial/paw oedema then necrosis, ulceration
respiratory disease, pyrexia, heamorrhagic nasal discharge and faeces, jaundice vaccinated cats NOT protected |
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Feline respiratory diseases; transmission
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cat-to-cat; infectious discharges
indirect; contaminated personnel, fomites, environment aerosol transmission minimal, macrodroplets sneezed approx 1 micron CARRIER ANIMALS; |
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Bordatella bronchiseptica
(gram NEGATIVE coccobacillus, aerobic) experimental/field infection clinical signs |
sneezing, coughing, nasal/ocular discharge
sub-mandibular lymphandenopathy pyrexia and lethargy/malaise dyspnoea/cyanosis, BRONCHOPNEUMONIA |
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PATHOGENESIS of B. bronchiseptica infection
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bacteria attaches to URT cilia leading to ciliary stasis, halting mucociliary clearance, allowing colonisation and the production of virulence factors and toxins
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Detection/diagnosis of B. bronchiseptica
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oropharyngeal/nasal swab onto charcoal amies transport medium
histopathology sheep blood agar not selective; need CHARCOAL CEPHALEXIN AGAR typing by pulsed-field gel elecrophoresis or compare sequences from molecular typing (147 strains - antibacterial sensitivity testing) |
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Antibiotics effective against Bordatella
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tetracycline, doxyxycline, enrofloxacin
cluvulanate-potentiated amoxycillin and sulphadiazine - intermediate susceptibility ampicillin/trimethoprim RESISTANCE |
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Vaccination against Feline respiratory disease
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killed or live vaccines, given subcutaneously/intranasally, especially;
before going to boarding cattery cats in rescue shelters breeding homes; vaccinate kittens early, or queens for MDA |
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Other possible causes of Feline URT infection
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chlamydophila
mycoplasmas bacteria Haemophilus felis |
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Infectious tracheobronchitis complex components
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Bordetella bronchiseptica
Canine PARAINFLUENZA virus (paramyxo) Canine adenoviruses -1 and -2 Canine herpesvirus Canine distemper virus NB. also, canine respiratory coronavirus, equine influenza and Strep spp |
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Canine parainfluenza virus (most commonly isolated from kennel cough cases; in oronasal secretions)
PATHOGENESIS |
multiplication in the epithelial and lymphoid cells of respiratory tract; causing mild cough and serous nasal discharge
(live, attenuated vaccine) |
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Canine herpesvirus - clinical signs
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fading puppy syndrome in puppies under two weeks old
older puppies/adults - external mucous membranes only; URT/genital tract = mild nasal serous discharge |
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Influenza in Dogs
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H3N8 - equine influenza, transmission from horses but now dog to dog transmission (no spread to people)
sometimes infected with human strains |
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Samples taken to test for B. bronchiseptica
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nasal, oropharyngeal swabs
(charcoal amies transport swabs) transtracheal wash bronchalveolar lavage |
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Treatment options for B, bronchispetica
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systemic antibacterials
anti-tussives; though do these interfere with clearance of bacteria bronchodilators expectorants |
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Epidemiology of B. bronchieptica
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at least 3 months shedding after recovery
may not be fully eliminated by antibacterials risk of interspecies transmission; dogs to cats, rabbit to human risk to immunocompromised? |
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The B. bronchiseptica vaccine
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avirulent strain, LIVE vaccine gives both local and systemic protection, but only for a short duration
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Important measures for control of Kennel Cough
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vaccinate dogs going to kennels
(batch incoming animals in rescue kennels) isolate affected dogs HYGIENE prevent contact between animals good VENTILATION |
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Nasal aspergillosis in (young, dolicocephalic breed) dogs
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can cause CHRONIC NASAL DISCHARGE + haemorrhage, depigmentation of the nose, PAIN on the muzzle/during eating
(DDx; nasal tumour, idiopathic rhinitis, foreign body, trauma) prolonged penicillin tx risk factor imunocompromised at particular risk |
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Diagnosis of nasal aspergillosis
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radiography, serology, fungal culture, direct exam, by process of excluding other diseases!
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Treatments for nasal aspergillosis
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systemic/topical antifungals
surgically remove affected turbinates |
