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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Structure of the Breast
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15-20 glandular lobes.
Interlobular connective tissue. Adipose Tissue. Nipple and Areola |
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Benign Breast Disease
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Complex sclerosing lesions/ radial scars.
Periductal mastitis/ ectasia Multiple papilloma. Solitary Papilloma. Sclerosing adenosis. Solitary cyst. Fibrocystic Disease. |
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Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia
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Epithelium more than 2 cell layers thick.
Cytological atypia = cellular enlargement and nuclear pleomorphism Proliferating epithelum fills and distends ducts and lobules. Increases risk of developing invasive carcinoma. |
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Breast Cancer in the UK
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1 in 9 women.
Commonest cause of death in women aged 35-55. 30% of all cancers in women. |
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Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
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Sex, age, Long interval between mearche and menopause, older age at first pregnancy, obesity, previous breast cancer, atypical ductal hyperplasia, family history, geographic factors, previous irradiation.
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Breast Cancer Genes
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BRCA 1
BRCA 2 p53 (Li-Fraumeni Syndrome) Others: -Cowden Syndrome -Ataxia Telangectasia -Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome |
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Clinical Features of Breast Cancer
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Can be asymptomatic
Pain (mastalgia) Palpable mass Nipple discharge/retraction Peau d'orange Skin puckering/tethering Erythema Axillary lymphadenopathy Metastatic symptoms |
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Non-Invasive Carcinomas
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Malignant cells confined to ducts or lobule
No tumur cell penetration through basement membrane -ductal carcinoma in situ -lobular carcinoma in situ |
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Invasive Carcinomas
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Malignant cells penetrate basement membrane and invade surrounding tissues.
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Tumour Grading
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Degree of tumour cell differentiation
Prognostic Indicator Grades I-III Depends upon: -Tubule Formation -Nuclear pleomorphism -Mitoses |
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Tumour Staging
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Extent of Tumour Spread
-TNM - T = Extent of Primary Tumour -N = Absence of presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis - M = absence or presence of distance metastasis |
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HER-2
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Oncogene altered in 20% of invasive breast carcinomas.
herceptin (trastuzumab) is a humanised monoclonal antibody which can be used to treat HER-2 positive breast cancer. |
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Male Breast conditions
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Gynaecomastia
Carcinoma - Rare- lifetime risk 0.11% - Risk Factors *first degree relative affected *decreased testicular function *age *infertility *obesity *prior benign breast disease *irradiation -4-14% due to BRCA2 mutations -gynaecomastia not a RF. |
